Newcastle disease (ND) has been recognized for a century as one of the most consequential viral diseases of poultry, and its scientific history provides a distinctive example of how sustained investigation of a single pathogen can drive advances across veterinary medicine, virology, immunology, epidemiology, molecular biology, vaccinology, and biotechnology. The severe outbreaks reported in Java, Indonesia, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, during 1926 marked the beginning of the recognized scientific history of ND and initiated an international research effort that progressed from disease recognition and experimental characterization to diagnostics, vaccination, molecular pathogenesis, and genomic epidemiology. During the 1940s and 1950s, investigations of viral propagation, antigenicity, pathogenicity, and attenuation established the foundations of live and inactivated vaccination. From the 1960s onward, molecular investigations progressively elucidated the determinants of ND virus (NDV) replication, protein processing, and virulence, particularly the role of the fusion-protein cleavage site. The emergence of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis during the 1980s and 1990s subsequently transformed strain characterization and provided the foundations for molecular epidemiology and genotype classification. Complete-genome sequencing and the establishment of reverse-genetics systems in the late 1990s further transformed NDV from an organism studied primarily through observation and isolation into a genetically tractable experimental system. Subsequent international efforts standardized NDV genotype nomenclature and enabled increasingly detailed analyses of viral evolution and geographic dissemination. In parallel, NDV research expanded beyond conventional disease control into recombinant vaccine development, systems-level host–virus studies, molecular diagnostics, and oncolytic virotherapy. This historical perspective traces these major scientific transitions from 1926 to 2026, emphasizing the investigators, experimental systems, conceptual advances, and technological innovations that collectively transformed NDV research from disease recognition into a multidisciplinary molecular and translational fields.
While dopamine and dobutamine are widely used in anesthetized dogs, clinical evidence supporting their use remains limited. We aimed to compare the hemodynamic responses to clinical dosages of dopamine and dobutamine in dogs with hypotension undergoing elective orthopedic surgery under fentanyl-isoflurane anesthesia. The pressor effects at clinical dosages (2–8 µg/kg/min) of dopamine (n = 15) and dobutamine (n = 15) for hypotension were compared and confirmed using the ramped-rate infusion protocol in 30 dogs. The following hemodynamic parameters measured by invasive arterial blood pressure and transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring were analyzed: heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac index (CI), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). The proportion of dogs that achieved the treatment goal (MAP: 70–89 mmHg) was 93
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common canine skin tumour that occurs more frequently in high ultraviolet (UV) environments. Despite Australia’s consistently high UV exposure, large-scale epidemiological studies on canine cSCC are limited. This study investigates the frequency of canine cSCC in Australia, its geographic patterns relative to UV index, and its association with animal-level risk factors. A matched case-control study was conducted using records from the VetCompass database from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2023. In total, 295 histopathologically confirmed cSCC cases and 1,180 matched controls were included. Frequency statistics of cSCC and animal-level risk factors associated with cSCC were analysed and spatial patterns were mapped. The highest proportions of cases were recorded in Queensland (39.7
Newcastle disease (ND) poses a serious threat to poultry, with vaccination remaining the most effective control strategy. However, the widely used ND vaccine strain exhibits significant antigenic mismatch with prevalent genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV), necessitating increased vaccination dosages and frequencies. This study evaluated optimization of immunization schedules for the ND marker vaccine based on genotype VII MG7 strain. Three groups were tested: Group A (4 vaccinations with inactivated ND marker vaccine), Group B (5 vaccinations with combined inactivated and live ND marker vaccines), and Group C (7 vaccinations with LaSota genotype II vaccine). Results showed that Groups A and B maintained hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers above 9 log₂ before laying and ≥ 8 log₂ during the four-month laying period, providing superior immune persistence compared to Group C. The study has confirmed that the specific ELISA test successfully distinguished between chickens that received the marked vaccine and those that did not. Furthermore, the marker vaccine strategy did not interfere with immune response to H5 and H7 subtype avian influenza vaccines. Notably, Group B achieved the highest production efficiency, with 3.01 CNY higher benefit per chicken versus Group C, while reducing vaccination stress and improving flock welfare. These findings demonstrate that the genotype VII marker vaccine is effective and provides a key tool for future ND eradication.
Recently, food deficiency has become the most critical problem and a major global challenge. Rapid population growth requires increased food production to meet the resulting demand. High meat and chicken prices prompted the world to focus on fish production to meet ongoing food needs. Seafood is rich in vitamins, minerals, and omega-3s. Fish-borne parasitic diseases are primarily found in people in most countries, causing severe illness and death. This review article will focus on the most important parasites affecting marine fishes and the most popular parasitic diseases affecting fish globally and locally, with an overview of their effect on human health. The survey of the most effective parasitic species that could attack marine fish species found nine groups: protozoans, myxozoans, monogeneans, digeneans, cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans, hirudineans, and crustaceans. Each group has several species that can cause severe damage to hosts, depending on the site of parasitism, which may be external or internal. Most previous parasitic species could transfer to humans and cause severe illnesses, leading to death. Important zoonotic diseases caused by marine parasites, such as Protozoa (Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis, and Microsporidiasis), could affect humans in two ways: through fish handling or through consumption of contaminated fishmeal containing protozoal cysts. The common signs appear as severe abdominal pains combined with general weakness and weight loss. Helminths, the largest group of zoonotic parasite species, cause severe damage to their final hosts, humans. Diagnosing such infections usually involves identifying the eggs, which are considered diagnostic when released with feces. The appropriate treatment of zoonotic parasites usually depends on the parasite species; intestinal disinfectants are recommended for mild infections, while anthelmintic drugs are recommended for severe cases. Surgical ablations are necessary if the infections are uncontrolled and life-threatening.
