BackgroundHigh-risk pregnancy was a major challenge to sustainably reduce maternal mortality rate to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in China. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trend of high-risk pregnancy rate in China and to explore the influence of socioeconomic factors.MethodsPanel data of 31 provinces in China from 2002 to 2016 were extracted from the China Statistical Yearbooks and Health Statistical Yearbooks. We firstly adapted JoinPoint regression model to describe the temporal trend of high-risk pregnancy rate. Then, an auto-regressive integrated moving average model was built to predict high-risk pregnancy rate from 2017 to 2030. Finally, a linear mixed model was employed to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic factors on high-risk pregnancy rate at the provincial level.ResultsThe high-risk pregnancy rate increased substantially with an average annual percent change of 6.06% (95% CI: 5.70, 6.51%) from 1996 to 2016 in China. Except Tibet, the high-risk pregnancy rate of other 30 provinces all presented an upward trend with an average annual percent change ranging from 1.86% (95% CI: 1.47, 2.35%) to 11.15% (95% CI: 9.22, 13.10%). The predicted high-risk pregnancy rate would up to 38.76% (95% CI: 31.66, 45.85%) in 2030 in China. The number of hospital beds per 1,000 population was negatively associated with high-risk pregnancy rate (β = −0.0476, 95% CI: −0.0767, −0.0185). While female illiteracy and GRP per capita were positively correlated with high-risk pregnancy rate, the coefficient was 0.0127 (95% CI: 0.0050, 0.0203) and 0.1717 (95% CI: −0.0205, 0.3639) respectively.ConclusionThe high-risk pregnancy ratio in China has been increasing and sustains an upward trend, posing great challenge to maternal health improvement in China. Healthcare resources and other socioeconomic factors have significant effect on high-risk pregnant rate, such findings can provide evidence-based implications for long-term policy-making in healthcare resource allocation, urban development and gender equality. Constant efforts by all society should be made to enhance maternal health to achieve the goals of the Sustainable Development Goals and Healthy China 2030.

Introduction:While numerous studies have examined the effects of diagnosis-related groups (DRG) payment on hospital healthcare, evidence regarding its impact on the quality of hospital healthcare is poor and findings have been inconsistent. This study evaluates how DRG payment reform influences rational use of antibiotics in hospital using the World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification in China. Methods:We employed a natural experiment design with difference-in-differences analysis, comparing 10 hospitals implementing DRG payment in two pilot cities with 27 hospitals maintaining fee-for-service (FFS) payment in three control cities in Sichuan Province. Using medicine consumption data from 2016 to 2020 (185 hospital-years), we assessed total antibiotic use/expenditure, Access/Watch group proportions, and Access-to-Watch ratios. Results:Compared with FFS payment, DRG payment had no significant impact on the total quantity or expenditure of antibiotic use. However, DRG payment led to -13.01% (95% CI: -25.32% to - 0.70%) reduction of proportion of Access antibiotics use and 13.90% (95% CI: 1.97 to 25.83%) increase of proportion Watch antibiotics use. Subgroup analysis showed similar results in both secondary and tertiary hospitals, but greater in the former. Discussion:TDRG hospital payment reform may not affect the total quantity or expenditure of antibiotics use, but decrease the proportion of WHO Access antibiotics use and increase the Watch antibiotics use. Close monitoring and interventions are warranted to improve rational use of antibiotics for health systems during hospital payment reform.

Since its founding, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has maintained its original aspiration of eliminating poverty, improving people's living standards, and steadily achieving the common prosperity of the whole Chinese people. The Party has consistently led the Chinese people in fighting against poverty throughout all the stages of China's revolution, construction, reform and development, eventually winning a comprehensive victory in this fight. In the Party's work, poverty alleviation has always been one of the main tasks, and has included efforts both to help the poor acquire knowledge and to build their aspirations for change. Specifically, rural areas have been the key area of activity, and the Party's fundamental approach to combating poverty has always centered on development, employing an all-encompassing campaign that involves state, social and market forces. It should also be noted that the elimination of absolute poverty is not the end of the fight. The CPC will continue struggling tirelessly to create a better life for the people and to realize common prosperity, thus opening up a new phase in the fight against poverty in general.

The remediation of rural human settlements is receiving increasing attention in contemporary China. Evaluating the resilience of rural human settlements and formulating site-specific remediation strategies are crucial for realizing China's rural revitalization goals. Based on the social-ecological system (SES) theory, this study establishes a theoretical framework for understanding the resilience of rural human settlements. Building upon this framework, an index system for assessing the resilience is constructed across three dimensions: the resource subsystem, the actor subsystem, and the governance subsystem. The study then analyzes the resilience level of rural human settlements and the interactions among these subsystems, using Chongqing Municipality as an example. The main study conclusions are as follows. First, the resilience index of rural human settlements in Chongqing exhibits spatial heterogeneity and imbalances among subsystems. Specifically, the average resilience index of the resource subsystem is lower than that of other subsystems and there is noticeable spatial heterogeneity in resilience indices among different counties. Second, resilience in rural human settlements is a complex outcome resulting from interactions among multiple subsystems within the SES. These subsystems interact through a two-factor enhancement and non-linear enhancement relationship. Third, the main barriers to the resilience in rural human settlements in Chongqing are related to the resource subsystem, particularly per capita wetland resources, followed by challenges within the governance and actor subsystem, such as rural population density. Fourth, the SES theory can better guide the resilience evaluation of rural human settlements. To improve that resilience, we recommend adopting a systemism perspective, treating rural human settlements as SES entities, and paying attention to the important role of rural inhabitants as the main body of environmental governance. Additionally, tailored environmental governance measures should be developed based on the resilience characteristics and interactions between the subsystems. The research results expand the application field of SES theory and provide novel insights and valuable theoretical guidance for studying the resilience of rural human settlements.

China operates the world's largest system of extension services, but knowledge about its effectiveness is limited. Using farm survey data and a stochastic meta-frontier production function, this study investigates the impact of extension services on the technical efficiency of crop-specific farms in China. Results reveal that extension services have a statistically significant and strongly correlated relationship with farm technical efficiency and that different sources of extension have an inconsistent impact on it. Crop-specific farms require distinct extension provision whose content is designed to match farmers' needs, and hence a pluralistic and well-functioning system of extension provision should be developed.

20世纪初以来,列宁"帝国主义论"的当代适用性一直是学术争论的焦点之一.帝国主义的本质和发展趋势构成了"帝国主义论"的理论"硬核",这也是评判该理论当代解释力的重要标准.帝国主义发展历史与现实显示,垄断形式变化并未改变帝国主义的垄断本质,垄断程度随着帝国主义的发展不断加深.从辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义视角看,列宁所指出的帝国主义的垂死性与帝国主义的调整能力并不冲突,两者无法相互否定;由于帝国主义自身所具有的寄生性、腐朽性及基本矛盾,帝国主义必然向更高级社会形态过渡.当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局,新冠肺炎疫情冲击下帝国主义国家糟糕的防疫表现与社会主义国家成功的战"疫"成就形成鲜明对比,社会主义的制度优越性展现得淋漓尽致,帝国主义向社会主义过渡将很可能是大势所趋,列宁"帝国主义论"并非"明日黄花",反而会"历久弥新",成为解释和指导实践的重要理论武器.

BackgroundEssential medicines are the backbone of healthcare and meet the priority healthcare needs of the population. However, approximately one-third of the global population does not have access to essential medicines. Although China formulated essential medicine policies in 2009, the progress of availability of essential medicines and regional variations remains unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the availability of essential medicines, their progress, and regional distribution in China in the last decade.MethodsWe searched eight databases from their inception to February 2022, relevant websites, and reference lists of included studies. Two reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias independently. Meta-analyses were performed to quantify the availability of essential medicines, their progress, and regional distribution.ResultsOverall 36 cross-sectional studies conducted from 2009 to 2019 were included, with regional data for 14 provinces. The availability of essential medicines in 2015–2019 [28.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 26.4–29.9%] was similar to that in 2009–2014 (29.4%, 95% CI: 27.5–31.3%); lower in the Western region (19.8%, 95% CI: 18.1–21.5%) than Eastern (33.8%, 95% CI: 31.6–36.1%) and Central region (34.5%, 95% CI: 30.6–38.5%); very low for 8 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) categories (57.1%), and low for 5 categories (35.7%) among all ATC groups.ConclusionThe availability of essential medicines in China is low compared with the World Health Organization goal, has not changed much in the last decade, is unequal across regions, and lacks data for half of provinces. For policy-making, the monitoring system of the availability of essential medicines is to be strengthened to enable long-term surveillance, especially in provinces where the data has been missing. Meanwhile, Joint efforts from all stakeholders are warranted to improve the availability of essential medicines in China toward the universal health coverage target.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=315267, identifier: PROSPERO CRD42022315267.

面向新发展阶段,在充分肯定党和国家事业取得举世瞩目成就的同时,也要清醒看到,我国发展还面临诸多困难和问题,推进高质量发展仍存在很多亟待突破的卡点瓶颈.必须坚持问题导向,深入分析这些卡点瓶颈的内涵、表现及突破路径,着力提升发展质量和效益.

实现农业现代化是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的重大任务,是解决不平衡不充分问题的必然要求.我们在向第二个百年奋斗目标迈进的过程中,把"精准推进"作为实现农业现代化的着力点,有其必要性和可能性.新时代新征程上,精准推进农业现代化仍面临许多困难挑战,必须锚定这些突出难点,以"精准思维"破解之.

Background: Essential medicine is a vital component to assure universal access to quality healthcare. However, the trend of affordability to essential medicines in China and its regional differences were not yet fully understood. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the price and affordability of essential medicines, their progress, and regional distribution in China in the last decades.Methods: We searched seven databases and three websites for potentially eligible studies from inception until March 2022. Studies on the price and affordability of essential medicines investigated in China were included. Median and interquartile range (IQR) was used to describe the price and affordability of essential medicines, and compared in three periods, before 2009, from 2009 to 2014, and from 2015 to 2019. Subgroup analysis was performed to examine the price and affordability by regions, health facilities, and ATC categories of medicines. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022310173).Results: A total of 65 studies including 11,639 health facilities investigated between 2006 and 2019 were included in this review. Median price ratios (MPR) and affordability of essential medicines were reported in 44 studies and 50 studies, respectively. The median MPRs of essential medicines in China was 1.59 (IQR: 5.39), with a tendency to rise first and then fall from 2006 to 2019. And the median affordability was equal to 0.88 (IQR: 2.58) days’ wage of the lowest paid unskilled government worker, but steadily rose from 2006 to 2019. Subgroup analysis showed that the affordability in the western region (1.40, IQR: 2.88), urban area (0.95, IQR: 2.80), private sector (0.90, IQR: 2.30), of originator brands (OB) (2.90, IQR: 6.68), and antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (5.68, IQR: 56.47) were worse than their counterparts.Conclusion: The prices of essential medicine were higher than international level, the overall affordability of essential medicines in China is acceptable but poor in the western region, for OB drugs and anti-cancer medicines. Further national essential medicine policies are needed to reduce regional disparities and improve the affordability of expensive drugs.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails

农业强国是新时代中国特色社会主义现代化强国战略的重要内容与基础支撑.以科技和改革双轮驱动农业强国建设,是当前我国农业发展破题的实际所需,也是新时代"农业强国"战略的要求.立足现实来看,当前我国依靠科技和改革驱动农业强国建设还面临原生性短板尚未改善、体制性障碍仍然存在、外生性挑战复杂演变等根本性困境.鉴于此,研究认为,依靠科技和改革双轮驱动加快农业强国建设的进路,应当是以技术攻关为支撑、以深化改革为动力、以统筹协调为保障,始终坚定保障粮食安全的基本目标,努力贯彻国家安全基本方略.

走中国式现代化道路,实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦离不开高水平对外开放,必须秉承多维开放持续提升对外开放的力度、能级与效益.从理论逻辑来看,开放事业的固有属性与发展特性决定了在研究与实践中必须重视多维开放.从科学内涵来看,五位一体、四个全面、新发展理念与中国式现代化均蕴含着深厚的多维开放意蕴,理应顺应好、把握好、利用好.从实现路径来看,作为经济全球化的坚定维护者,应着力增强开放性制度供给,兼收并蓄强化治理效能,厚植全球视域大生态观.只有全面系统地把握多维开放推进高水平对外开放的理论逻辑、科学内涵与实现路径,将三者有机统一协同优化,才能在建设社会主义现代化国家的历史进程中不断将改革开放事业推向新阶段、实现新态势并达到新高度.

共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求,数字经济是全球发展的未来趋向,二者都是现代化建设的重要主题,具有强烈的互动耦合性.数字经济可以通过提升社会生产效率、拓宽发展渠道、加快产业绿色转型、优化市场运行机制、丰富个体社会生活促进共同富裕.但同时也应看到,在市场配置资源过程中,数字经济必然要追求更高的效率和更低的成本,进而在多个维度给社会发展带来潜在风险和挑战.因此,要在充分研判各类风险的基础上,坚持以新发展理念为指导,深化数字经济质量变革、统筹经济社会发展全局、打造高效节能产业模式、构建包容互信数字生态、营建自由普惠数字生活,以数字经济高质量发展促进共同富裕稳步实现.

共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求,是人民群众的共同期盼.步入扎实推动共同富裕的历史阶段,从理论上构建扎实推动共同富裕的指标评价体系,对于全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展具有重要意义.构建扎实推动共同富裕的指标体系,须立足于既有文献,从理论逻辑上厘清指标构建的基础、目的、原则、依据和标准,为构建人民性、共享性、发展性和安全性四大指标维度提供基本理论依据.构建扎实推动共同富裕指标体系将有助于全方位多层面回应共同富裕的现实和理论要求,进一步深化对中国特色社会主义共同富裕道路的认识.

中国要建成社会主义现代化强国,农业必须强.党的二十大报告明确提出"加快建设农业强国"①,首次将农业强国建设纳入社会主义现代化强国建设的宏观战略布局,充分凸显了农业强国建设的重大意义和刻不容缓.加快建设农业强国需深刻把握建设农业强国的客观必然,系统分析建设农业强国的现实基础,科学认识建设农业强国的丰富内涵,精准破解建设农业强国的难点问题.

On the basis of the conceptual framework of the new economics of labour migration (NELM), this paper demonstrates the effects of rural–urban migration and migrant earnings on land efficiency supported by household-based survey data in six Chinese provinces. Unlike existing literature, we differentiated the effects according to the type of migration and household wealth concurrently. By adopting a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator and a recursive mixed-process model, we provide evidence that seasonal and permanent migration negatively affects land efficiency but with no significant difference between the two effects. Migrant earnings results in higher land efficiency, but the compensating effects fall with an increase in household wealth. Interactive analysis on the basis of three wealth groups also illustrates the large compensating effect in the group with less wealth and a descending trend in face of increase in household wealth, which further confirms the robustness of the results.

本文构建了一个理论模型分析产业结构服务化对劳动力市场极化的作用机制.研究发现,产业结构服务化促使不同技能水平劳动者出现工资极化现象,进而导致不同技能水平劳动者的就业极化.在就业极化过程中,劳动者就业技能障碍阻碍就业升级,对就业极化模式具有重要影响.在此基础上,笔者利用中国1982年、1990年、2000年和2010年人口普查资料以及2020年《中国劳动统计年鉴》数据,运用职业就业份额分解方式,实证分析了产业结构服务化与中国劳动力市场极化的关系.结果表明,产业结构服务化是导致劳动力市场极化的重要原因,不同技能水平劳动者职业就业比重变化几乎全部源于产业部门之间就业比重变化的贡献.劳动力市场极化阻碍中等收入群体的增加,不利于扩大内需和新发展格局的形成,而缓解这一不利影响的关键在于提升劳动者技能水平.

The three rights separation reform (TRSR) has laid a concrete foundation institutionally to guide the well-ordered transfer of farmland and promoting the development of urbanization. With the new economics of labour migration (hereinafter referred to as the NELM) theory as the analytic basis, this empirical research investigates the potential ramifications of off-farm employment on land efficiency with household-based survey data from four provinces in China after TRSR. Unlike existing studies, we delve into how the effects are manifested differently among the types of off-farm employment by adopting an ordinary least squares (OLS) model and a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator. It provides evidence that migration positively affect land efficiency significantly, whereas a negative impact of local off-farm employment on land efficiency is observed, which distinct this study from previous findings. From the perspective of policy-making, land administrators should realize that off-farm employment differentiation is an important factor affecting land efficiency, and therefore needs to be fully considered in policy-making. Meanwhile, the establishment of local labor markets and favorable policies that stimulate productive technologies are needed.

经济发展方式既关系到经济发展的速度,也关系到经济发展的质量,更关系到国民经济的持续健康安全发展.国内学术界总体上从经济发展方式的理论和实践两个维度进行了研究,并呈现如下六个特点:坚持以人民为中心、彰显以生产力为标准、突出以问题为导向、凸显以实践为引领、重视以改革为动力、注重以开放为推力.在未来的研究中,应当加强转变经济发展方式的经验研究,加强新发展格局视域下转变经济发展方式的路径研究,加强转变经济发展方式的评价体系研究.

This study investigates the impact of policy uncertainties on the financial markets in the Asia-Pacific region using a complex network analysis. A new daily economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index was build using Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone data. The results show that China is the Asia-Pacific EPU network's center and the US stock market is the most important intermediary in the financial network. We also construct an uncertainty spillover network by combining the EPU and financial networks. The findings reveal that the US EPU and SPX indexes are the most important sources of uncertainties in the spillover network. The network dynamics show that during the US-China trade war, the correlations between the EPU and financial networks decreased significantly, while the COVID-19 outbreak has increased the combined network's density.