Anaerobic bacteria require specific concentrations of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and micronutrients (minerals) to function efficiently. Many industries produce waste that can be treated anaerobically for the improvement of waste characteristics or the generation of biogas. Anaerobic biomasses will adapt to the feedstock conditions and reflect the nutrient and mineral content of the material they are digesting. This paper used a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with Tukey's post hoc tests to compare the nutrient and mineral content of biomass from five different industries (beverage, brewery, dairy, food, and pulp-paper). The complete dataset contains nutrient/mineral compositions of over 300 anaerobic biomass samples from these five industries. The analyses showed that there were substantial differences in the concentration of key micronutrients contained in the anaerobic biomasses of the five industries. Results of the analysis can serve as a resource for operators and engineers to anticipate nutrient and mineral needs for a digester or to diagnose the cause of poor reactor performance related to nutrient and trace element deficiencies. A recommended minimum concentration for cells grown in an anaerobic reactor is provided.HIGHLIGHTSOver 300 anaerobic biomass samples analyzed across five major industries showed significant variation in nutrient and mineral content found between industries. ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests identify statistically distinct nutrient profiles between industries. Results provide practical guidance for digester nutrient management, with 10th percentile values proposed as minimum thresholds for successful digestion.
This review assessed two cross-cutting layers integrating the impacts of climate change and water availability, with five dimensions: governance, technical performance, environmental and health aspects, social acceptance, and economic feasibility. The analysis aimed to evaluate their influence on treated wastewater (TWW) reuse in Tunisia and Jordan. Although Tunisia produces 293 Mm 3/year of TWW and operates 127 wastewater treatment plants, only 3.4% (10.0 Mm 3/year) is reused, whereas Jordan achieves a higher reuse rate of 90% (178.2 Mm 3/year), supplying 98.4% of irrigation water in the Jordan Valley. This difference is attributed to variability in treatment technologies, quality compliance with standards, and institutional regimes. Jordan's application of tertiary treatment and its adherence to the JS 893/2022 standard enabled a higher reuse rate. In contrast, Tunisia still relies heavily on secondary treatment (77.2%) with limited tertiary treatment coverage, and it is under NT 106.03/1989 application for agricultural reuse. Tunisian farmers exhibited a greater level of acceptability, but lower institutional trust than their Jordanian counterparts. Financial advantages, regulatory coherence, and awareness campaigns are the major factors influencing farmer acceptance. The framework clarifies why TWW reuse adoption varies between both countries, highlighting the importance of a practical strategy for addressing long-term water security and agricultural development.
Wastewater generated from animal slaughtering is discharged into rivers without adequate treatment, causing diseases, as it is used for agricultural irrigation and as drinking water for animals. In this context, this research proposed two treatment steps to evaluate the reduction of the high bacterial load of Escherichia coli in slaughterhouse wastewater using titania nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) synthesized by chemical precipitation, evaluating the dose and contact time. TiO2-NPs, characterized by scanning electron microscopy, exhibited sizes from 16 to 100 nm in diameter, with vibrational bands of 429.01 cm(-1) before and 420.25 cm(-1) after photocatalytic treatment (O-Ti-O mode) according to Fourier transform infrared analysis and a BET surface area of 64.719 m(2) g(-1). The first stage consisted of pretreating wastewater with H2O2 and FeCl3, which contained 2.0 x 10(4) CFU mL(-1) (5.35 McFarland) of E. coli, reducing the bacterial density by 28.22%. In the second stage, photocatalysis with TiO2-NPs was applied using UV lamps (253.80, 313.04, and 365.44 nm) on a synthetic matrix with a concentration of E. coli equivalent to that of the water after pretreatment (1.44 x 10(4) CFU mL(-1) or 3.84 McFarland), achieving 97.31% removal using 1 g of TiO2-NPs in 25 mL of sample for 120 min.
Groundwater in Pakistan, especially in the 6,498 km(2) area between the Chenab and Sutlej Rivers, is a critical yet stressed resource. Levels decline by 0.08-0.6 m annually due to increasing domestic, agricultural demands, urbanization, climate change, and poor groundwater management governance. Using the MODFLOW model, this study simulates groundwater dynamics over a 15-year historical period and projects trends up to 2045. Projections indicate that, under current abstraction rates, groundwater levels could decline by 0.84-0.97 m/year by 2045. Mitigation via artificial recharge, like constructing six cascade dams on the Sutlej River, could boost recharge from 80 to 103.3 MCM daily, but abstraction may stay high at 117.8 MCM/day. On the supply side, supplementary interventions such as recharge lakes and infiltration wells can further enhance recharge potential. Climate projections also indicate a favorable 17-20% increase in rainfall from 2015 to 2064 compared with 1965 to 2014, supporting recharge initiatives. Sustainable abstraction is estimated at 0.12684 MCM/day for urban areas and 55 MCM/day across the study area. To ensure long-term water security and sustainable groundwater management, the study emphasizes policy actions such as integrating recharge strategies, issuing permits, enforcing safe yield limits, and community engagement.
The increasing scarcity of potable water resources, exacerbated by climate change and aging urban infrastructure, has intensified the demand for real-time monitoring and detection of water losses in distribution networks. Traditional leak detection methods often rely on single-point analysis and lack detailed information on the hardware and software architecture of proposed systems, limiting their scalability and applicability. In this study, a wireless sensor network (WSN) based on FSR sensors was designed and implemented, with a gateway forwarding data to a cloud platform for remote monitoring, to address these limitations. The proposed system integrates both hardware and software components, providing secure wireless communication and real-time monitoring of pressure variations along the pipeline. Experimental validation was conducted using a laboratory-scale prototype pipeline where multiple simultaneous leakage scenarios were created. Results demonstrated that the developed device reliably detected and differentiated leaks at varying flow rates and multiple points, with sensors closest to leakage sites exhibiting rapid pressure drops, while downstream sensors showed delayed but converging responses. These findings not only validate the effectiveness of FSR-based sensing for multi-leak detection but also highlight the advantages of combining IoT and WSN architectures for scalable and low-cost monitoring solutions.
