诗文总集编纂在宋代达到一个新高度,其中以地域命名的选本尤为突出.与前代相比,除了继承唱和地意识、乡邦观念外,宋代地域诗文集还呈现出新的特色:郡邑与名胜两类各具千秋;通代性、总结性特征显著,可作为方志的参照与补充,不仅具有存人存作的价值,还清晰展示出当地的风物景致,生动记录文人在此地的生活状态;增补、续修现象十分显著.地方官员大力参与到地域诗文集的编纂、刊刻中,这与宋代官员考核制度,尤其是南渡后朝廷对文献的重视密不可分.

刚柔相济是中华美学精神的核心思想之一.早在先秦两汉时期,刚柔便与阴阳一起,成为周易哲学的核心,对中华文化产生了深远影响.汉末魏晋以来,随着文学、艺术的发展,刚柔在《文心雕龙》等文论著作中屡被提及,从文气说进入到文体论.清代姚鼐把刚柔美学理论推向了高峰,不仅明确了阳刚、阴柔这两种美学的基本类型,还认为两者可以"糅而偏胜"、并行不废.在丰富的美学实践以及传统"中和"原则的影响下,纯刚、纯柔并不被推崇,"刚柔相济"成为中华民族一种理想的审美追求,在书法、绘画、词曲等艺术门类中皆有丰富体现.

词是种音乐娱乐文学,自晚唐五代花间格调确立以来,一直以婉约的风格、抒情化的表达为当行本色.进入近代,由于社会与文学发生巨大变革,社会时事成为文人书写的重要内容.在这种风尚辐射下,词体的内容、境界发生显著变化,反映中外战争、太平起义、变革维新、帝后矛盾等各种史实的作品大量出现.晚清四大家及蒋春霖、赵起等为代表的众多词人,在其词作及词序中真实记录时代新变或政治事件.与前代文人相比,近代词人对社会重大事件的关注更为深刻纯粹,超越了慨叹个人身世的传统窠臼."词史"从理论到创作得到了彻底贯彻,"重拙大"成为近代词创作的新倾向.

晚清重臣孙毓汶具有较高的文学素养.其现存手稿《迟盦集杜百首》乃孙氏同光之交返乡丁母忧所创作的大型五律体集杜组诗.该组诗内容丰富,情感真切,对仗押韵,起承转合自然,既有田园述怀的传统格调,又有家国时代特色,可谓晚清集杜诗的代表.之前于同治六年(1867)所撰的《蜀游日记》亦多处引用杜甫诗句,且以杜诗为眉批.由此可见杜诗对孙毓汶创作的深刻影响.

戴复古是南宋江湖诗人的代表,也是宋代存诗数量较多的诗人.他终身未仕,把毕生精力投入到诗歌创作中,而且还将诗歌创作自觉上升到理论高度.在其现存的近千首诗中,有百余首涉及各代诗人,其中30余篇属论诗诗,对诗人特点、作诗方法、诗歌风格等进行品评、议论,具有一定的理论价值.戴复古的诗学观念主要体现在:重苦吟,追求严谨的创作态度;推尊杜甫,转益多师,以屈原、陶潜、孟浩然、贾岛、孟郊、陆游等人为楷模;注重诗歌本体特质及价值意义,讲究音韵,提倡真实、平淡的诗风,追求不朽.戴复古的诗学思想在其诗歌创作中得到了很好的贯彻与体现.

毕业论文是我国高校培养方案的重要组成部分,传统文科论文辅导通常是学生选题、写作,教师指导、答疑这样一种双向互动的模式.在社会竞争日趋激烈,对毕业生综合素质要求越来越高的形势下,以团队为基本单位,在开题、修改、定稿等环节中,将“专题报告”“学术研讨会”以及“预答辩”等多种形式引入论文指导过程,以开放组合的方式开展组内学生之间的互动、互评,充分调动学生的主动性、能动性.这样不仅能较好地提高论文质量,而且可以使学生在陈述、表达、归纳、总结等方面都得到有效的锻炼和提升.

高宗建炎至宁宗嘉定年间是南宋词风确立的重要阶段,这一时期的词坛风貌与北宋有明显不同:传统艳情之作大为减少,咏物、隐逸、祝祷、述怀、说理等题材明显增多,整体风尚趋于雅化.究其原因,家国之变、以诗为词的发展规律虽然是重要因素,但高宗、孝宗二帝对清新简远、富贵雍容、理性通达词风的偏爱以及对雅正风尚的推崇对南宋词坛走向的影响也不容忽视.

The style of ci was mainly established after the move to Hangzhou till the reign of Ning Zong.The erotic ci are no longer so popular in creation,more and more birthday ci and festival ci,which have a touch of folk charm,are created.In style,birthday ci are practically joyous and exalting,some of which even involve the spirit of the times and the patriotic ambition.Festival ci are more concerned with sentiment of the passing of time and the celebration of prosperity.Compared with the similar works in the Earlier Song Dynasty,birthday ci and festival ci in the Southern Song Dynasty are not only the singing for entertainment,but also a means to express the heart and mind of the poets.Its life philosophy and rational color are also significantly enhanced.

Su Shi and Xin Qiji are frequently picked out and compared by Ci critics since the Chunxi Period of the Southern Song Dynasty.In terms of practical compositions,Xin's Ci blends"seriousness"with"light-heartedness",whereas the two aspects never blend in Su's Ci composition.Their difference is also seen in their attitudes towards Ci composing:Su,trying to make a breakthrough beyond poetry composition,regarded Ci as subordinate to poetry,and sought to develop"a style of his own";Xin,however,considered Ci as an independent subject in composition and invigorated his poetic genius into Ci composition.In history,the environment for Ci composition where they lived was completely different.Therefore,there is more than a difference in temperament and personal style.It also embodies different practices of Ci composition prevailing in the two dynasties.

登临是中国传统文学中的一个重要主题。纵观宋词登临之作，南渡前后所传达出的格调、风貌大不相同：北宋词人抒发的多为艳情、柔情，以相思、思乡为主；南宋登临词所包含的内容更为丰富，除了传统柔情外，家国情怀、壮志逸兴亦很常见。从描绘景象上看，北宋词人登高远眺所关注的多为斜阳、草树、飞云、归雁等悠远、阴柔之景；南宋则更多山河、关塞等宏阔、雄浑之象。从整体格调上看，北宋涉及登临的词作大多低婉凄迷，南宋则阔达浪漫。通过两宋登临词的分析比较，可以反映出词体从北宋到南宋的发展变化。

宋代是词体发展成熟期,以靖康之变为分水岭,南、北宋词创作从主题内容到艺术风格都呈现出明显不同。南渡后,金兵南侵、朝廷乐禁以及文人心态的转变,使得传统词坛创作环境发生断裂,词体在主题、功能上产生新变,词集刊刻较为丰富,以陆游为代表的一批文人对词体的态度也有所变化。词逐渐摆脱了北宋以来的"小道"地位,明显向诗靠拢。从词体发展史来看,南宋前中期是词风嬗变以及推尊词体的重要阶段。

酬赠唱和是中国传统诗词创作的重要形式,在宋词中亦多有表现.从词体发展来看,酬赠唱和之作在南宋,尤其是孝宗时期达到了一个新高度,不仅数量众多,而且内容、风格更为开阔多样.从互动方式看,南宋文人以词酬唱主要集中在即席、临别、异地寄赠这三种情况下.与北宋相比,南宋酬赠唱和词在主题、功能、艺术形式上都呈现出新特色:传统的艳情题材有所退减,家国情怀大为增加,词中的脂粉气与感伤气明显减弱;词体功能从尊前娱乐更多转向文人抒情言志,词甚至充当起了书信的功能;次韵的艺术形式极为突出,文人气息更加浓郁.

<正>题记:古代文学作为中国传统文化中的重要组成部分,一直是中国文学研究的重点。20世纪90年代以来,随着计算机、电子资源的开发普及,古代文学研究进入一个新阶段,研究人员不断增加,研究成果日益丰富。面对新时代新机遇,如何更好地对民族瑰宝进行发掘和推进,笔者对中国人民大学国学院诸葛忆兵教授进行采访。诸葛教授结合自己数十年研究经验,畅谈切身体会,从学习方法、文史打通、研究立场、选题以及超越意识五个方面对古代文学研究进行

The erotic ci which describes women or male and female emotion is regarded as "the true quality of ci" in ci history of China.Depositum plays a vital role in the history of Chinese literary theory.Erotic ci made a great achievement in North Song Dynasty.Then in South Song Dynasty,many patriotic poets better combined erotic ci with depositum measure,which drew attention of later generations.

In Emperor Xiaozong's Reign of the Song Dynasty,due to the rise of its literary position and the expansion of its function,ci poetry flourished not only in number but also in theme and style.Compared with the Northern Song Dynasty,this period witnessed a sharp decline in the creation of love poems which best embody the true qualities of ci poetry.The poets then were generally inclined to be more elegant and reserved when describing love in their poems.Additionally,there appeared such forms of love ci poems as general zuci(组词,the uni-topic ci poems),zhuanta(转踏,shift-singing),and daqu(大曲,literally great song).This is the result of the stylistic and generic development of ci poetry and also reflects the unique ethos of that period.

College Chinese is the first course in humanities to strengthen our mother tongue and the important composition of college basic course of character-oriented education,but now it is on the way of becoming marginal.In light of the New Course Standard set for the middle school Chinese education,we must attach more importance to the reformation and the construction of College Chinese.The author makes a study of the college Chinese's target location,teaching materials,teaching methods and test method and combines the characters of information age with the practical applicability of literary to improve its orientation and bring it into macroscopic system of university course.As a basic course of education for all-round development,College Chinese is important to the enhancement of university students' humane quality.

“狂”是中国文论史上一个重要的审美范畴。就作家而言，“狂”是文人，尤其是天才文人身上较为常见的一种气质，具体表现为：病态之狂、进取之狂、放浪之狂。由于传统观念中道德标准与美学标准经常混同，因此文人之“狂”在文论中常有褒贬不同的表述，呈现出复杂的面貌。本文通过对古代文论中的相关材料进行归纳分析，试从横向角度来探讨“狂”作为审美范畴在传统作家论中的内涵和外延。

Understand human beings and reflect on societyis an important category in the history of Chinese classical literary criticism.It appeared in the Ci criticism with the flourishing of Ci poetry.Understand human beings and reflect on societyis a part of Confucian category.Whereas Ci is rather romantic and entertaining,so they usually contradict each other at the early stage of Ci criticism.Since Sushi expanded the content of Ci poetry.Ci began to contain the characteristics of both poem and essay.Then this critical method could be applied to Ci criticism.With its constant development.It was respected as a genre and came to the great prosperity in the Qing Dynasty.

The category of "Kuang" plays a vital role in the history of Chinese literature and literary theory. But "Mean"is the toppest doctrine in Chinese traditional aesthetics. As a deviated aesthetic style,"Kuang"can be used as the complement of "Mean"and play an important role in the development of literature and culture. As the complement of "Mean","Kuang"enriched the traditional aesthetic categories.