专

Curable composition used for making cured article e.g. gaskets, tubing and seals, comprises fluoroelastomer comprising copolymerized units of nitrile group containing cure site monomer, and hydrazone or oxime.

PL105497391B1

发明人

TRIPATHY A R, MORKEN P A, BISH C J, BIES C J

受让人

イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニーＥ．Ｉ．ＤｕＰｏｎｔＤｅＮｅｍｏｕｒｓＡｎｄＣｏｍｐａｎｙ, イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー

申请人

Industrias Galarza, S. A.

申请号

173218

申请日

1990-09-19

公开(公告)号

PL105497391B1

公开(公告)日

2015-01-29

IPC分类号

G04B023/02G04C010/00G04C021/02G04G001/00

CPC分类号

优先权号

76638096

优先权日

1996-12-08

摘要

The present invention provides a convenient and efficient process for the preparation of enantiomerically enriched, deuterated secondary alcohols without reducing deuterium incorporation.

权利要求

1. An optical image capturing system, in order along an optical axis from an object side to an image side, comprising: a first lens having refractive power; a second lens having refractive power; a third lens having refractive power; a fourth lens having refractive power; a fifth lens having refractive power; a sixth lens having refractive power; a seventh lens having refractive power; and an image plane; wherein the optical image capturing system consists of the seven lenses with refractive power; at least one lens among the first lens to the seventh lens is made of glass; at least four lens among the first lens to the seventh lens are made of plastic; a maximum height for image formation on the image plane is denoted as HOI; at least one lens among the first to the seventh lenses has positive refractive power; each lens of the first to the seventh lenses has an object-side surface, which faces the object side, and an image-side surface, which faces the image side; wherein the optical image capturing system satisfies: 1.0 ≤f/HEP≤ 10.0; 0 deg

2. The optical image capturing system of claim 1 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0.2 ≤EIN/ETL< 1; where ETL is a distance in parallel with the optical axis between a coordinate point at a height of 1/2 HEP on the object-side surface of the first lens and the image plane; EIN is a distance in parallel with the optical axis between the coordinate point at the height of 1/2 HEP on the object-side surface of the first lens and a coordinate point at a height of 1/2 HEP on the image-side surface of the seventh lens.

3. The optical image capturing system of claim 2 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0.3 ≤SETP/EIN< 1.

4. The optical image capturing system of claim 1 , wherein each two neighboring lenses among the first to the seventh lenses are separated by air.

5. The optical image capturing system of claim 1 , wherein the image plane is either flat or curved.

6. The optical image capturing system of claim 1 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: MTFE0≤0.2; MTFE3≤0.01; and MTFE7≤0.01; where MTFE 0 , MTFE 3 , and MTFE 7 are respectively a value of modulation transfer function of visible light in a spatial frequency of 55 cycles/mm at the optical axis, 0.3 HOI, and 0.7 HOI on an image plane.

7. The optical image capturing system of claim 1 , further comprising a filtering component provided between the seventh lens and the image plane, wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0.1 ≤EIR/PIR≤ 1.1; where EIR is a horizontal distance in parallel with the optical axis between the coordinate point at the height of 1/2 HEP on the image-side surface of the seventh lens and the filtering component; PIR is a horizontal distance in parallel with the optical axis between a point on the image-side surface of the seventh lens where the optical axis passes through and the filtering component.

8. The optical image capturing system of claim 1 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0.1 ≤EBL/BL≤ 1.1; where EBL is a horizontal distance in parallel with the optical axis between a coordinate point at the height of 1/2 HEP on the image-side surface of the seventh lens and image surface; BL is a horizontal distance in parallel with the optical axis between the point on the image-side surface of the seventh lens where the optical axis passes through and the image plane.

9. The optical image capturing system of claim 1 , further comprising an aperture and an image sensor, wherein the image sensor is provided on the image plane; the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0.1 ≤InS/HOS≤ 1.1; and 0 ≤HIF/HOI≤ 0.9; where InS is a distance on the optical axis between the aperture and the image plane.

10. An optical image capturing system, in order along an optical axis from an object side to an image side, comprising: a first lens having negative refractive power; a second lens having refractive power; a third lens having refractive power; a fourth lens having refractive power; a fifth lens having refractive power; a sixth lens having refractive power; a seventh lens having refractive power; and an image plane; wherein the optical image capturing system consists of the seven lenses with refractive power; the first lens is made of glass, and at least four lenses among the second lens to the seventh lens are made of plastic; a maximum height for image formation on the image plane is denoted as HOI; each lens among the first to the seventh lenses has an object-side surface, which faces the object side, and an image-side surface, which faces the image side; at least one lens among the second lens to the seventh lens has positive refractive power; wherein the optical image capturing system satisfies: 1.0 ≤f/HEP≤ 10.0; 0 deg

11. The optical image capturing system of claim 10 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0

12. The optical image capturing system of claim 10 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0

13. The optical image capturing system of claim 10 , wherein each two neighboring lenses among the first to the seventh lenses are separated by air.

14. The optical image capturing system of claim 10 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0

15. The optical image capturing system of claim 10 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0

16. The optical image capturing system of claim 10 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0

17. The optical image capturing system of claim 10 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: MTFI0≥0.01; MTFI3≥0.01; and MTFI7≥0.01; where MTFI 0 , MTFI 3 , and MTFI 7 are respectively values of modulation transfer function for an infrared of wavelength of 850 nm in a spatial frequency of 55 cycles/mm at the optical axis, 0.3 HOI, and 0.7 HOI on the image plane.

18. The optical image capturing system of claim 10 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: MTFQ0≥0.2; MTFQ3≥0.01; and MTFQ7≥0.01 where HOI is a maximum height for image formation perpendicular to the optical axis on the image plane; MTFQ 0 , MTFQ 3 , and MTFQ 7 are respectively values of modulation transfer function of visible light in a spatial frequency of 110 cycles/mm at the optical axis, 0.3 HOI, and 0.7 HOI on the image plane.

19. The optical image capturing system of claim 10 , wherein at least one lens among the first lens to the seventh lens is a light filter, which is capable of filtering out light of wavelengths shorter than 500 nm.

20. An optical image capturing system, in order along an optical axis from an object side to an image side, comprising: a first lens having negative refractive power; a second lens having refractive power; a third lens having refractive power; a fourth lens having refractive power; a fifth lens having refractive power; a sixth lens having refractive power; a seventh lens having refractive power; and an image plane; wherein the optical image capturing system consists of the seven lenses having refractive power; four lenses among the first lens to the seventh lens are made of plastic, while the other three lenses are made of glass; at least one lens among the second to the fourth lens has positive refractive power; at least one lens among the fifth lens to the seventh lens has positive refractive power; a maximum height for image formation on the image plane is denoted as HOI; each lens of the first to the seventh lenses has an object-side surface, which faces the object side, and an image-side surface, which faces the image side; the object-side surface or the image-side surface of each of at least one lens among the first lens to the seventh lens has at least an inflection point; wherein the optical image capturing system satisfies: 1.0 ≤f/HEP≤ 10; 0 deg

21. The optical image capturing system of claim 20 , wherein each two neighboring lenses among the first to the seventh lenses are separated by air.

22. The optical image capturing system of claim 21 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0.1 ≤EBL/BL≤ 1.1; where EBL is a horizontal distance in parallel with the optical axis between a coordinate point at the height of 1/2 HEP on the image-side surface of the seventh lens and image surface; BL is a horizontal distance in parallel with the optical axis between the point on the image-side surface of the seventh lens where the optical axis passes through and the image plane.

23. The optical image capturing system of claim 20 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0

24. The optical image capturing system of claim 23 , wherein the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0

25. The optical image capturing system of claim 23 , further comprising an aperture, an image sensor, and a driving module, wherein the image sensor is disposed on the image plane; the driving module is coupled with the lenses to move the lenses; the optical image capturing system further satisfies: 0.1 ≤InS/HOS≤ 1.1; where InS is a distance on the optical axis between the aperture and the image plane.

说明书

[0001]基于决策信息融合的X射线脉冲星微弱信号检测方法

[0002]技术领域

[0003]本发明属于多传感器决策信息融合领域，具体涉及一种基于决策信息融合理论的X射线脉冲星微弱信号检测方法。

[0004]技术背景

[0005]X射线脉冲星是一种具有超高温、超高压、超强磁场和超高稳定周期的中子星，X射线脉冲星（XP:X-rayPulsar）以其抗干扰能力强，可靠性高的特点，在天文自主导航领域，具有极大的研究价值和应用潜力。针对X射线脉冲星的应用，必须进行针对X射线脉冲星信号的脉冲轮廓捕获，通常使用安装在航天器上的X射线探测器，对脉冲星辐射的X射线光子进行探测，然后通过多周期累积形成脉冲星的脉冲轮廓，从而完成对X脉冲星信号脉冲轮廓的捕获。

[0006]现有方法存在的问题在于：由于脉冲星信号通过长时间远距离传输会受到背景噪声的严重干扰，其信噪比很低，为了能够有效的捕获其脉冲轮廓，降低背景噪声的干扰，通常需要对成百个探测器观测到的光子进行上千个周期的积累，同时还要加入其他一些可以降低噪声干扰的辅助算法；同时考虑到在自主导航条件下，通常要求对脉冲轮廓进行实时捕获，这就要求信号处理系统需要同时具备很大的存储空间和极高的处理速度，整个系统的实现代价高昂。

[0007]要解决上述问题就需要提高针对脉冲星光子的检测性能，而近些年来受到广泛那就的决策信息融合理论为实现这一目的提供了良好的解决思路，这是因为通过决策信息融合可以有效的对不同探测器所探测到的结果的加以融合处理，通过一定的融合手段，较好的降低背景噪声对脉冲星信号的影响，提高对脉冲星光子的检测性能，在与传统方法相当的技术条件情况下，相对于传统脉冲轮廓捕获方法，显著降低脉冲轮廓捕获所需的累积周期，降低信号处理对系统的存储空间和处理速度的要求。

[0008]发明内容

[0009]本发明所解决的技术问题是提供一种解决现有的脉冲星信号处理方法存在的积累周期长、存储空间大、处理能力要求高的缺点，可以用较少的积累周期获得与原有方法相同的脉冲星信号脉冲轮廓的基于决策信息融合理论的X射线脉冲星微弱信号检测方法。

[0010]为解决上述的技术问题，本发明采取的技术方案：

[0011]一种基于决策信息融合理论的X射线脉冲星微弱信号检测方法，其特殊之处在于：通过选择光子探测时间区间，将各个光子探测器针对光子的探测活动抽象为一个二值化问题，即光子是否到达，然后使用决策信息融合规则对各个光子探测器得到的光子是否到达的二值化结论进行融合处理，最终得到脉冲星光子是否到达的全局结论，最终对不同时间区间的上述全局结论进行积累，最终得到脉冲星信号的脉冲轮廓。

[0012]上述的检测方法通过以下步骤实现：

[0013](1)、通过给定时间间隔内，X射线光子到达个数的概率密度函数，确定X射线探测器组观测X射线光子到达的观测间隔时间；

[0014](2)、通过决策信息融合方法有效处理X射线探测器组观测到的X射线光子到达事件的决策信息并最终确定X射线脉冲星光子是否到达的全局决策；

[0015](3)根据步骤（1）已确定的观测间隔时间，使用X射线探测器组对X射线光子进行观测，并将获得的观测数据存储在采样存储器中；

[0016](4)将采样存储器中的观测数据，使用决策信息融合方法获取X射线脉冲星光子到达时间的全局决策信息。

[0017]上述的观测间隔时间通过以下方法确定：

[0018]在任意时间段内，检测器接收到个光子的概率服从非齐次泊松过程：

[0019](1)

[0020]其中，是NHPP的时变速率函数，表示光子到达的瞬时流量，其表达式为

[0021](2)

[0022]和分别为脉冲星方向上光子辐射流量和背景辐射流量，为归一化的累积脉冲轮廓，根据式(1)可以假设，当时间段取得足够小的时候，则检测器接收到1个光子或没有接收到光子的概率和将趋近于1，把检测器的检测结果简单的归纳为二值化的决策，即接收到光子或是没有接收到光子。

[0023]上述的根据(1)式假设当时间段取得足够小的时候，则检测器接收到1个光子或没有接收到光子的概率和将趋近于1，把检测器的检测结果简单的归纳为二值化的决策，即接收到光子或是没有接收到光子，根据相应的稀疏度确定随机稀疏采样的平均频率。

[0024]上述的决策信息融合方法的确定方法为在对光子到达时间进行二值化处理后，若存在N个X射线探测器同时进行检测，则可以使用这些检测器共同构成一个典型的分布式决策信息融合系统；存在有脉冲星光子到达而没接收到，或是没有脉冲星光子到达而误认为检测到，将上述两种情况使用概率来表示，则任意检测器s(s=1,2,…N)的上述两种情况下的概率分别为1-Pds和Pfs，Pds和Pfs分别代表检测器的发现概率和虚警概率，在进行决策信息融合处理时，使用表决决策信息融合规则，即k/N决策信息融合规则，其定义为在N个检测器中若有k个接收到光子则最终认为接收到了脉冲星的光子，则整个系统的发现概率和虚警概率可以表示为：

[0025](3)

[0026](4)

[0027]根据上式(3)、(4)，使用NP准则就可以确定决策信息融合方法的门限k，从而确定了决策信息融合方法的检测性能，而门限k也就代表了决策信息融合算法的检测性能。

[0028]与现有技术相比，本发明通过控制X射线探测器的观测间隔时间，将X射线光子到达个数这一多值化信息转化为X射线是否到达这一二值化信息，有效的降低了决策信息融合算法的设计难度；而通过对各个X射线探测器的光子到达事件的二值化决策进行决策信息融合处理，提高了对光子到达事件的观测准确性，降低了噪声对信号的影响，有助于使用更少的观测周期完成对X射线脉冲星脉冲轮廓的积累。

[0029]附图说明

[0030]图1是本发明的实现原理框图；

[0031]图2是本发明的决策信息融合方法的实现原理框图；

[0032]图3是本发明的决策信息融合方法的实现效果仿真图。

[0033]具体实施方式

[0034]参见图1、2，本发明通过选择光子探测时间区间，将各个光子探测器针对光子的探测活动抽象为一个二值化问题，即光子是否到达，然后使用决策信息融合规则对各个光子探测器得到的光子是否到达的二值化结论进行融合处理，最终得到脉冲星光子是否到达的全局结论，最终对不同时间区间的上述全局结论进行积累，最终得到脉冲星信号的脉冲轮廓。

[0035]本发明考虑到X射线光子到达时间的特点，通过适当调整观测间隔时间，使X射线光子到达事件呈现出二值化特点，继而使用决策信息融合算法提高对X射线光子到达事件的观测准确度，能够有效的降低后续脉冲星信号脉冲轮廓的积累周期降低对存储空间和处理能力的要求。

[0036]参见图1，本发明由X射线探测器组观测X射线光子并给X射线光子到达事件的决策信息，并通过决策信息融合算法得到更加准确的X射线光子到达事件的全局决策。

[0037]上述的检测方法通过以下步骤实现：

[0038](1)、通过给定时间间隔内，X射线光子到达个数的概率密度函数，确定X射线探测器组观测X射线光子到达的观测间隔时间；

[0039](2)、通过决策信息融合方法有效处理X射线探测器组观测到的X射线光子到达事件的决策信息并最终确定脉冲星光子是否到达的全局决策；

[0040](3)根据步骤（1）已确定的观测间隔时间，使用X射线探测器组对X射线脉冲星光子进行观测，并将获得的观测数据存储在采样存储器中；

[0041](4)将采样存储器中的观测数据，使用决策信息融合方法获取光子到达时间的全局决策信息。

[0042]上述的观测间隔时间通过以下方法确定：

[0043]在任意时间段内，检测器接收到个光子的概率服从非齐次泊松过程：

[0044](1)

[0045]其中，是NHPP的时变速率函数，表示光子到达的瞬时流量，其表达式为

[0046](2)

[0047]和分别为脉冲星方向上光子辐射流量和背景辐射流量，为归一化的累积脉冲轮廓，当单个相位间隔的时间很短时，可近似认为在单个相位间隔内部，脉冲星辐射近似服从参数为的泊松分布。根据(2)式计算，以泊松分布为依据，模拟出每个相位间隔中的光子到达数目。若某相位间隔中的光子数目大于零，则以该相位间隔的中间时刻作为光子到达时间，从而模拟出t时刻以后光子到达时间。根据式(1)可以假设，当时间段取得足够小的时候，则检测器接收到1个光子或没有接收到光子的概率和将趋近于1，把检测器的检测结果简单的归纳为二值化的决策，即接收到光子或是没有接收到光子。

[0048]上述的根据(1)式假设当时间段取得足够小的时候，则检测器接收到1个光子或没有接收到光子的概率和将趋近于1，把检测器的检测结果简单的归纳为二值化的决策，即接收到光子或是没有接收到光子，根据相应的稀疏度确定随机稀疏采样的平均频率。

[0049]上述的决策信息融合方法的确定方法为在对光子到达时间进行二值化处理后，若存在N个X射线探测器同时进行检测，则可以使用这些检测器共同构成一个典型的分布式决策信息融合系统；存在有脉冲星光子到达而没接收到，或是没有脉冲星光子到达而误认为检测到，将上述两种情况使用概率来表示，则任意检测器s(s=1,2,…N)的上述两种情况下的概率分别为1-Pds和Pfs，Pds和Pfs分别代表检测器的发现概率和虚警概率，在进行决策信息融合处理时，使用表决决策信息融合规则，即k/N决策信息融合规则，其定义为在N个检测器中若有k个接收到光子则最终认为接收到了脉冲星的光子，则整个系统的发现概率和虚警概率可以表示为：

[0050](3)

[0051](4)

[0052]根据上式(3)、(4)，使用NP准则就可以确定决策信息融合方法的门限k，限k的含义在于如果同时有N个探测器，则有k个探测器检测到光子，则认为检测到了脉冲星的光子，从而确定了决策融合方法的检测性能，而门限k也就代表了决策融合算法的检测性能。

[0053]假设各个X射线探测器的光子检测环境相互独立，为了便于仿真，同时假设各个探测器具有相同的且较低的检测性能，Pdk=0.5，Pfk=0.4（k=1,…,N）。最终得到系统检测性能与X射线探测器的数量的关系如图3所示，尽管各个探测器性能较差，但是通过大量的探测器进行协同检测融合处理后，整个系统在探测器数量较大的情况下具有较为理想的检测性能。

[0054]参见图3，当设定各个探测器的检测性能为Pdk=0.5，Pfk=0.4（k=1,…,N）的前提下，当设定系统虚警率Pf0≤0.001时，随着参加决策信息融合的探测器的增加，系统发现概率Pd0也迅速提高，当探测器数量由500个增加到800个的情况下，系统发现概率Pd0由0.918提高到0.995，而当探测器数量超过1100个时，系统发现概率Pd0已经趋近于1，这充分显示了决策信息融合对这个系统检测性能的改善作用。

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