Beyond I'm Sorry, I Can't: Dissecting Large-Language-Model Refusal

Refusal on harmful prompts is a key safety behaviour in instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs), yet the internal causes of this behaviour remain poorly understood. We study two public instruction tuned models-Gemma-22B-IT and LLaMA-3.1-8B-IT using sparse autoencoders (SAEs) trained on residual-stream activations. Given a harmful prompt, we search the SAE latent space for feature sets whose ablation flips the model from refusal to compliance, demonstrating causal influence and creating a jailbreak. Our search proceeds in three stages: 1. Refusal Direction - Finding a refusal mediating direction and collecting SAE features close to that direction, followed by 2. Greedy Filtering - to prune this set to obtain a minimal set and finally 3. Interaction Discovery - a factorization-machine (FM) model that captures non-linear interactions among the remaining active features and the minimal set. This pipeline yields a broad set of jailbreak-critical features, offering insight into the mechanistic basis of refusal. Moreover, we also find evidence of redundant features which remain dormant unless earlier features are suppressed. Our findings highlight the potential for fine-grained auditing and targeted intervention in safety behaviours by manipulating the interpretable latent space. Code- https://github.com/Social- AI-Studio/LLM refusal interp Extended version- https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09708