Main Idea What’s This? Hierarchy of needs Maslow thought that we are driven to satisfy our needs, but that some needs take precedence over others. For example, if you are hungry and thirsty you tend to take care of your thirst fist, because you can survive for weeks without food but only days without water. Deficit needs Most of our needs are determined by deficits i.e. the lack of something. If we lack water we a driven to find it by thirst, if we lack food, we a driven to find some by hunger. Maslow also believed that we could be driven by a lack of safety, a lack of love and a lack of self-esteem. Growth needs The thing about deficit needs is that they go away once you have satisfied them. If you have eaten enough, you are no longer hungry. Growth needs are different. These are needs that continue to be felt and may even become stronger once you have engaged with them. These needs relate to really fulfilling our human potential. Self-actualisation Once a person had met all their deficit needs and engaged with their growth needs, Maslow believed that they might reach the stage of self-actualisation. Such people tend to be remarkable individuals such as Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King. People who are self-actualisers are those who have made the most of their human potential.

(1956). Effects of Esthetic Surroundings: I. Initial Effects of Three Esthetic Conditions Upon Perceiving “Energy” and “Well-Being” in Faces. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 247-254.

To the general reader and watcher of television programmes medical ethics may appear to be something new. This is not so, for hundreds of articles and many books have appeared over the last zo years or so to discuss and analyse the problems arising from the practice of medicine. In this study of two larger works Medical Ethics and Manipulation both by Bernard Hdring, a Roman Catholic theologian Father Brendan Soane analyses these in some detail and sets their ideas in the context of what has already been written on the major issues of medical ethics and what is likely to be foremost in discussion in the near future. Many readers of this Journal already have the particular background of knowledge to see the problems in medicine which are in fact ethical but the general reader may require help and enlightetmnent and this is now provided for a special field within the field.

Psychologists occasionally study eminent individuals, such as Nobel laureates, U.S. presidents, Olympic athletes, chess grandmasters, movie stars, and even distinguished psychologists. Studies using such significant samples may be differentiated along 7 distinct dimensions: qualitative versus quantitative, single versus multiple case, nomothetic versus idiographic, confirmatory versus exploratory, crosssectional versus longitudinal, micro versus macro analytical units, and direct versus indirect assessments. However, the vast majority of psychological inquiries may be clustered into just 4 types: historiometric, psychometric, psychobiographical, and comparative. After presenting the intrinsic and extrinsic justifications for studying famous persons, the main methodological issues concerning sampling, measurement, and analysis are discussed. The future prospects of significant samples in psychological research are then briefly examined.

Edward Hoffman s (Editor) Note. One of Abraham H. Maslow's most fascinating concepts is that of the “Jonah Complex.” More global than the “fear of success,” this term refers to a willful evasion of our personal capacity for growth and accomplishment in life. In Maslow's final years he became increasingly interested in the question of why so few people are truly self‐actualizing. This unpublished paper written in November, 1966, directly confronts this issue.

Edward Hoffman's (Editor) Note. Abraham H. Maslow became renowned for his theoretical emphasis on emotional health rather than on psychopathology as the basis for meaningful study of human nature. By the 1960s, he became keenly interested in re‐defining many classic (but in his view, inadequate) formulations about basic human needs and motives. In this unpublished paper written in November, 1964, Maslow recorded his thoughts on everyone's primary concern: happiness.

Edward Hoffman's (Editor) Note. At the end of Abraham H. Maslow's life, he became increasingly convinced that the ability to feel—and express—gratitude easily is an important, badly neglected attribute of emotional health. Conversely, Maslow viewed the widespread presence of ingratitude in our society—whether among family members and relatives, neighbors, coworkers, or clients and counselors—as a definite sign of emotional pathology. After a major heart attack in 1967, Maslow developed an acute sensitivity to human life's fragility and preciousness. During that period, he wrote but never published this brief, undated article. Maslow, however, incorporated these intriguing ideas into several of his last experiential seminars in 1970.

Edward Hoffman s (Editor) Note. It is ironic that Abraham H. Maslow was often misinterpreted as overemphasizing individualism, because he always maintained a strong social orientation in his theorizing. Especially toward the end of his life, Maslow became convinced that United States society had become pathologically individualistic and needed to develop better means of facilitating close relationships among people. In this intriguing unpublished paper dated April, 1968, Maslow speculated on this issue.

Edward Hoffman's (Editor) Note. It is ironic that Abraham H. Maslow's humanistic approach has been criticized as ignoring the need for empirical validation, because he always invited precisely such criticism from colleagues. In the late 1960s Maslow even worried over the fact that his speculations were being too eagerly accepted as “gospel” rather than as scientific theory. In this unpublished paper written in October, 1966, Maslow sought to make explicit some of humanistic psychology's unproven axioms and assumptions.

Edward Hoffman s (Editor) Note. In Abraham H. Maslow's last years, he became increasingly interested in specific, practical ways to help people become more self‐actualizing. He regarded how we can connect with our higher aspects of Being while functioning in the everyday, commonplace world as a key issue. In this provocative, unpublished paper written during the mid‐1960s, Maslow outlined dozens of methods for overcoming ennui and “burnout,” thereby enriching our daily lives.