The stem portion of the tree represents the nutrient capital removed in conventional harvesting systems. It also represents the nutrient capital immobilized in a stand. Accurate estimates of stem nutrient content are required to evaluate the forest nutrient cycle and harvesting impacts. This investigation suggests that a single stem disc, when used to estimate the nutrient content of a stem, does not estimate this content within ±10 percent of the actual stem content. More than five discs, taken over the length of the stem, are needed to meet a 10 percent allowable error criterion. Forest Sci. 28:481-487.

Random and systematic sampling strategies for crown component elemental contents were evaluated for eight dominant-codominant plantation-grown red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.). Systematic sampling was more efficient than random sampling for all conditions tested. Reliable values of crown dry weight were necessary to estimate individual tree macronutrient contents within 5-10 percent allowable error. Micronutrient contents were not estimated within 10 percent allowable error. A 20 percent systematically selected branch sample is recommended for estimating crown element content within 10 percent allowable error (α = 0.05). Forest Sci. 28:471-480.

The moisture content gradient of dominant-codominant red pine stems was examined. The moisture contents of discs removed from five positions on the stem were used to estimate the stem dry weight. Each disc when used alone, does not represent the moisture content of the stem accurately. All discs used together improve the precision of dry weight estimates but not to the degree expected. It is suggested that more than one disc be removed from the stem to adequately estimate the stem moisture content, and stem dry weight.

Estimates were made of the above-ground biomass and contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, Fe, Zn, Al, and Cu in fertilized (N 448 kg/ha, P 112 kg/ha, lime 4480 kg/ha) and unfertilized white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata Michx.). For individuals of both species, fertilization increased the average above-ground biomass increment and the N and P content increment by 150 per cent and 300 per cent, respectively, but decreased uptake of Mn and Zn. The allocation of biomass and elements differs not only between species, but within species under untreated and fertilized conditions.

A 70-year-old thinned northeastern Fagus-Betula-Acer stand in the Adirondack Mountains of northern New York was fertilized with varying combinations of N, P, K, and lime in the spring of 1976.Betula alleghaniensis Brit.,Acer saccharum Marsh.,Acer rubrum L., andFagus grandifolia Ehrh. foliage was collected in the autumn for 1974 through 1977 and analyzed for foliage areas and weights, and levels of ash, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, and Co. Comparisons are made within species and among treatments, expressed as concentrations on a dry weight basis. Elemental composition is examined to determine the differential foliar responses to fertilization.

1. Concentrations of ash and 11 minerals were analyzed in non-voided Eisenia foetida in relation to body weight. Significant decremental regressions were found with increasing body weight for ash, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Al, Mn, and Zn. Significant incremental regressions were found for K and Cu. Nitrogen concentrations were constant and independent of body weight.

The growth response of Pinus resinosa Ait. to K-fertilization over a 21-year period is evaluated using radial growth and cross-sectional area at three positions on the stem, and height, volume, biomass and specific volume. Data shows that the different measures of growth give different results for the longevity and magnitude of fertilizer response. It is concluded that the most appropriate measure of the direct effect of fertilization is specific volume, while volume and biomass best measure the direct-residual effects of fertilization.

A 70-year-old thinned northeastern Fagus-Betula-Acer stand in the Adirondack Mountains of New York was fertilized with varying combinations of N, P, K and lime.Acer saccharum Marsh. andBetula alleghaniensis Brit. foliage was collected periodically during the frost-free season and analyzed for foliage areas and weights, and levels of ash, Mn, Na, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu and Co. Comparisons were made within species, and among treatments, expressed as concentration on dry weight and ash bases, and as contents on per leaf weight and area bases. Elemental composition trends over time were examined to determine treatment effects and optimum sampling period.

AbstractA technique is described for quantifying the influence of seasonal precipitation and atmospheric temperature patterns (using degree‐day summations) on annual foliar analysis data. The results of this are used to adjust for the influence of climatic variation on foliar data so as to obtain a better estimate of species and soils relations. For Pinus resinosa, a species with determinate growth characteristics, precipitation and degree‐day summations over a portion of the previous snow‐free season plus the same measures for the current snow‐free season may be used to adjust annual foliar analysis data to improve these data for diagnostic purposes.

A 70-year-old thinned Fagus-Betula-Acer stand in the Adirondack Mountains of northern New York State was fertilized with varying amounts and combinations of N, P, K, and dolomitic limestone in the spring of 1976. Betula alleghaniensis, Acer saccharum, Acer rubrum, and Fagus grandifolia growth data were obtained for two growing seasons after fertilization. Comparisons were made within species and among treatments, expressed as basal area and cross-sectional area (at 5.27 m height) growth, specific volume growth, and stem form ratio. The overall results indicate that 275 kg/ha N significantly increases radial growth with minor responses to 138 kg/ha P and lime. Potassium additions, on the whole, did not significantly alter growth rates, and individually fertilized trees grew slightly more than trees receiving entire plot applications. No changes in stem form induced by fertilization have been detected. Forest Sci. 25:597-604.

The P, K, Ca, and Mg contents of throughfall and stemflow from K-fertilized and/or irrigated plots from adjacent sites differing in productivity in 39-year-oldPinus resinosa plantations were determined. The amounts of these elements leached from the tree canopies (throughfall plus stemflow) during April through October varied significantly according to site and treatment. These amounts ranged in kg per ha from −0.03 to 0.23 for P, 2.05 to 8.78 for K, 1.55 to 3.63 for Ca, and 0.02 to 0.44 for Mg. Leaching of P, K, and Ca from the trees was usually greater on the more productive site than on the poorer one. In general, the fertilization treatment was correlated with increasing amounts of P, K, and Ca leached, whereas the irrigation treatment was correlated with decreasing amounts of P, K, and Ca leached. For Mg, leaching was consistently greater on the poorer site than on the more productive one; further, it was greatest on the control plots and least on plots both fertilized and irrigated.

Three sources of variation are considered for their effects on measured variability in foliar analysis of plantation-grown red pine and the concomitant effects of this variability on sample size determinations. The influence of temporal (year-to-year), spatial(site), and treatment (fertilization and irrigation) response variation is discussed. The results indicate that there is a need for a high sampling intensity when the risk, α, that the actual error would be larger than the allowable error, ε, is set at equal to or less than 0.05 and the allowable error, ε, is set at equal to or less than ±10% of the mean for all foliage parameters studied. They also indicate that treatments tended to induce heterogeneity of variances of foliar measurements, increasing the number of samples required at specific risk and allowable error levels over those required if variances on treatment and control plots were homogeneous.

Fertilizer treatments were established in duplicate in a 75‐ to 80‐year‐old mixed stand of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) and black cherry ( Prunus serotina Ehrh.) on Cookport silt loam soil in a randomized‐blocks‐with‐split‐plot experimental design. The main unit treatments were control, N‐only, P‐only, NP, and NPK, and the subunit treatments were nonlime and lime. Foliage samples were obtained from 5 dominant‐codominant trees of each species in each plot for 1 pretreatment year and 3 consecutive years following treatments. Regression analysis of foliar mean values from each treatment plot and year was used to determine if a statistically significant relationship existed for concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Mn of the sample trees. The mutual prediction between black cherry and sugar maple foliage analysis data was statistically significant for several of the parameters investigated.

Growth responses of 35- to 40-year-old Pinus resinosa Ait. to potash fertilization with and without irrigation were monitored non-destructively for four growing seasons after treatment. Total above-ground biomass was determined after the fourth growing season. Fertilization increased leader growth, radial growth at breast height, and radial growth at base of live crown mainly in the third and fourth growing seasons. In four years from start of treatment, growth responses of average dominant-codominant trees were: height growth of fertilized trees, 1.8 m or 0.4 m more than nonfertilized trees; cross-sectional area growth at breast height of fertilized trees, 43 cm2 or 23 cm2 more than nonfertilized trees; cross-sectional area growth at base of live crown of fertilized trees, 41 cm2 or 13 cm2 more than nonfertilized trees; and 5 m long butt log volume growth of fertilized trees, 21 dm3 or 9 dm3 more than nonfertilized trees. Fertilization increased above-ground biomass, particularly foliage, to a total of over 100,000 kg of foliage, branches, bolebark and bolewood per ha. Responses from irrigation were nil. Forest Sci. 21:88-96.

Estimates were made of the above-ground biomass and contents of ash, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Al, Fe, Zn, and Cu by plant components for a 40-year-old Pinus resinosa Ait. plantation growing on a known K-deficient site and treated with KCl fertilizer and/or irrigation. Regression equations were developed from sample-tree data, obtained by total tree analysis techniques, for each tree component on each treatment. After an examination of analytical techniques, it was determined that the contents of the fertilized trees increased more than 140 per cent K, 70 per cent Mn, and 50 per cent N compared to the nonfertilized trees, while the increases in contents of the other elements were more closely related to the 22 percent increase in the biomass of the fertilized trees. The approximate ratio of contents of elements in the total above-ground biomass, expressing Cu=1, was Ca 1000, N 800, K 260, P 90, Mn 90, Mg 75, Al 50, Na 20, Fe 15, Zn 8, Cu 1. The 75 kg per ha more K in the above-ground biomass of the fertilized trees compared to nonfertilized trees was about 15 per cent of the total K applied in the fertilizer. The influence of irrigation on the biomass and chemical composition of the trees was minimal.

The evaluation of biomass production and uptake of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg for various plant components (roots, stems, and foliage) and totals by 10 species of 2-0 coniferous seedlings grown at a controlled range of densities in a highly productive forest nursery documents considerable differences among species and seedling parameters. The species are ranked by biomass and nutrient-element relationships on a unit area of seedbed basis, quantifying the magnitude of the differences among the species at the various density levels. The 10 species include Abies balsamea, Larix leptolepis, Picea abies, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Picea pungens, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, Pinus sylvestris, and Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Root distribution and mass of a single dominant sample tree (17 m high, 20 cm diameter) in a 39—year—old Pinus resinosa Ait. plantation supported by a deep, stratified, outwash sandy soil were related to soil horizonation characteristics and aboveground tree components (foilage, branches, bolebark, and bolewood). All roots were excavated by hand in the A_p and B horizons and by 0.3—m depths in the C strata, were separated into five size classes, cleaned, dried, and weighed. Root—depth penetration terminated in a great number of fine roots in a thick, very fine sandy—silty stratum below the coarser textured solum at 2.7 m. Lateral root distribution was extremely variable; the maximum radial extent was approximately 9 m from the stump. Total root weight was approximately twice the total needle weight.