专

基于合并规则与自动报价的物流计费方法、系统及介质

1262020015883B

发明人

荆延晖

受让人

SHENZHEN YUNLIAN TECH CO LTD

申请人

SPERRY RAND CORP

申请号

11003003

申请日

1986-07-13

公开(公告)号

1262020015883B

公开(公告)日

2014-01-13

IPC分类号

B01D003/00B01D019/00B01D003/14B01D003/26B01D003/32B01D047/00C10J001/08F02M011/00F02M029/04B01D003/20B01J019/32

CPC分类号

优先权号

145231

KR011538

80022644

优先权日

2016-11-01

2017-10-17

2018-10-08

摘要

本发明公开了一种基于深度高分辨率表示学习的高光谱图像分类方法，包括：获取待分类的高光谱图像；利用主成分分析法进行光谱降维；对光谱带中每个像素点取一个固定空间大小的立方体数据，通过一个高分辨率的卷积网络模块，并利用多分辨率网络和多尺度融合来提取特征；采用保持高分辨率表示的方法,从一个高分辨率网络开始,逐步增加高分辨率到低分辨率的子网络,并将多分辨率子网并行链接；采用重复的多尺度融合的方法，对每一个高到低分辨率的表示从其他平行表示反复的接受和融合信息来丰富高分辨率表示,得特征图输出；将特征图输入至全连接网络和Softmax得到预测分类结果。本发明通过一直保持高分辨率表示和重复的多尺度融合，实现了在低训练样本下对高光谱图像的准确分类。

权利要求

1 . A recombinant beta-herpesvirus, wherein the beta-herpesvirus is spread-deficient.

2 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus is endotheliotropic and/or has a wild type-like virion surface.

3 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus is endotheliotropic and has a wild type-like virion surface.

4 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus is suitable to or capable of inducing an immune response, wherein the immune response comprises neutralizing antibodies against beta-herpesvirus and CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells directed against epitopes of beta-herpesvirus.

5 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 4 , wherein the immune response comprises induction of neutralizing antibodies against a wild type beta-herpesvirus, wherein said antibodies are capable of inhibiting said wild type beta-herpesvirus from infecting endothelial cells and/or epithelial cells.

6 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 5 , wherein beta-herpesvirus which is prevented from infecting endothelial cells and/or epithelial cells by the neutralizing antibodies, is preferably a human pathogen.

7 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus is a human beta-herpesvirus.

8 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus is a cytomegalovirus.

9 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 7 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus is a human cytomegalovirus.

10 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus is deficient in at least one gene product involved in primary and/or secondary envelopment.

11 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 10 , wherein the at least one gene product is involved in primary envelopment

12 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 11 , wherein the at least one gene product is encoded by a gene selected from the group comprising UL50 and UL 53 and homologs of each thereof.

13 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 10 , wherein the at least one gene product is involved in secondary envelopment.

14 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 13 , wherein the at least one gene product is encoded by a gene selected from the group comprising UL94 and UL99 and homologs each thereof.

15 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus comprises nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 123668 to 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 189192 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 123668 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 189192 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

16 . The beta herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 123668 to 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 189192 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and a fourth nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 34.

17 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 123668 to 110670 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 131243 to 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and a fourth nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 189192 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 123668 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, wherein the nucleotide 130670 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to the nucleotide 131243 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein the nucleotide 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to the nucleotide 189192 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

18 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 59623 to 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 189192 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 59623 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 181.652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to the nucleotide 189192 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

19 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein nucleotide 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 1 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 32, wherein nucleotide 179 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 32 is covalently linked to nucleotide 59623 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 189192 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

20 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 63261 to 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 189192 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 63261 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein the nucleotide 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to the nucleotide 189192 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

21 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 63261 to 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 189192 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and a fourth nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 33.

22 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus comprises nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 59623 to 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 63261 to 181652 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a fourth nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 189192 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a fifth nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 32 and a sixth nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 33.

23 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus comprises human cytomegalovirus.

24 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta herpesvirus comprises the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 23.

25 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus is deficient in at least one gene product encoded by an immune evasive gene.

26 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 25 , wherein the at least one gene product encoded by an immune evasive gene is selected from the group comprising gene products regulating MHC class I presentation and gene products regulating NK cell response.

27 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 26 , wherein the at least one gene product encoded by an immune evasive gene is a gene product regulating MHC class I presentation.

28 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 27 , wherein the gene product regulating MHC class I presentation comprises human cytomegalovirus.

29 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 26 , wherein the at least one gene product encoded by an immune evasive gene is a gene product regulating NK cell response.

30 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 29 , wherein the gene product regulating NK cell response is selected from the group comprising gene products encoded by the genes UL40, UL16 and UL18.

31 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus encodes a heterologous nucleic acid.

32 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 34 , wherein the heterologous nucleic acid is a functional nucleic acid, preferably selected from the group comprising antisense molecules, ribozymes and RNA interference mediating nucleic acids.

33 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 31 , wherein the nucleic acid is a nucleic acid coding for a peptide, oligopeptide, polypeptide or protein.

34 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 33 , wherein the peptide, oligopeptide, polypeptide or protein comprises at least one antigen.

35 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 34 , wherein the antigen is an antigen selected from the group comprising viral antigens, bacterial antigens and parasite antigens.

36 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , for use in a method for the treatment of a human subject and/or for use in a method for the vaccination of a human subject.

37 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 36 , wherein the subject is a mammal.

38 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 36 , wherein the beta-herpesvirus is human cytomegalovirus.

39 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 36 , wherein the subject is suffering from a disease or is at risk of suffering from a disease.

40 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 36 , wherein the vaccination is a vaccination against a disease.

41 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 39 , wherein the disease is a disease or condition which is associated with human cytomegalovirus infection.

42 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 41 , wherein the disease or condition comprises congenital inclusion disease.

43 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 36 , wherein the subject is defined as a female with the ability to reproduce.

44 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 43 , wherein the treatment is or is suitable for or capable of preventing the transfer of a beta-herpesvirus, preferably human cytomegalovirus, from the female to a fetus and/or to an embryo carried or to be carried in the future by the female.

45 . The beta-herpesvirus according to claim 43 , wherein the treatment is for or is suitable for the generation of or capable of generating an immune response in the female body or the immune response in the female body, whereby preferably such immune response confers protection to a fetus and/or to an embryo carried or to be carried in the future by the female against beta-herpesvirus, preferably human cytomegalovirus, and/or a disease or condition associated with beta-herpesvirus infection, preferably human cytomegalovirus infection.

46 . Use of a beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , for the manufacture of a medicament.

47 . Use according to claim 46 , wherein the medicament is for the treatment and/or prevention of beta-herpesvirus infection.

48 . Use according to claim 46 , wherein the medicament is for the treatment and/or prevention of a disease or condition associated with beta-herpesvirus infection, preferably human cytomegalovirus infection.

49 . Use of a beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 , for the manufacture of a vaccine.

50 . Use according to claim 49 , wherein the vaccine is for the treatment and/or prevention of beta-herpesvirus infection.

51 . Use according to claim 50 , wherein the vaccine is fin the treatment and/or prevention of a disease or condition associated with beta-herpesvirus infection, preferably human cytomegalovirus infection.

52 . Use according to claim 49 , wherein the vaccine is or is suitable for the administration to a subject, whereby the subject is selected form the group comprising a pregnant female, a female of reproductive age, a donor of a transplant, a recipient of a transplant and a subject being infected with HIV or being at risk of being infected with HIV.

53 . Use according to claim 52 , wherein the donor is a potential donor and/or the recipient is a potential recipient.

54 . A nucleic acid coding for a beta-herpesvirus according to claim 1 .

55 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 54 .

56 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 123668 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to ‘nucleotide 123688 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

57 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 123668 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and a third nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 34.

58 . The vector according to claim 57 , wherein nucleotide 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 1 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 34 and wherein nucleotide 252 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 34 is covalently linked to nucleotide 123668 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

59 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 123668 to 130670 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ. ID NO: 20, a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 131243 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 123668 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein the nucleotide 130670 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to the nucleotide 131243 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

60 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 123668 to 130670 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 131243 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a third nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 34 and a fourth nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 35

61 . The vector according to claim 60 , wherein nucleotide 122630 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 1 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 34, wherein nucleotide 252 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 34 is covalently linked to nucleotide 123668 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, wherein nucleotide 130670 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 1 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 35 and wherein nucleotide 67 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 35 is covalently linked to nucleotide 131243 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20

62 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the :nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 59623 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 59623 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

63 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 59623 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and a third nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 32.

64 . The vector according to claim 63 , wherein nucleotide 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 1 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 32 and wherein nucleotide 179 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 32 is covalently linked to nucleotide 59623 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

65 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 63261 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 63261 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

66 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 63261 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and a third nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 33

67 . The vector according to claim 66 , wherein nucleotide 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 1 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 33 and wherein nucleotide 38 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 33 is covalently linked to nucleotide 63261 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

68 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 59623 to 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 63261 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein nucleotide 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 59623 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 and wherein the nucleotide 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to the nucleotide 63261 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

69 . A vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 55 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence comprises a first nucleic acid sequence represented by nucleotides 1 to 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a second nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 59623 to 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a third nucleotide sequence represented by nucleotides 63261 to 233681 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, a fourth nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 32 and a fifth nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 33.

70 . The vector according to claim 69 , wherein nucleotide 58442 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 1 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 32, wherein nucleotide 179 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 32 is covalently linked to nucleotide 59623 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, wherein nucleotide 62129 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20 is covalently linked to nucleotide 1 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 33 and wherein nucleotide 38 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 33 is covalently linked to nucleotide 632161 of the nucleotide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20.

说明书

[0001]The present application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/576,304 filed May 23, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,487,449, and is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

[0002]BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for reducing noise and detecting electrode faults in equipment used to measure physiological activity. Organ function in humans and other subjects is often controlled or otherwise associated with electrical activity. For example, human and animal nervous systems generate a variety of electrical signals that can be monitored and measured. Similarly, the rhythmic beating of a heart is maintained by an orderly series of electrical discharges. In humans, the discharges originate in the sinus node of the right atrium. The discharges proceed through the atrioventricular node and a bundle of neuromuscular fibers (known as the bundle of His) to the ventricles. By attaching electrodes to various parts of the body, a record of the electrical activity of the heart can be obtained. This record is known as an electrocardiogram or ECG. ECGs are used in a variety of diagnostic and treatment procedures. The correct application of electrodes to a patient is very important to proper detection and measurement of ECGs. If an electrode is improperly or poorly connected to the body, either no ECG signal or a noisy ECG signal is detected. This can result in misdiagnoses and improper medical treatment, which in turn can have serious consequences. To avoid erroneous ECG readings, a number of devices and methods have been developed to detect or to identify electrode fault conditions. Despite the existence of these devices and methods, adequate detection of electrode faults and reduction of the noise associated with electrode faults and poor electrode connections has not been achieved.

[0003]SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method and an apparatus for detecting faults in electrodes used to measure electrical activity in subjects. The invention also provides a mechanism for reducing noise in signals from electrodes. The method includes the acts of delivering a carrier signal to the subject by connecting an RL electrode (so named because it is generally positioned over or near the right leg) to the subject. The RL electrode delivers an AC carrier signal to the subject. Once the RL signal is delivered to the subject, a combined signal having an electrical-activity portion and a carrier-signal portion is sensed by attaching at least one signal sensing electrode to the subject. The combined signal is then processed by dividing the electrical activity portion from the carrier signal portion. An impedance value for the at least one signal sensing electrode is then calculated using the carrier signal portion. Finally, the calculated impedance value is compared against known values to determine whether an electrode fault exists. Preferably, the act of processing the combined signal includes filtering the combined signal in a low-pass, finite impulse response filter having a first zero point frequency. The low-pass filter is used to reduce high frequency noise and to separate the sensed carrier signal portion from the sensed electrical activity portion. The low-pass filter is also used to determine the characteristics of the carrier signal. In particular, the carrier signal is generated so that it has a frequency substantially the same as the first zero point frequency of the filter. Since the filter is used for two functions, namely noise filtering and removing the carrier signal, less computing power is needed in the present invention as compared to prior-art electrode fault detecting systems. Using less computing power is particularly beneficial in multi-lead systems with 12 or more leads. The invention may be implemented in a system that includes a first ECG signal sensing electrode, a second ECG signal sensing electrode, and a third ECG signal sensing electrode, all of which are designed to be attached to a patient or subject. An RL electrode is also connected to the patient. The RL electrode carries an AC carrier signal generated by a signal generator. The carrier signal radiates from the RL electrode and is sensed, along with physiological electrical activity from the patient, by the sensing electrodes. Thus, each sensing electrode outputs a combined signal having a carrier signal portion and an electrical activity portion. The signals from the electrodes are delivered to a signal processing unit that processes the signals and generates an output signal that may be delivered to a device such as a monitor, a printer, or additional processing device. The signal processing unit also generates an electrode fault signal that may be delivered to a control or warning device to trigger an alarm indicator, such as a light or audio alarm. As is apparent from the above, it is an advantage of the present invention to provide a method and system of identifying faults in electrodes in combination with noise filtering. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent by consideration of the detailed description and accompanying drawings.

[0004]BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus embodying the invention. FIG. 2 is schematic diagram of a signal processing unit embodying the invention. FIG. 3 is a diagram of the frequency response of a low pass-filter suitable for use in the invention.

[0005]DETAILED DESCRIPTION Before one embodiment of the invention is explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the construction and the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. FIG. 1 illustrates a system 10 embodying the invention. The system 10 acquires and filters ECG signals from a living subject, such as a human patient P, and detects electrode faults occuring during the acquisition of the signal. The system 10 includes a first ECG signal sensing electrode 12 , a second ECG signal sensing electrode 14 , and a third ECG signal sensing electrode 16 . The electrodes 12 , 14 , and 16 need not be of any special type, but may be any common electrode used to measure ECG and similar electrical signals. The electrodes may be attached or otherwise connected to the patient P in accordance with known methods. While only three electrodes are shown, fewer or more electrodes may be connected to the patient. A right leg (RL) electrode 18 is also connected to the patient. While it is preferred that an RL electrode be used in the invention, it should be understood that other active electrodes capable of sending a signal could be used. The RL electrode carries an alternating-current carrier signal S 1 generated by a signal generator 20 . The signal S 1 radiates from the electrode 18 and is sensed, along with physiological electrical activity from the patient P by the sensing electrodes 12 , 14 , and 16 . Thus, each sensing electrode outputs a combined signal S C having a carrier signal portion C SP and an electrical activity portion E AP . The signals S C are delivered to a signal processing unit 30 . The processing unit 30 processes the signals and generates a noise reduced ECG output signal S ECG . The signal S ECG may be delivered to a device such as a monitor, a printer, or additional processing device (none of which are shown). The signal processing unit 30 also generates an electrode fault signal S EF that may be delivered to a control or warning device to trigger an alarm indicator (not shown), such as a light or audio alarm. As best shown in FIG. 2 , the signal processing unit 30 includes a splitter 32 . The signals S C are split by the splitter 32 into a first signal part S S1 and a second signal part S S2 . The first signal part S S1 is delivered to a filter 34 . The filter 34 reduces the high frequency noise in the first signal part S S1 . The filter 34 also filters out substantially all of the carrier signal portion C SP from the first signal part S S1 and outputs a signal S OUT containing the electrical activity portion E AP . The signal S OUT is sent to a second splitter 36 . The splitter 36 divides the signal S OUT into a first signal, which is the signal S ECG , and a second signal P 2 . The second signal P 2 is sent to the positive input of a summing node or combiner 38 . The signal S S2 from the splitter 32 is also delivered to the combiner 38 . In particular, the signal S S2 is sent to the negative input of the combiner. The signals P 2 and S S2 are combined in the combiner 38 such that the electrical activity portions of each signal are substantially cancelled (reduced to a zero or near zero amplitude). The combiner outputs a signal S COMB that includes the carrier portion C SP from the signal S S2 . The signal S COMB is input to an impedance calculator 40 . The impedance calculator 40 uses the signal S COMB to calculate impedance values for each electrode 12 – 16 . The impedance calculator 40 compares the calculated values against known impedance values for each electrode. The impedance calculation is based on the impedance between the electrode and the subject's skin surface. If a sensing electrode is properly applied or connected to the subject, the amplitude of the carrier signal portion C SP is relatively low. If a sensing electrode has an internal defect or is improperly connected, the amplitude of the carrier signal C SP is relatively high. The impedance value for each electrode (the impedance between the electrode and the skin of the subject) is determined in a four-step algorithm using both the filter 34 and the impedance calculator 40 . In the first step, the first signal part S S1 is filtered using the filter 34 , as noted above. In the preferred embodiment, the filter 34 is a low-pass, finite impulse response (FIR) filter. As is known in the art, an FIR filter is implemented using software and can be characterized by the following equation: y =( x n +x n1 +. . . +x n−N+1 )/ N Eqn. 1 where x is the input signal, y is the output signal, and N is the number of x input terms. For ECG acquisition applications, it is preferred that the filter 34 have a cut-off or corner frequency (−3 dB) of about 150 Hz. With a sampling rate of 1000 Hz, N is equal to three. Substituting these values into Eqn. 1, the first zero point (the first point at which a frequency is completely suppressed) is about 333 Hz. This is illustrated in the frequency response graph shown in FIG. 3 . As shown, at about 333 Hz, the filter has a gain of zero. The filter 34 outputs the signal S OUT . S OUT can be described by S OUT [i ]=( S S1 [i]+S S1 [i −1 ]+S S1 [i −2])/3 Eqn. 2 When the frequency of the carrier signal S 1 is set to the frequency of the first zero point of the filter 34 , the mere act of filtering removes the carrier signal or carrier signal portion C SP from the signal S S1 , with the result that the signal S OUT contains only the electrical activity portion E AP . In the next step of the algorithm, signal P 2 is subtracted from the signal S S2 at the combiner 38 to generate the signal S COMB , which can be described by S COMB [i]=S S2 [i]−P 2 [ i] Eqn. 3 In the third step, the differential of signal S COMB is calculated in the impedance calculator 40 to yield S 4 [ i]=S COMB [i]−S COMB [i −1] Eqn. 4 Differentiation results in an amplification of the signal S COMB . In the fourth step, the signal S 4 is used to calculate the impedance value by adding the absolute values of three values of signal S 4 according to S 5 [ i ]=(| S 4 [ i]|+|S 4 [ i −1 ]|+|S 4 [ i −2]|)/6 Eqn. 5 Taking the absolute values for signal S 4 makes the signal S 5 independent of the phase between the signal S 4 and the sampling rate. If a calculated impedance value differs from a known impedance value by a predetermined amount, such as 10% or more, a fault is detected and the impedance calculator generates the electrode fault signal S EF . As noted, the signal generator 20 is adjusted so that the frequency of the carrier signal S 1 matches the first zero point of the filter 34 . Since the filter 34 is used to filter the electrical activity signal S S1 and to extract the AC carrier signal that is fed to the RL electrode 18 , less computing resources are required in the present invention than in prior systems. In prior systems, two separate sets of computer or programmatic calculations must be carried out. Using less computing resources is important in multi-lead systems because as the number of leads increases, the amount of computing power necessary to process the signals from the leads increases. While high-power computers and processors are available, high-power computers are relatively expensive. Being able to produce an effective system with an inexpensive computer helps keep the cost of the system 10 low. As can be seen from the above, the invention provides a method and system for determining or identifying electrode faults in a physiological sensing system. Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims.

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