2016年从中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所和贵州修文引进16个大樱桃品种,在贵阳地区进行露地栽培试验,对各个品种物候期、植物学特性及经济性状等进行观察和测定.结果表明,美早、丰收100、红灯品种表现较好,适应性强,产量较高,商品性好,可在贵阳及气候相近地区栽培.

以黔豆7号、黔豆10号、早熟豆、本地豆作为试验材料,研究其在刺梨果园行间种植的表现.结果表明:无论作为鲜食大豆还是籽粒大豆,黔豆7号和黔豆10号表现较好;在盘关镇,黔豆7号作为籽粒大豆产量最高;在玉舍镇,黔豆10号作为鲜食大豆产量最高.综合来看,黔豆7号和黔豆10号具有较好的经济效益,可以在六盘水市高海拔刺梨果园中推广.

草莓不仅鲜美多汁、营养丰富,而且还是具有较高经济价值的浆果类水果.近年来,草莓产业发展迅速,也为贵州省六盘水地区带来了明显的经济效益和社会效益,成为农民增收、带动就业的重要产业之一.分析了贵州省六盘水市草莓产业的发展现状、优势及前景,进一步总结了产业发展中存在的主要问题及面临的制约因素,探讨了贵州省六盘水市草莓产业发展的建议及对策.

近年来,贵州省大樱桃栽培面积迅速扩大,大多为露地栽培,经济产量低.为了明确贵州大樱桃低产原因,调查了贵州大樱桃栽培的基本情况,分析其低产原因,并提出发展对策,以期对贵州大樱桃产业发展起指导作用.

刺梨是贵州省十二大特色农业产业，对促进脱 贫攻坚、接续乡村振兴贡献巨大。六盘水市是我省刺 梨种植和加工规模最大、产业发展最成熟的地区，刺 梨产品主要以果汁为原料，刺梨果实经榨汁后残留的 果渣，只有极少部分果渣能继续深加工成刺梨产品。 贵州省年均可产生 1.5万t刺梨果渣，六盘水市刺梨种 植面积大，约占全省的70%，榨汁后的废弃物（刺梨 果渣）数量庞大。大量的刺梨果渣堆积不管，不仅 造成土地资源浪费，而且长期堆放会产生大量的氨离 子，严重的话会造成空气污染。刺梨果渣含有大量难 以降解的木质纤维，排入水中会影响水循环。目前， 研究刺梨果渣的利用价值，减少刺梨果渣对环境的污 染，是六盘水市急需解决的问题。

刺梨为蔷薇科多年生灌木,是我国特有的新兴果树种质资源.因其果实含有丰富的营养物质及药用保健成分,尤其富含抗癌物质及SOD抗衰老物质,具有抗癌防癌、降低血脂、抗动脉硬化、金属中毒的排毒、免疫调节、防护辐射、健脾开胃、延年抗衰老等功效.基于刺梨的开发利用前景尤为广阔,概述了刺梨的营养成分及其医疗保健功能,分析了相关临床研究进展,旨在为我国刺梨资源的开发与利用提供参考依据.

[目的]研究不同授粉液施用后大樱桃的坐果率、品质及产量变化,为贵州地区大樱桃高产优质生产提供参考.[方法]以4年生大樱桃品种曙光2号为试验材料,设置不同授粉液处理(处理1,0.2％KH2PO4+0.2％H3BO3+0.3％白砂糖+2 g花粉液+5 L纯净水+7.5 mL 0.15％高效座果灵;处理2,0.4％KH2PO4+0.4％H3BO3+0.5％白砂糖+2 g花粉液+5 L纯净水+7.5 mL 0.15％高效座果灵;处理3,5 L清水+2 g花粉液;处理4,CK,自然授粉),分析不同处理间大樱桃的坐果率、新梢生长量、果实品质和产量差异.[结果]处理1、2、3、4(CK)的坐果率分别为27.17％、27.16％、19.65％和0.87％,新梢生长量分别为68.33 cm、67.81 cm、67.27 cm和68.60 cm;处理1和处理2果实的内在品质与自然授粉无显著差异;处理1和处理2产量分别为1.347 kg/株和1.278 kg/株,较自然授粉分别提升1.297 kg/株和1.228 kg/株.[结论]人工辅助液体授粉能够显著提高大樱桃的坐果率、果实单果重、纵横径和产量,对新梢生长量无显著影响,液体授粉适宜配比为0.2％KH2PO4+0.2％H3BO3+0.3％白砂糖+2 g花粉液+5 L纯净水+7.5 mL 0.15％高效坐果灵.

Prickly pear powdery mildew, brown spot, stem rot, bituminous coal disease, pear heartworm, leaf-eating pests,Chinese rose aphid, and whitefly are common diseases and insect pests of prickly pear, and the damage is more serious. The occurrence,development and control techniques of these several kinds of pests and diseases are described in order to promote the green and healthy development of the prickly pear industry.

为获得抗性强、果实品质优良的多倍体品种,以'红阳'猕猴桃愈伤组织为试验材料,利用抽滤灭菌的低、中、高浓度的秋水仙素溶液分别浸泡3、4、5、6h,培养再生植株,利用流式细胞仪进行倍性鉴定.结果表明,'红阳'猕猴桃愈伤组织的存活率随着秋水仙素浓度和处理时间的增加而不断降低,其中,以浓度为150 mg/L的秋水仙素分别处理5 h和6 h时,其愈伤组织存活率分别降低到22％和18％.以100mg/L秋水仙素处理5 h,变异率为23.68％,获得1株四倍体,其余均为嵌合体.验证试验进一步表明,100mg/L秋水仙素处理'红阳'猕猴桃愈伤组织5h变异率达到23.97％,并得到47株变异植株,其中6株为四倍体植株.多倍体与二倍体相比,叶片明显变大,叶面厚,伹叶片形状明显畸形,与二倍体差异显著.

研究介质pH变化条件下刺梨(Rosa roxburghii)对不同形态氮素吸收特性的影响,能为不同pH土壤上刺梨的合理施肥提供科学依据.本研究以'贵农5号'刺梨实生苗为材料,采用营养液培养和离子耗竭法,在分别供给硝态氮和铵态氮的条件下,设置营养液分别为pH 4、5、6、7、8、9的6个处理,测定不同pH营养液培养的刺梨苗对NO3-、NH4+的吸收动力学参数和刺梨苗的植株高度、干重生物量、氮含量及氮吸收量,分析营养液pH变化与NO3-、NH4+的吸收动力学参数的相关性和营养液pH变化与刺梨苗植株高度、生物量、氮含量和氮素吸收量的相关性.研究结果表明,刺梨根系对硝态氮、铵态氮及总氮的吸收规律均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程.营养液的pH变化能够改变刺梨苗根系对NO3-和NH4+的吸收特性.在营养液pH 4～9的范围内和供给硝态氮的条件下,刺梨实生苗的根系对NO3-的最大吸收速率(Imax)、根系与NO3-的亲和力、NO3-流入根系的速率(α)、植株高度、干重生物量、氮含量及氮的吸收量随营养液pH的增大而明显降低,营养液的pH变化与上述指标呈极显著负相关.在供给铵态氮的条件下,刺梨实生苗根系对NH4+的上述指标随营养液pH的升高而明显增大,营养液的pH变化与上述指标呈极显著正相关.在酸性条件下有利于刺梨苗对硝态氮的吸收,升高营养液的pH不利于刺梨苗吸收硝态氮.碱性条件有利于刺梨苗对铵态氮的吸收,酸性条件对刺梨苗吸收铵态氮有不利影响.

为六盘水市马铃薯品种更新换种提供参考,引进黄金薯、陇薯7号、云薯277、C23、云薯505、云薯401、云薯108、云薯107、云薯109、云薯202共10个品种,以当地主栽品种青薯9号为对照进行对比试验.结果表明:产量高于对照品种的有云薯108、C23、云薯505、云薯107、云薯202,其中,云薯108综合表现最好,产量2453kg/667m2,排名第一,且商品率高;C23产量2424kg/667m2,排名第二;云薯505产量2373.5kg/667m2,排名第三;云薯107产量2323kg/667m2,排名第四;云薯202产量1729.63kg/667m2,排名第五.以上品种(系)均适宜在六盘水市春作地区进一步试验推广.

[目的]探究外源草酸对喀斯特地区刺梨栽培的石灰性黄壤及树体营养状况和果实产量、品质的影响,为应对石灰性土壤对刺梨的养分胁迫和提高其果实产量、品质寻找新的技术路径.[方法]以石灰性黄壤上种植的3年生贵农5号刺梨为材料,连续3 a(年)进行每株0(对照)、5、10、159的草酸施入量处理.[结果]施用草酸能够明显降低刺梨立地石灰性黄壤的pH值和交换性Ca的含量,增加其他营养元素的有效含量,增强土壤脲酶、硝酸还原酶、碱性磷酸酶、铁还原酶、蛋白酶的活性,增加三大微生物种群及固氮菌、解磷菌、解钾菌的数量,提高叶片中除Ca以外的营养元素的含量,能够明显提高刺梨果实的产量及可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、维生素C的含量,其中,以每株施用10g草酸处理的效果最好.[结论]施用草酸能够增强喀斯特地区刺梨立地石灰性黄壤的养分酶活性和有效氮、磷、钾、铁、锌、硼等营养元素的有效性,改善土壤微生物种群结构,增加土壤和树体的养分含量,对提高刺梨的产量、品质有明显作用.

西梅为蔷薇科温带水果,因其果实含有丰富的营养物质及保健成分,尤其富含维生素A、维生素K、膳食纤维、微量元素及抗氧化物质,具有预防治疗便秘、防治骨质疏松、延缓衰老、降低胆固醇、减少动脉硬化等功效.随着西梅的产业化发展,其加工产品开发已成为西梅产业发展的趋势.基于此,概述了西梅的营养成分及其医疗保健功能,分析了相关临床研究进展,并综述了西梅加工产品的开发现状,旨在为我国西梅的开发利用提供参考和依据.

以贵州喀斯特地区22个野生枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)种质的实生幼苗为材料,采用土培和营养液培养方法,对不同铵态氮水平下各材料的株高、植株干重、氮含量、铵态氮吸收量及吸收效率、氮效率以及对NH+4的最大吸收速率(Imax)、表观米氏常数(Km)和NH+4流入根系的速率(α)进行测定,分析以上指标在种质间的差异及其相互作用和相关性,并划分不同野生枇杷种质的氮效率类型.结果表明:(1)实生幼苗的干重、铵态氮吸收量及氮效率在种质间和铵态氮水平间均存在显著差异,22个野生枇杷种质植株干重、氮含量、铵态氮吸收量、铵态氮吸收效率、氮效率变异系数(CV)在高氮和低氮水平下分别为21.09％和16.87％、17.06％和20.00％、36.67％和40.21％、36.71％和40.24％、21.05％和19.21％;不同野生枇杷种质对NH+4吸收动力学参数的差异也极为显著,Imax、Km、α值的CV在高氮和低氮水平下分别达到44.64％和60.00％、73.53％和81.48％、89.58％和109.18％.(2)上述所有指标在种质间和铵态氮水平间的差异及其交互作用均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),22个野生枇杷种质实生苗的干重、氮含量、铵态氮吸收量及吸收效率、氮效率、N H+4的I max和α值之间都表现出极显著正相关关系,Km与上述指标呈极显著负相关关系;在高氮和低氮水平下,铵态氮吸收效率对氮效率的直接通径系数最大(1.805和1.523),铵态氮的吸收效率对氮效率的直接贡献均大于氮含量和铵态氮吸收量.(3)22个野生枇杷种质可划分为双高效型、高氮高效型、低氮高效型和双低效型4种氮效率类型,分别包括7个、4个、2个和9个种质.研究发现,贵州喀斯特地区野生枇杷种质对铵态氮的吸收和利用效率存在显著差异,实生苗的干重、铵态氮吸收量、铵态氮吸收效率和氮效率均可作为枇杷氮高效种质评价和筛选指标.

农村人居环境综合整治是乡村振兴战略的重要内容.为全面了解六盘水市农村人居环境整治成效,查找农村人居环境整治中的短板弱项,确保农村人居环境整治三年行动圆满收官,本调研通过听取汇报、座谈交流、实际看点等方式,了解了六盘水市农村人居环境整治综合情况,概述了主要做法、分析了存在问题,并提出了有针对性的工作建议.

[Objective]Rosa roxburghii Tratt.is one of the most important fruit trees in southwestern China.The content of vitamin C in 100 g of R.roxburghii can be higher than 2 000 mg,which attracts the attention of fruit industry and academia.The production of R.roxburghii in the southwest region of China is expanding.So far,the absorption and utilization characteristics of different forms of nitrogen in the crop have not been well defined,and therefore there is a lack of information about nitrogen nutrition management for the crop.In this study,we investigated the absorption kinetics,the uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency of NO3-and NH4+.The differences in the uptake and utilization efficiency of NO3-and NH4+ were studied under different nitrogen concentrations and temperatures,and the effects of supply of different proportions of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen were studied.The purpose of this study was to provide the theoretical guidance for the selection of nitrogen fertilizer in the cultivation of R.roxburghii.[Methods] In this study,the seedlings of R.roxburghii Tratt.‘ Guinong 5’ were used as the material.The Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution formula and sand culture were used in the nitrogen treatments.Five nitrogen treatments were set with different ratios of NO3-to NH4+,i.e.1 ∶ 0,1 ∶ 3,1 ∶ 1,3 ∶ 1 and 0 ∶ 1,and seedlings biomass,nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency were investigated after 60 d of the treatments.Depletion method were adopted to measure the affinity,the maximum absorption rate (Imp)and the flow velocity (α) of NO3-and NH4+ in root under different concentrations and proportions of NO3-and NH4+.This study also analyzed the effects of different temperatures on absorption kinetics of NO3-and NH4+ ions after supplied with NO3-or NH4+ at the concentration of 2.0 mmol· L-1.[Results] The absorption pattern of nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen and total nitrogen followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics equation.The preference of nitrate nitrogen absorption did not change due to the changes in NO3-and NH4+ ions or temperature in the medium.The results provided important scientific basis for selection of nitrogen fertilizer.When NO3--N or NH4+-N was supplied alone,the maximum absorption rate,affinity and flow velocity of NO3-were higher than those of NH4+,and this characteristic was irrespective with the changes in the concentrations of NO3 and NH4+ ions.The Imax and α values of NO3-and NH4+were significantly decreased by extreme temperatures in the medium,but the values of Imax and α of NO3-were always higher than those of NH4+.30 ℃ resulted in the lowest maximum root absorption,affinity and flow rate of NH4+,and 5 ℃ had the lowest flow rate of NO3-.The maximum root absorption rate of NO3-and NH4+ was maximum at 25 ℃ and 20 ℃,respectively;the affinity of NO3-and NH4+ reached the maximum value at 25 ℃ and 15 ℃,respectively;and the flow rates of NO3-and NH4+ in roots was highest at 25 ℃ and 15 ℃,respectively.The Imax values and α values of NO3-and NH4+ increased with the increase in the ratio of nitrate nitrogen to ammonium nitrogen.When the ratio was 3∶1,the total nitrogen content of the roots was the highest,suggesting this ratio was favorable for nitrogen absorption.In the sand culture experiment,the nitrogen use efficiency as well as the biomass and N uptake were all highest in the treatment with 3∶1 ratio of nitrate nitrogen to ammonium nitrogen.[Conclusion]R.roxburghii has nitrate preference,and the maximum root absorption,the affinity and the flow rate of NO3-are always larger than those of the NH4+.Changes in nitrogen concentration and temperature do not affect the priority in absorption of NO3-.The maximum absorption of nitrogen occurs under the temperature of 20-25 ℃.The biomass,N uptake,and thus the nitrogen use efficiency can be further improved with the ratio of NO3--N∶NH4+-N of 3∶1.