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    专

    使用钴预催化剂对烯烃进行加氢甲酰化的方法

    PL69823661B2
    发明人
    张宝昕, C·库比斯, A·博纳, R·弗兰克
    受让人
    EVONIK ROEHM GMBH
    申请人
    PIN SET CORP
    申请号
    068416
    申请日
    1998-03-17
    公开(公告)号
    PL69823661B2
    公开(公告)日
    2014-01-10
    IPC分类号
    B66C005/02B66C001/34B66C013/00B66C025/00
    CPC分类号
    -
    优先权号
    17/987,844
    17/987,844
    优先权日
    2022-11-14
    2022-11-14
    摘要

    (+20.5.82(x2), 31.5.82, 17.6.82, 23.6.82, 6.7.82, 21.7.82(x2), 2.8.82, 5.8.82, 11.8.82(x2), 24.8.82(x2), 30.8.82, 3.9.82, 5.10.82, 26.10.82-JP-085269, 085271, 092772, 104365, 107724, 117409, 127291/5, 134964, 136658, 139451/2, 146594/5, 150424, 153601, 175145, 188047) Liq.-crystalline esters of formula R-D-A-B-X-E-Z (I) are new (where R is H or 1-10C alkyl; D is 1,4-cyclohexylene; A and B are 1,4-cyclohexylene or p-phenylene; X is COO or OCO; E is p-phenylene opt. monosubstd. by F, Cl or CN; Z is F, Cl or CN).

    (I) have positive dielectric anisotropy, exhibit a liq.-crystalline phase up to high temps. and have low viscosity. They may thus be used to elevate the N-I transition point of liq. crystal mixts.

    权利要求
    1 . A data analysis system comprising: a processor; a latent learner executable by the processor, the latent learner is to arrange data, using latent causal variables, in a multi-dimensional structure based on a target activity defined by a smart card, wherein the data pertains to activities comprising a current activity and the target activity associated with a smart card; an inference deducer executable by the processor to perform analysis on the data arranged in the multi-dimensional structure to predict an outcome of the target activity, wherein the inference deducer employs a proactive-retroactive learning technique to deduce the outcome based on the latent causal variables; a probability determiner executable by the processor, the probability determiner to determine a probability of success of the outcome that has been predicted; and wherein the processor is further to: determine, based on the outcome and probability of success, a plurality of choices associated with the activities; determine patterns and changes in the data pertaining to the activities detected by an access device with access to the smart card; perform a combination of mapping, transformation, parallel computation, distributed task dispatching, scheduling, and I/O functionalities, exposed through at least one application programming interface for the data pertaining to the activities; communicate with the access device and the smart card over a network; schedule to arrange the plurality of choices and the probability of success of the outcome for the access device to be rendered on the smart card; cue the plurality of choices and the probably of success of the outcome for particular listing on the smart card; and transmit the plurality of choices and the probability of success of the outcome to the access device for rendering on the smart card.
    2 . The data analysis system of claim 1 , further comprising a data receiver executable by the processor, the data receiver to receive the data pertaining to the current activity and the target activity, wherein the data is received from at least one of the smart card or a data source.
    3 . The data analysis system as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the smart card is a first smart card, and wherein the data receiver is further to: receive data associated with a second smart card; and transmit, to the first smart card, the data pertaining to an activity associated with the second smart card.
    4 . The data analysis system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of choices correspond to at least one of a state of an individual that owns the smart card, an action to be taken by the individual, an expected response for the action taken, or a reward for the current activity of the individual.
    5 . The data analysis system of claim 1 , comprising: a state identifier executable by the processor to determine a state of an individual that owns the smart card based on the outcome and the probability of success of the outcome; an action indicator executable by the processor to indicate an action to be taken based on the state of the individual; a response provider executable by the processor to provide an expected response based on the outcome and the probability of success of the outcome, the response provider to provide the expected response for a group of individuals of which the individual is a member; and a reward identifier executable by the processor to identify a reward to be provided to the individual based on the current activity of the individual.
    6 . The data analysis system as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the action indicator is further to: determine a cognitive state for each choice based on a plurality of attributes, features, and latent variables associated with the action; and determine a cognitive state probability based on the cognitive state of the individual performing an activity at a particular time and a set of multi-layered multidimensional optimizing factors.
    7 . The data analysis system as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the action indicator is further to: model each individual of the group of individuals as a quantum particle based on a time and a location; sheave quantum particles to form subgroups of the group of individuals; and determine a data set containing various choices based on predictions for a subgroup of the group of individuals of which the individual is a member.
    8 . The data analysis system as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising a communicator executable by the processor to: establish a connection with the smart card as a peer-to-peer network; and establish a communication thread between the smart card and a second smart card within the peer-to-peer network.
    9 . A method comprising: receiving, by a processor of a computing device, data pertaining to a current activity, the data comprising a time and a geographic location associated with a plurality of smart cards being used by a plurality of individuals while performing the current activity; arranging, by the processor, the data into a multi-layered multi-dimensional structure based on a self-organized cognitive algebraic neural network (SCANN); aggregating, using SCANN-based learning, the data from each smart card of the plurality of smart cards into multiple groups, wherein the aggregating is based on historical transactions performed by the plurality of individuals using the plurality of smart cards; determining, by using the processor to apply a proactive-retroactive learning technique to the aggregated data, a plurality of choices for an individual of a group of the multiple groups based on the current activity and activity-based predictions for the group, the plurality of choices being associated with actions expected to be performed with respect to the current activity of the individual and with use of a smart card owned by the individual; ranking, by the processor, the plurality of choices in a sequential order based on highest to lowest probability that the individual will choose each respective choice of the plurality of choices; and transmitting, by the computing device via an access device, the plurality of choices for the individual to the smart card to be rendered on the smart card for selection by the individual.
    10 . The method of claim 9 , further comprising: performing, by an inference deducer executed by the processing device, the proactive-retroactive learning technique on the multi-layered multi-dimensional structure to predict an outcome of the current activity based on latent causal variables of the aggregated data; determining, using a probability determiner executed by the processing device, a probability of success of the outcome that has been predicted; and determining, based on the outcome and probability of success, the plurality of choices associated with the activities.
    11 . The method as claimed in claim 9 , further comprising determining an action taken by the smart card on a choice from the plurality of choices as shared with the individual, wherein the action comprises a cognitive state probability.
    12 . The method as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the determining the action further comprises: identifying attributes associated with each of the plurality of choices rendered on the smart card; determining a cognitive state for each of the plurality of choices based on the attributes, features, and variables associated with the plurality of choices; and determining a cognitive state probability, based on the cognitive state and using a set of multi-layered multi-dimensional optimization factors, comprising a probability of the individual being engaged in the action at a particular time.
    13 . The method as claimed in claim 9 , wherein the determining the plurality of choices comprises: accumulating cognitive states, an expected response, and a reward for the plurality of individuals; modeling each individual from the plurality of individuals as a quantum particle based on an activity, time, and a location of each individual; identifying groups of individuals by sheaving the modeled quantum particles; and determining an order of the plurality of choices based on transactions and predictions for the individual as well as on the predictions for the group of individuals of which the individual is a member.
    14 . The method as claimed in claim 9 , further comprising: determining actions associated with the plurality of choices based on the historical transactions in asymmetric and incomplete information conditions; and transmitting the plurality of choices to the smart card over a network.
    15 . The method as claimed in claim 9 , wherein the ranking the plurality of choices comprises: obtaining the data associated with one of the individual or a group of individuals, and which pertains to a particular activity; based on determining whether the data is related to one of a previous activity or a new activity of the individual, making connections with smart cards of other individuals, which are related to a smart card of the individual through the one of the previous activity or the new activity; based on determining that a new smart card of a new individual has initiated the particular activity, identifying a second plurality of choices associated with the particular activity for the new individual; upon identifying the plurality of choices, forecasting actions associated with each of the plurality of choices; based on the forecasting, ranking the second plurality of choices in a second sequential order; and transmitting the plurality of choices for rendering on the new smart card.
    16 . The method of claim 9 , further comprising: extracting incomplete cognitive data from features, attributes, and latent variables that existed in historical activity data associated with the historical transactions, but retained in a Voronoi region of the historical activity data; associating, using a Voronoi geometry algorithm, the incomplete cognitive data with features, attributes, and latent variables of the data associated with the current activity to generate a complete set of cognitive data; and performing, using the complete set of cognitive data, the aggregating the data and the determining the plurality of choices.
    17 . A non-transitory computer-readable medium of a first smart card storing instructions, which when executed by a processor, perform operations comprising: authenticating and securing a connection with one or more second smart cards via one or more access devices that can read data from the one or more second smart cards; negotiating a transaction with the one or more second smart cards, wherein negotiating the transaction generates data associated with historical transaction activities; transmitting the data to a computing device that performs self-organized cognitive algebraic neural network (SCANN)-based learning on the data and generates a plurality of choices associated with a proposed current activity as well as a probability of success of each respective choice of the plurality of choices; receiving the plurality of choices and the probabilities of success; and displaying the plurality of choices and the probabilities of success through a first display unit of the first smart card for selection by an individual carrying the first smart card.
    18 . The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16 , wherein the operations further comprise: generating second data associated with execution of a further transaction in response to selection of a choice of the plurality of choices; transmitting the second data to the computing device for further SCANN-based learning; receiving a plurality of updated choices and updated probabilities of success; and displaying the plurality of updated choices and the updated probabilities of success through the first display unit.
    19 . The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 16 , wherein the operations further comprise: providing, to the computing device, security data including a touch identifier of the individual; providing, based on authentication of the security data, a public key to authenticate communication with the one or more second smart cards and the one or more access devices; and verifying an authentication mechanism for performing the authentication via one of a group or a sub-group protocol comprising at least one of Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), Individual Datagram Protocol (UDP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
    20 . The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19 , wherein the operations further comprise: in response to successful authentication using the public key, generating a digital signature using or more algebraic structure of an elliptic curve digital signature algorithm; and providing, to the computing device, the digital signature in order to perform identification verification for conducting the proposed current activity with the one or more second smart cards.
    说明书
    [0001]激光焊接方法
    [0002]技术领域
    [0003]本发明涉及通过激光束将零件焊接在一起的方法。
    [0004]背景技术
    [0005]这些方法是公知的,尽管在很多应用中能很好地实现,但是还存在很多缺点。其中一个问题是,当使用这种方法时,由于在焊接过程中蒸发的物质重新沉积在零件上,从而使零件污染。另一个问题是这种方法在焊接过程中要求零件之间的间隙具有精确的公差。
    [0006]在已知的欧洲专利EP687519的方法中,要焊接的零件在激光束附近被压在一起以确保不超过零件之间的最大间隙。该方法在焊接过程之前和在焊接过程中显著地约束了对零件的处理以及约束了零件本身。此外,它还没有解决污染问题。
    [0007]由于在零件之间的不恰当的距离引起的产品污染和/或不良焊接可导致产品被废弃,从而减小了该方法的效率。
    [0008]发明内容
    [0009]本发明的一个目的是提供一种具有改进效率的激光焊接方法。
    [0010]为达到此目的,该方法的特征在于,其进行至少两个步骤,包括:
    [0011]——第一步骤为:以第一激光强度在至少一个零件上形成至少一个熔化物,和
    [0012]——下一个步骤为:通过物质被蒸发产生的蒸汽压力将所述至少一个熔化物以高于所述第一激光强度的第二激光强度推向另一个零件,从而所述至少一个零件和所述另一个零件被焊接在一起。
    [0013]这种方法的效率较高,这是因为只有较少数量的产品会由于产品污染和/或不良焊接而被废弃。
    [0014]污染主要是由于在焊接过程中被蒸发和重新沉积在产品上的物质。在该方法的第一步骤中几乎没有污染,因为其主要进行物质的熔化而不会或几乎没有蒸发。在该方法的下一个步骤中,使用更高的激光强度以蒸发一些物质,从而产生蒸汽反冲压力,其将把在第一步骤中产生的熔化物推向另一个零件。由于所述熔化物的熔化状态,减少了推所述熔化物所需的能量值,从而也减少了被蒸发物质的量。因此在下一个步骤中减少了污染。
    [0015]当零件之间的间隙太大而不能通过熔化物跨接时产生不良焊接。在该方法的下一个步骤中,一个零件的熔化物被推向另一个零件,从而允许在零件之间跨接较大的间隙。因此该方法增加了要焊接的零件之间的容许间隙,从而减少了不良焊接的危险。
    [0016]该方法优选应用于对零件点焊。在本发明的构思中,要焊接的零件之间的间隙gp与所述零件的相对侧之间沿激光束的轴向的距离相对应。能够通过焊接被跨接的最大值由首先产生熔化物的零件的厚度ep决定,所述厚度是在所述零件的相对侧之间的沿激光束的轴向的距离。
    [0017]在应用根据本发明的方法时,甚至在gp≥0.4ep时,可得到清洁和适当的点焊,而用现有技术的激光焊接方法-即使有一点儿可能实现-也是一个很难实现的结果。
    [0018]在特定实施例中,甚至在gp≥1.0ep时,也可得到清洁和合适的点焊,这显示出与现有技术的激光焊接方法相比,得到了2.5倍的容许间隙,还减少污染两倍。
    [0019]在该方法的所述下一个步骤之后,进行随后的步骤是有利的,该步骤包括以另一个激光强度对该焊接进行焊后热处理以增加熔化物量,还不会或几乎没有物质的蒸发。
    [0020]此外,激光束相对于要焊接的零件可具有各种位置。在一优选实施例中,该激光束可从产生该熔化物的零件的上方发出。在其他实施例中,该激光束还可从产生该熔化物的零件的下方或旁边发出。
    [0021]该激光束优选基本上以直角冲击将产生熔化物的零件,但是,在难以达到要焊接的零件的实施例中,该激光束可以以某角度冲击。
    [0022]在特定实施例中,可使用一个以上的激光束。在优选的情况下,使用两个激光束,第一个激光束从第一零件的上方发出,第二个激光束从另一个零件的下方发出,从而和单个激光束相比,其允许跨接甚至比零件之间的零件厚度之和更大的间隙。
    [0023]该方法优选应用在对金属零件的激光焊接。
    [0024]第二零件可通过在基底上的金属层形成或该第二零件包括在基底上的金属层。该基底可以是陶瓷基底或柔性基底(如塑料膜)或例如印制电路板。
    [0025]该方法在实施例中具有特殊的应用,其中第二零件对热输入或污染敏感。如果金属零件必须和电子设备(如印制电路板)相连或相邻时可能是这种情况。在夹施例中,使用一个激光束冲击第一零件,所述激光束不会穿透该第一零件,或者至少是发生这种事情的机会非常小,以致于在该第二零件中的直接的激光热输入也小。并且减少了污染。
    [0026]根据本发明的方法也使得采用另外的方法不能焊接或很难焊接的材料能够被焊接。一个这样的例子是不锈钢(作为第一零件)在铝(作为第二零件或第二零件的顶层)上的焊接。已经发现通过根据本发明的方法,这种焊接可容易实现并没有很大污染,而在传统的激光焊接方法中,这种焊接是很难实现的,至少要使用过多的激光能量和存在着污染扩大,否则这种焊接几乎是不可能实现的。
    [0027]附图说明
    [0028]本发明的这些和另外的方面将参照以下附图根据示例详细地进行说明,其中:
    [0029]图1是根据本发明的优选实施例的激光束功率与时间的函数的图表;
    [0030]图2是根据本发明的优选实施例的进行板的激光点焊的方法的示意图;
    [0031]图3a和3b是根据本发明的方法的第一和第二步骤的各个示意图;
    [0032]图3c是根据本发明的方法的一个可选的随后步骤的示意图;
    [0033]图4根据本发明对两块不锈钢板进行点焊的横截面图,每块板有250微米厚,所述板之间的间隙为250微米;和
    [0034]图5是根据本发明的方法所形成结构的横截面图。
    [0035]附图没有成比例画出。总之,相同的附图标记指相同的零件。
    [0036]具体实施例详述
    [0037]一种根据本发明的优选实施例的激光焊接方法将在下文中详述。所述方法优选为对金属板进行点焊。允许进行这种焊接的一种装置的例子示意性地在图1中表示。该装置包括:激光设备10,该激光设备发出的激光束11导向并聚焦在要焊接的板12、13的顶板12上;激光控制设备14,该激光控制设备14控制激光设备10的功率P激光;传感器设备,该传感器设备与测量设备15相连以测量要焊接的板在X和Y方向的位置;从该测量设备到激光控制设备14的反馈设备16,它用于适当控制激光设备的功率。在激光控制设备14与激光10的连线上的小图示意性示出了作为时间t的函数的激光束功率P激光。这将在图2和3a-3c中进一步描述。
    [0038]图2示出用于一点焊接的作为时间t的函数的激光能量P激光。
    [0039]第一时间段(T1)对应于该方法的第一步骤,其中在第一零件12上形成熔化物。在这段时间内,该激光以足够产生该熔化物的第一激光强度操作。
    [0040]第二时间段(T2)对应于该方法的下一个步骤。以第二较高的强度操作激光。物质被蒸发,从而产生将把在第一步骤中产生的熔化物推向该另一个零件的蒸汽反冲压力。由于所述熔化物的熔化状态,推所述熔化物所要求的能量值减少,从而蒸发的物质量减少。
    [0041]在一些情况中,进行随后的步骤是有利的,该随后的步骤对应于第三时间段(T3)。在该时间段熔化物增加。该步骤增加了焊接程度,从而增加了焊接强度。
    [0042]图2中粗略地示出以一个非限定性例子为基础给出的各时间段,尽管它们对应于根据将要焊接的材料的特性和激光的一数量级范围内的实际值。
    [0043]图2示出本发明的一个实施例,其中在T2时间段中进行单个高强度的激光发射。在一些实施例中,进行两个(更具体而言,多个)激光发射。第一高强度的激光发射激发熔化物并使之振动,然后对第二高强度的激光发射进行计时,使得与该熔化物向该第二零件的运动一起进行。以这种方式,焊接中需要较少的能量,并且污染较少。
    [0044]图3a示出本发明的第一步骤。熔化物31在零件12中产生。
    [0045]图3b示出本发明的另一个步骤。熔化物31被推向零件12。
    [0046]图3c示出本发明的一个可选的随后步骤。熔化物的程度增加(熔化物31的部分31a)。在该例子中,该第三激光束强度基本上等于第一激光束强度,从控制的观点来说,它是一个优选的简单的实施例。但是,在一些实施例中,该第三激光束强度可以和第一激光束强度不同。
    [0047]在图4中可看到根据本发明方法的实施例中所形成的点焊。它示出了在两个不锈钢板12和13之间进行点焊的横截面,每个板250微米厚,并以250微米间隙放置在对方的顶部。
    [0048]该间隙被跨接,并制成夹心焊缝31。
    [0049]在该实施例中,激光束入射到零件12。如果使用两个激光束,一个入射到零件12上,一个入射到零件13上,甚至可以跨接更大的间隙。
    [0050]图5示意性示出根据本发明的方法制成的结构。在两个板12和13之间,在制成的焊缝31之间,放置一个中间板51,其具有孔52,焊缝可通过该孔延伸。孔52比焊缝31大,以致于板51在零件12和13之间形成的间隙中具有一个运动自由度(如果其受限制的话)。以这种方式,可制成灵活结构。可用这种结构来使零件运动。
    [0051]该方法可以以不同的方式应用。
    [0052]在一些实施例中,使用单个激光束。尽管对于简化结构来说这是优选的实施例,在本发明的实施例中还可使用两个激光束,一个用于形成熔化物,另一个用于将熔化物推向第二零件。这里描述了很多可能的有利的用法,并不是对根据本发明方法的使用这样两个激光的实施例施加限制。
    [0053]沿一条线进行激光焊接,从而第一激光(连续操作)可以稍微在以脉冲的形式操作的第二激光之前聚焦。
    [0054]由第一激光发出的光的波长可以开始对材料加热,而由第二激光发出的光的波长可以开始蒸发材料。
    [0055]应该指出的是,上述实施例说明了本发明而不是限制本发明,那些本领域的技术人员可以在不背离所附权利要求书的保护范围的情况下作出很多变化的实施例。在该权利要求书中,在圆括号内的附图标记不应该用来限制该权利要求。动词“包括”及其相关词不排除没有在该权利要求中提到的那些元素或步骤。
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