Premise:Pteridophytes-vascular land plants that disperse by spores-are a powerful system for studying plant evolution, particularly with respect to the impact of abiotic factors on evolutionary trajectories through deep time. However, our ability to use pteridophytes to investigate such questions-or to capitalize on the ecological and conservation-related applications of the group-has been impaired by the relative isolation of the neo- and paleobotanical research communities and by the absence of large-scale biodiversity data sources. Methods:Here we present the Pteridophyte Collections Consortium (PCC), an interdisciplinary community uniting neo- and paleobotanists, and the associated PteridoPortal, a publicly accessible online portal that serves over three million pteridophyte records, including herbarium specimens, paleontological museum specimens, and iNaturalist observations. We demonstrate the utility of the PteridoPortal through discussion of three example PteridoPortal-enabled research projects. Results:The data within the PteridoPortal are global in scope and are queryable in a flexible manner. The PteridoPortal contains a taxonomic thesaurus (a digital version of a Linnaean classification) that includes both extant and extinct pteridophytes in a common phylogenetic framework. The PteridoPortal allows applications such as greatly accelerated classic floristics, entirely new "next-generation" floristic approaches, and the study of environmentally mediated evolution of functional morphology across deep time. Discussion:The PCC and PteridoPortal provide a comprehensive resource enabling novel research into plant evolution, ecology, and conservation across deep time, facilitating rapid floristic analyses and other biodiversity-related investigations, and providing new opportunities for education and community engagement.

ABSTRACTManagement and conservation of species‐rich tropical freshwater systems require reliable information on the diversity and distribution of species present. Here, we used environmental DNA metabarcoding to reveal the diversity of the fishes in the Rufiji River catchment of central Tanzania. Across 174 samples from 49 sites, and using a newly developed reference library, we mapped the presence of 66 fish species from an estimated 91 that we are confident are present in the system. We found clear evidence of community structuring of the assemblage linked to key environmental gradients—elevation, temperature, and turbidity. We also identified core distributions of rare or threatened taxa, including migratory species such as the anguillid eels. With a focused analysis of 50 samples collected over a small spatial scale (<2 km) from the Kilombero River, we showed that each single sample can capture an average of 23.1 species, while three samples can capture 39.4 species, from a total of 56 species encountered in the 50 samples. Collectively the results help to identify species vulnerable to ongoing change in the catchment, including dam construction and agricultural intensification. The results clearly demonstrate how eDNA‐based metabarcoding can reliably describe the diversity and distributions of riverine fish species across a catchment, providing standardized information that will be valuable for environmental management.

We present a taxonomic revision of Serpocaulon A. R. Sm. (Polypodiaceae), a tropical American fern genus. Our work is based on a morphological analysis of 56 characters recorded from 2167 specimens deposited in 41 herbaria. Field trips were carried out in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru, where observations on the habit and habitat of several species were made. Digital images were also consulted. A total of 260 names were found and their nomenclatural types were studied, resulting in the lectotypification of 47 names (first-step 30, second-step 17 names). We recognize 37 species and five hybrids in Serpocaulon; one of the hybrids is given a new status (S. ×semipinnatifidum (Fée) A. R. Sm.) and another one is described (S. ×tabuleirense D. Sanín & Salino). Moreover, 19 names are newly synonymized, five species are excluded, 17 names are considered as of uncertain application, and five as nomina nuda. We document for 22 species a total of 62 chorological novelties in different countries. The elevational range of the genus is 0–4200 m. The Andes of Ecuador and Colombia are the main center of diversity and endemism; secondarily, the Atlantic Rain Forest of Brazil has five endemic species. We provide a taxonomic key, descriptions, discussions, local names, uses, illustrations, photographs of the plants in the field, microphotographs of the rhizome scales and the spores, and distribution maps of all species.

We here provide a taxonomic and nomenclatural update of the Prodromus of the Bolivian fern flora published between 2017 and 2019. We describe one new species (Elaphoglossum neglectum F.B.Matos & R.C.Moran), provide four new combinations (Argyrochosma flavens (Sw.) A.R.Sm. & M.Kessler, Ceradenia werffii (L.E.Bishop) A.R.Sm. & M.Kessler, Enterosora dudleyi (L.E.Bishop) A.R.Sm. & M.Kessler, Phlegmariurus aristei (Nessel) B.Øllg.), report 13 new species records for Bolivia, delete 4 species from the Bolivian list, and update the names of 17 species previously known from Bolivia. With these new records and species, the number of fern and lycophyte species known from Bolivia increases by 10 to 1210.

We present a genome assembly from an individual male Pungitius pungitius (the nine-spined stickleback; Chordata; Actinopteri; Gasterosteiformes; Gasterosteidae). The genome sequence is 480.4 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 21 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.57 kilobases in length.

Most fish excrete their nitrogenous waste across the gills as ammonia through the activity of the Rhesus glycoprotein ammonium transporters. In contrast, fish of the subgenus Alcolapia (Oreochromis) are the only vertebrates that survive the extreme conditions of the soda lakes of Natron and Magadi in East Africa and have evolved adaptations to the highly alkaline waters including the ability to excrete their nitrogenous waste as urea. Nevertheless, Alcolapia retain the Rhesus glycoprotein genes in their genomes and using two heterologous expression systems, we demonstrate that Alcolapia Rhbg is capable of moving ammonia. Comparing ammonia and urea excretion from two closely related Alcolapia species from the same aquarium, we found that while Alcolapia grahami remains fully ureotelic after many generations in lab conditions, Alcolapia alcalica excretes some of its nitrogenous waste as ammonia. Using in situ hybridisation, we demonstrate robust, localised gene expression of Rhbg, rhcg1 and rhcg2 in the gill tissue in both A. alcalica embryos and adults, similar to that in other ammoniotelic fish. In contrast, the expression of these genes in A. grahami gills is much lower than in A. alcalica, suggesting the rapid evolution of a molecular mechanism underlying the complete ureotelism of A. grahami.

Two new species of Goniopteris are described from Ecuador and Peru: G. deltata and G. yanachagae . Both are illustrated and compared with similar species.

The Thelypteridaceae is the second most species-rich fern family in the Solomon Islands, representing 47 of the 449 ferns and lycophytes from the islands and a third of its endemic pteridophyte flora. Recently, there has been a major effort to document the botanical diversity of this tropical island archipelago, which has resulted in the discovery and description of several new species of ferns. Here we describe two additional novelties in recently recognized genera, Grypothrix and Reholttumia. We hope that our study of these diverse and often narrowly restricted lineages will encourage others to learn more about these underappreciated islands, and these understudied taxa.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed drugs for treating human depression, but the role of serotonin—often called the happy chemical—is complex, associated with the regulation of appetite, anxiety, aggression, and more. With such psychoactive pharmaceuticals being increasingly detected in aquatic environments and their effects on non-target species an uncertainty, this study seeks to investigate how inhibiting the serotonin pathway with the SSRI fluoxetine affects territorial aggression, using the cichlid fish Nyassachromis cf. microcephalus as a model. Males of this sand-dwelling Lake Malawi species build bowers to attract females within a lekking system, where male-male competition is intense. Being aggressive in defending against intruders would serve to maximise mating opportunities and reproductive success for the territory holding male. However, after a one-week exposure to fluoxetine at environmentally relevant concentrations, a decline in aggression was observed in the male cichlids. This implies the serotonergic system plays an important role in modulating aggression and therefore sexual selection in cichlid fishes, and that environmental pollution has the potential to disrupt these behaviours.### Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.

We describe Serpocaulon psychotrium, a new species from northern South America, and provide for it a discussion of similar species, line drawings, field photographs, and a distribution map. It is often confused with, and probably related to, the species commonly called S. caceresii, also widespread in South America. We reinterpret S. caceresii as a heterotypic synonym of S. articulatum, an older name, and review the nomenclature of that species. Also, we provide a list of representative specimens for both species and a key to all pinnate species of Serpocaulon.

Abril Boldorini Aclebia Alves Quaresma Adaíses Simone Maciel da Silva Adarilda Petini Benelli Adilva de Souza Conceição Adriana Luiza Ribeiro de Oliveira Adriana Queiroz de Lima Adriana Quintella Lobão Agnes Maria de Mendes V. de Matos Agostina Belén Sassone Alain Chautems Alan R. Smith Alan W. Meerow Alessandra dos Santos Alessandro Silva do Rosário Alexa de Araújo de Oliveira Paes Coelho Alexandre Gibau de Lima Alexandre Indriunas Alexandre Quinet Alexandre Rizzo Zuntini Alexandre Salino Alfonso Octavio Delgado Salinas Alicia Marques Torres Alina Freire-Fierro Aline da Costa Mota Aline Fernandes Pontes Pires Aline Maria Souza Stadnik Aline Matos de Souza Aline Pitol Chagas Aline Possamai Della Aline Silva Quaresma

Abstract The generic classification of the Thelypteridaceae has been the subject of much controversy. Proposed taxonomic systems have varied from recognizing the approximately 1200 species in the family within the single genus Thelypteris, to systems favoring upwards of 30 genera. Insights on intrafamilial relationships, especially for neotropical taxa, have been gained from recent phylogenetic studies; however, in the most recent classification, 10 of 30 recognized genera are either non-monophyletic or untested. We sequenced 407 nuclear loci for 621 samples, representing all recognized genera and approximately half the known species diversity. These were analyzed using both maximum likelihood analysis of a concatenated matrix and multi-species coalescent methods. Our phylogenomic results, informed by recently published morphological evidence, provide the foundation for a generic classification which recircumscribed 14 genera and recognized seven new genera. The 37 monophyletic genera sampled demonstrate greater geographic coherence than previous taxonomic concepts suggested. Additionally, our results demonstrate that certain morphological characters, such as frond division, are evolutionarily labile and are thus inadequate for defining genera.

The island of Rotuma lies about 580 km north of the main archipelago of Fiji, and while politically part of that country, it differs culturally and floristically. It has not typically been included in botanical treatments for Fiji as a whole despite visits from several botanists. Pteridophytes of Rotuma were described by St. John in 1954 based on a visit there in 1938, but little additional information is available since then. Much of the original Rotuman forest has been altered by human activity, but pockets of original vegetation persist and substantial areas of secondary forest currently occur there. In June 2019, the first two authors of this report visited Rotuma to study ferns and lycophytes. We added six native species to the total of 31 found by St. John, and we found three species that have become naturalised since St. John was there. We revise the identification of several of those that he found, based on studying his specimens as well as our own, and we update nomenclature for many others to reflect current taxonomy. We conclude that 37 native and three naturalised pteridophyte species are confirmed for Rotuma, and two others may be present as natives based on unconfirmed reports. We discuss geographic relationships of the pteridophyte flora and note that at least four native species on Rotuma are not known from elsewhere in Fiji, but almost all Rotuman pteridophytes are known from Samoa. We speculate that additional pteridophytes remain to be found on Rotuma, and we note that declining coconut cultivation is leading to increased recovery of secondary forest on the island. Additionally, we confirm that the endemic angiospermCyrtandra rotumaensisH. St.John [Gesneriaceae] persists on Rotuma.

The issue of native invasive species management rarely occurs and is fraught with biological, social, and economic challenges as well as posing difficulties in decision-making for land managers. The terminology for categorization of invasive species is examined in the context of their bias(es), which complicates control. An example of a newly determined native species, which is also invasive, is used as an example to navigate control and regulatory issues. Native, invasive reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) occurs throughout Minnesota and most likely the entire midwest region of central United States and Canadian provinces. The species was previously assumed to be an exotic, nonnative Eurasian import but recent molecular evidence supports its status as a native but invasive species. We address how this change to being a native but highly invasive species modifies approaches to mitigate its potential control for state, Tribal, and local authorities. The implications of these new findings will require differential shifts in land managers’ perspectives and approaches for control. Particular differences may exist for Tribal Land Managers vs. departments of natural resources and private agencies. Additionally, regulatory challenges have yet to be decided on how to legislate control for a native invasive species that had been previously assumed as exotic or foreign in origin. These opportunities to change attitudes and implement judicial control measures will serve as a template for other invasive species that are native in origin.

A new species, Lellingeria cantarensis, is described from the cloud forests of Cerro Jefe, an isolated mountain peak in central Panama known for its high levels of endemism and species diversity. It appears most similar to L. kaieteura and L epiphytica, both of which also have dorsiventral rhizomes, clathrate rhizome scales with ciliate margins and abaxial hairs on the rachis. The new species is distinct from those two species, and from all other congeners, by its small laminae (less than 6 cm long), truncate laminar base, and the abaxial side of rachis is densely pubescent. Lellingeria subimpressa is also similar to L. cantarensis but it differs by having a glabrous rachis. None of the similar species are sympatric with L. cantarensis; they are restricted to Costa Rica, South America, or Caribbean Islands. A phylogenetic analysis using five plastid markers and 94 other grammitid taxa confirms the new species as sister to the Lellingeria suprasculpta Glade with strong support. Lellingeria cantarensis is known only from the type and one additional collection from the type locality, and it is one of ten Lellingeria species found in Panama; it is also the only endemic Lellingeria in the country. We also provide a key to the species that occur in Panama and neighboring Costa Rica. With the addition of this new species, the total number of Lellingeria species becomes 51 worldwide.

Floristic surveys are crucial to the conservation of biodiversity, but the vast majority of such surveys are limited to listing species names, and few take into account the evolutionary history of species. Here, we combine classical taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic (DNA barcoding) approaches to catalog the biodiversity of pteridophytes (ferns and lycophytes) of the Nectandra Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica. Surveys were carried out over three field seasons (2008, 2011, and 2013), resulting in 176 species representing 69 genera and 22 families of pteridophytes. Our literature survey of protected areas in Costa Rica shows that Nectandra has an exceptionally diverse pteridophyte flora for its size. Plastid rbcL was selected as a DNA barcode marker and obtained for >95% of pteridophyte taxa at this site. Combined molecular and morphological analyses revealed two previously undescribed taxa that appear to be of hybrid origin. The utility of rbcL for species identification was assessed by calculating minimum interspecific distances and found to have a failure rate of 18%. Finally we compared the distribution of minimum interspecific rbcL distances with two other areas that have been the focus of pteridophyte molecular surveys: Japan and Tahiti. The comparison shows that Nectandra is more similar to Japan than Tahiti, which may reflect the biogeographic history of these floras.

Abstract Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.) is a widely planted small tree with attractive red fall foliage. In many states, it is classified as a noxious weed and regulations restrict propagation and sale, limiting customer choice. Stem cuttings are commonly used as a means of asexual propagation of Amur maple, with softwood cuttings being the easiest to root. Here we report adventitious rooting efficiency of seedless Amur maple selections using four indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 500, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000 ppm) and four naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 100, 500, 1,500, 5,000 ppm) treatments and a no hormone control. Overall, cuttings treated with 5,000 or 10,000 ppm IBA and 5,000 ppm NAA resulted in the highest percent rooting (PR), mean number of roots (MNR), and mean length of the longest root (MRL) across all seedless selections. Seedless selections SW-30-14 and SW-30-130 had the highest PR, 66% and 67%, respectively, and will perform well in commercial propagation. This level of rooting was greater than that of the cultivar ‘Bailey Compact' that had 46% PR, and the seedless selection SW-30-159 that had the lowest PR (10.3%), MNR (0.3), and MRL (0.2 in) averaged across all treatments. Cuttings from 4 of the 5 seedless selections treated with 1,500 ppm NAA had the greatest PR, whereas ‘Bailey Compact' and SW-30-159 had the greatest PR with 5,000 ppm NAA. Results indicate that rooting efficiency was impacted by mutagenesis in some selections, which may require optimization of propagation methods for those selections. Index words: adventitious rooting, auxin, vegetative propagation, sterile, non-native invasive. Species used in this study: Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.). Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 500, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000 ppm) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 100 500, 1,500 5,000 ppm).