《桃花源记》与《桃花源诗》之间存在着明显的思想差异,分别代表着不同的桃花源.《桃花源记》对应的是仙境桃源,它是陶渊明根据当时社会传说故事润色而成,体现的是当时一般社会大众的道教信仰,即追求洞天福地、长生久视的思想;而《桃花源诗》则对一般社会大众的道教信仰提出了批评,它展现的人间桃源是一种带有复古倾向的羲皇之想.这才是陶渊明所欲表达的.《桃花源诗》与《桃花源记》共同构成了一个统一的文本——《桃花源记并诗》.这既是一次文体的创新,也是一次思想的对话.

陈寅恪《桃花源记旁证》提出了对《桃花源记》颇为出人意表的解释,引起唐长孺等学者的质疑。由于质疑者不理解陈寅恪的论证方法及立意所在,因而论辩双方并没有形成真正的交集,基本上是各说各话。事实上,桃花源的原型在江南抑或西北,并不重要,重要的是作者因桃花源而兴起的关于坞堡的历史想象与现实寄托。《桃花源记旁证》一文意在借鉴历史上西北坞堡之经验,考古证今,化虚为实,在20世纪30年代民族危亡之关头,提示国人在西北地区创立现实版的桃花源,藉以保存种族及文化,以为民族复兴之根基。从某种意义上说,《桃花源记旁证》就是陈寅恪的一篇政论。

Studies of Ancient Chinese literature History were not established until the late Qing Dynasty or the May 4th Movement in 1919, when modern western theories were introduced. Then the studies gradually became so dependent on western thoughts that they reduced to be a vassal in the end. It was of great significance at that time to laying an emphasis on the idea that the past shall serve the present, i.e., all resources of thoughts in the past shall submit themselves to the present day. However, this thinking is no longer logical in the era of Chinese rejuvenation. Thus, it is time to reconstruct such a theory that is built on the basis of dialogue between the past and present. In this way, resources of traditional thoughts are reasonably used for the end of promoting studies of ancient Chinese literature and contributing to the progress of Chinese national rejuvenation.

明代八股文在化治间定型并达于极盛,出现了王鏊等代表性作家,形成了裁对整齐、气象阔大的语体风格,被誉为治世之音。正嘉间唐顺之、归有光等倡导"以古文为时文",其语体风格体现为语兼骈散,纯雅通畅。隆万以迄启祯,是明代八股文逐渐走向衰败的阶段,其语体大体上保持着骈散结合的特征,但拼凑镶嵌,使用格套的现象屡见不鲜,在风格上已经偏离了纯雅通畅,呈现出细密平弱、软媚甜熟的特点。

明代科举考试中的四书文在成化十一年乙未科会试演化成一种新的范式,即在文章的主体部分用接连而八的对句完成对题目的论述,这种独特的四书文被称为八股文,并且逐渐取代四书文成为制义的通称。最初这种格式大多是在单句题中出现,之后逐渐涵盖其他类型的题目,成为成化、弘治以后最通行的制艺范式。在这个过程中,会元王鏊之元墨及主考丘濬之程文发挥了举足轻重的作用。四书文之所以演变为八股文,既有历史的借鉴,亦有时代的创新;同时也是作为科举文体的两个主体——考官与举子双方互动的结果。

钱谦益拈出的"弇州晚年定论"之说,真伪对错,众说纷纭。如求历史之实然",定论"与事实有合有不合;如求历史之应然,纵有不合事实之处,"定论"也自有其价值。"定论"之说,与牧斋晚年心境密切相关,是其暗寓复兴明室诗学思想隐微表达的一个侧面,同时也是针对自己的论敌如陈子龙等人的批评和劝戒。实证固然是文史研究的一种重要方法,钱谦益这种带有信仰色彩的书写策略也自有其存在的价值,其对历史书写的影响,固然超出所谓的历史真实之外,在学术思想领域里应有一席之地。

Bagu Essay was a style produced on the foundation of a combination of numerous ancient Chinese literary forms,it is a highly skillful style which can be taken as a typical model of ancient article-ology.The skill of the Bagu Essay did not disappear by itself as time went by.On the contrary,it was adopted by the modern Chinese article through virtually unnoticeable evolution.It has become the technical support of modern Chinese article writing and an organic part of the modern Chinese article-ology.

八股文和古文是一对相互依存的概念。在八股文定型的过程中,明代台阁文人起着重要作用,而台阁体古文是继承唐宋古文而来的;正、嘉年间唐宋派强调"以古文为时文",其目的在挑战台阁文人主导的古文和八股文;明末清初,八股文与古文的历史被人为地改写,台阁诸人的影响逐渐式微,归有光的作用被凸显出来。由此形成两种不同的八股文与古文谱系。八股文与古文相互渗透,形成了一种八股化的古文,对明清的文学以及文化思想都产生了重要影响。

The long prevailing statement of "the self-consciousness of Wei-Jin Dynasties literature" is theoretically based on such notions as "pure literature," "the awakening of humans," and "aestheticism," which are all the products from the western modernity. The period of Wei and Jin Dynasties could not have generated the modern ideas. The "self-consciousness of Wei-Jin Dynasties" set up by modernity is a fiction, a false statement that consciously or unconsciously employs western notions to reformulate the Chinese tradition. It cannot stand the examination of the learned principles.

Mr.Zhou Zuoren tried to construct a history of Chinese literature by using the conflict ofYanzhiandZaidao,while Mr.Qian Zhongshu believed that the two were correspondent to two different literary styles, i.e.poetry and prose.After several arguments,each of the two still has his own persistence and compromise, which told us the different modes of thought of the two scholars.

截搭题是指割截经文而成的八股文题目,是明清科举考试中经常出现的一种文体。截搭题的命题形式在北宋时已经萌芽,宋代出现的春秋合题也与截搭题的产生有一定关系。在正规的考试中,截搭题的题目必须在经文中相邻的句子或章节之间截取。截搭题可分小题和大题,小题注重技法,讲究提挽钩渡,境界逼仄,纤巧伤道,大题则必须正面发挥圣贤思想,不屑于技巧上逞能。截搭题的一些技法对后来的古文写作产生过一定影响,像诗钟这类文体也是从截搭题中生发出来的。

Baguwen(Stereotyped Writing) can be classified into two categories: Dati(Broad-theme) and Xiaoti(Narrow-theme).However,from the title of Baguwen,one cannot tell whether it is of Dati or of Xiaoti.Generally speaking,Dati is employed in Xiangshi(triennial examination) and Huishi (metropolitan examination),while Xiaoti can be divided into two types: the question for Tongsheng(Pupil) and the one for the great writers of Baguwen to write for showing their skills.Usually,Xiaoti written by the great writers of the Baguwen is almost good as the essay.

本文旨在阐述明代八股文发展史的主要阶段及相关的几个重要问题:体制与规范的确立、以古文为时文、新学横行与技法追求、民间化与"文统在下".

在20世纪的中国人看来,晚明文学与隆汉盛唐文学相比,不算是伟大的文学时代,不过,如果就传统文学与20世纪中国文学之关系这一点上看,晚明文学却是与之最为密切、最为直接的.晚明文学思潮就是在20世纪中国新文化运动视野的观照和阐释中大放异彩的.