Oxytactic microorganisms actively migrate toward oxygen-rich regions, significantly affecting oxygen transport and fluid dynamics. Understanding their behavior is crucial for applications in environmental remediation, biofilm management, and the design of efficient bioreactors. Motivated by these considerations, the present study examines the motion of oxytactic microorganisms and the resulting oxygen consumption due to their metabolic activity over a rotating Riga disk subjected to an externally applied magnetic field strong enough to induce the Hall effect. The distribution of microorganisms is governed by fluid flow, chemotaxis, and random diffusion. The governing partial differential equations for momentum, concentration, and microorganism distribution, which represent the above physical considerations, are reformulated into non-dimensional ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. These equations are then solved numerically using the bvp4c solver in MATLAB and Python's solve_bvp routine. Furthermore, a machine-learning-based polynomial regression is implemented using the Scikit-learn library in Python to capture the nonlinear behavior of the response variables. The results indicate that increasing the bioconvection and oxygen Schmidt numbers suppresses diffusion, thereby reducing microorganism aggregation and oxygen availability, while biological oxygen consumption further diminishes the concentration near the Riga disk surface. The microorganism density number increases by 19.65% as the Riga-Hartmann number rises from 1.5 to 3, and by 4.19% as the Hall parameter increases from 0.5 to 1.0. Additionally, the Sherwood number increases by 23.40% when the oxygen Schmidt number rises from 500 to 750, while a substantial enhancement of 113.6% is observed as the oxygen consumption rate increases from 0.1 to 0.46.

The present study provides a detailed explanation of the structural, optical, and luminescence performance of Dy3+-doped ZKPAB glasses. Herein, a series of zinc-potassium-lead-aluminum borate (ZKPAB) glasses doped with different concentrations of Dy3+ ions (x = 0.1–1.0 mol CIE chromaticity diagram for various concentrations of Dy3+ ion-doped ZKPAB glasses.

This study presents a weakly nonlinear investigation of double-diffusive bioconvective flow in a porous medium saturated with a Newtonian fluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms under time-dependent concentration modulation. A perturbation expansion near the critical solutal Rayleigh number is employed to derive the Ginzburg-Landau equation, which characterizes the nonlinear coupling between solutal buoyancy, bioconvective motion, and boundary modulation. The linear stability analysis defines the onset of convection through neutral stability curves. Also, the weakly nonlinear simulations describe the transient behavior of the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Numerical results reveal that both Nu and Sh increase rapidly after the onset of instability and approach steady-state values as convection saturates. The finding reveals that increases in the Vadasz and Darcy numbers enhance heat and mass transfer rates, thereby improving overall transport within the system. While higher values of the modified bioconvective Rayleigh number, cell eccentricity, and bioconvective Lewis number tend to suppress heat and mass transfer, thereby reducing both heat and mass transfer rates. Moreover, phase variation significantly affects transport efficiency: out-of-phase modulation (OPM) yields the highest enhancement, followed by upper-plate modulation (UPM), while in-phase modulation (IPM) yields the least convection. Mass transfer is more sensitive to modulation than heat transfer. The findings provide useful insights for thermal management, bio-reactor optimization, and controlled transport in porous media applications.

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have gained popularity in fluid mechanics for solving various types flows, including supersonic, temporal, high-speed, Reynolds-averaged turbulent flows, and so forth with certain limitations. The architecture of PINNs consists of a deep neural network that serves as a solution function for the flow quantities, along with a set of governing equations that describe the physics of the problem. We apply PINNs to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for magnetohydrodynamic laminar, viscous Newtonian fluid flow (10 <= Re <= 150) in the annular region between concentric electrified rotating cylinders, with an aspect ratio of R*=0.5. The flow is also influenced by Hall current, viscous dissipation, and Joule heating resulting from the applied radial magnetic field. Moreover, a face-centered central composite design technique is employed within the framework of response surface methodology to compute the quadratic relationships between the response variables (skin friction and Nusselt number) and the flow parameters. The analysis of variance for these outputs is presented in tabular form, followed by a sensitivity analysis of the response variables, which is illustrated using both tables and bar charts.

Rayleigh Bénard convection (RBC) represents a fundamental fluid mechanical phenomenon characterized by the simultaneous transport of heat and mass due to temperature and concentration gradients, respectively. This process generates buoyancy-driven instabilities that manifest as complex flow patterns in various natural and industrial systems. When combined with time controlled rotational effects and thermal boundary modulations, the convective dynamics become significantly more intricate due to the introduction of Coriolis forces and time-dependent forcing. The study of such systems has gained considerable attention due to their relevance in geophysical flows, industrial applications, and fundamental understanding of pattern formation in fluid systems. This study explores RBC in a Newtonian fluid between two infinite horizontal plates, with the lower plate heated and the upper plate cooled. The analysis considers the influence of system rotation and temperature modulation on the flow behavior. To examine the onset of instability, a weakly nonlinear stability approach is used, leading to the derivation of the Ginzburg–Landau amplitude equation, which describes how convective disturbances evolve near critical conditions. The efficiency of heat transfer was evaluated using the Nusselt number, providing a dimensionless measure of how convection enhances heat transport compared to pure conduction. The analysis revealed several critical insights into the system behavior. Graphical investigations demonstrated the distinct influences of key dimensionless parameters: the Prandtl number (Pr) controlling the ratio of momentum to thermal diffusivity, modulation amplitude ( δ _2 ) governing the strength of thermal forcing, and the modulation frequency ( ω _2 ) determining the temporal characteristics of boundary conditions. Most notably, the Taylor number (Ta), representing the ratio of centrifugal to viscous forces, exhibited a stabilizing effect on Rayleigh Bénard convection. This stabilization occurs through the suppression of convective instabilities via rotational constraints imposed by Coriolis forces. The findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of how rotational and thermal forcing mechanisms interact to influence on Rayleigh Bénard convection, with implications for both theoretical fluid mechanics and practical applications in rotating machinery and geophysical processes.

Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) classified as one of the greatest prominent pulse crops in India and contributes substantially to nutritional security through its high protein content. Genetic improvement of chickpea requires comprehensive knowledge on degree of the variability available within breeding materials and connection among different genotypes facilitates identification of promising parents and effective selection process. Keeping in view, the present study was done to examine the heritability, genetic variability, genetic divergence and trait associations among forty one chickpea genotypes in the agroclimatic circumstances of western Uttar Pradesh. Methods: The experiment was conducted on 41 genotypes of chickpea in research farm of Department of Genetic and Plant Breeding, CCS University Meerut (UP) India. Each genotype was sown during rabi season 2021-22 utilizing Randomize block design involving three replications. Five plant were randomly selected were utilized to record data for every genotype in each replication, covering the eleven characteristic traits that were being studied. Result: ANOVA demonstrated sufficient variability among the all evaluated genotypes for each trait. The highest GCV and PCV estimates were found for no. of seeds/plant, number of pods plant, hundred seeds weight, seed yield per plant, biological yield/ plant, branches/plant, total seeds/ pods, plant height. Heritability (bs) with GA as % of mean was highest for number of seeds/plant, followed by pods/plant, biological yield/plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield/plant, no. of seeds/pod. Correlation result demonstrate the number of seeds per plant significant positive associated with seed/ plant, pods/plant, harvest index, primary branches/plant, no. of seeds/pod, biological yield/plant. Path analysis demonstrated the harvest index, biological yield, no. of seed/pod and plant height exerted greatest positive direct effects on seed yield. In contrast, hundred seed weight, branches/plant, total seeds/plant, pods/plant revealed negative direct effect on seed yield. The intra cluster distance ranged from 2.261 to 2.918 in cluster I and III, respectively. Between cluster III and II showed high inter cluster distance in compression to between cluster I and III, cluster I and II. The genotypes RHD-52, BG-372, JG-2001-115 and K-1065 were identified as suitable for early flowering and maturity, whereas JG-226, DC-18-1107, ICC-8948, JG-2001-115, ICC-7549 and P-1106 were found superior for seed yield performance.

The current article explores the structure of chaotic convection and the rate of heat transfer in a Rivlin-Ericksen fluid layer with an internal heat source flowing through a highly permeable porous medium that is heated from below. The truncated Galerkin approximation has produced a low-dimensional system similar to the Lorenz model. To compute the numerical simulation for a Lorenz-like equation framework, we implemented the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. We utilized MATHEMATICA software for quantitative analysis and MATLAB software for visualization. The influence of an internal heat content on chaotic convection has been investigated. Additionally, when comparing only the elasticity effect, we found that the Rayleigh number decreases by 8.09%. This indicates that the chaotic behavior predominates over the instability of the system. We discovered that both the level of internal heat and the elastic parameter enhance chaotic convection. We propose that the level of internal heat influences the transition from steady to chaotic convection.

Background: In this paper, we explore how time-periodic changes in concentration and temperature at the boundaries affect heat and mass transfer. Our study looks at an infinite horizontal layer of fluid that is heated from below and salted from above, with a constant magnetic field applied. Both the concentration and temperature at the fluid’s boundaries are periodically varied over time. The present work is aimed at studying nonlinear dynamics of finite-amplitude instability of thermosolutal magneto-convection in a porous medium. The novelty of this study lies in capturing the coupled effects of simultaneous time-periodic dual boundary modulations (temperature and concentration) in the presence of an induced magnetic field, a complex configuration not previously investigated in the literature. Method: A weakly non-linear stability analysis is used to understand these effects. We have expanded the infinitesimal disturbances in terms of power series of amplitude of modulation, which is assumed to be small. The solvability condition on the Ginzburg-Landau equation is derived to find the rate of heat and mass transfer. The solution of the Ginzburg-Landau equation plotted numerically using Mathematica software. The impact of different parameters on heat and mass transfer is also examined in this study. Significant findings: We observed that magnetic diffusivity allows stronger interaction between the magnetic field and the fluid, leading to more efficient heat and mass transfer. We reported for the first time that asymmetric boundary modulations substantially outperform symmetric modulations in optimising transport rates. It is found that when the temperature and concentration change more sharply near the boundaries in the presence of an induced magnetic field, heat and mass transfer happen faster. These results provide important theoretical insights for the optimisation of real-world systems that rely on accurate control of heat and mass transport, such as active magnetic refrigeration, advanced cooling in electronics, chemical manufacturing, and targeted drug delivery.

This work analyzed the fusion dynamics of 36S + 50Ti reaction by opting Wong formula and symmetric asymmetric Gaussian barrier distribution (SAGBD) model. For the chosen reaction, Wong formula reproduce the fusion data at above barrier energies but unable to retrace the fusion data at below barrier energy regions. In SAGBD model, the effects of internal structure of participants are included through Gaussian type of weight function. In SAGBD model, the barrier distributions and fusion cross-sections are estimated using Winther diffuseness & an optimum diffuseness and the outcomes within an optimum diffuseness retrieve the fusion data well. Hence, the results of fusion cross-sections and barrier distribution exhibit the importance of an appropriate diffuseness in fusion dynamics for various systems.

In this work, the effects of external electric fields and Rashba spin orbit interaction on the optical characteristics of a GaAs quantum dot system are investigated theoretically in detail. The system is exposed to a uniform magnetic field and stimulated by a monochromatic electromagnetic field, with a focus on electron intersubband transitions. By employing the parabolic band and effective mass approximations, the wave functions and energy levels are determined. The study then calculates the absorption coefficients, refractive index changes, and third harmonic generation using a combination of iterative methods and compact-density matrix approaches. The results reveal that the peaks of these optical properties exhibit a blue shift in response to varying constraint parameters. These findings have far-reaching implications for the design and development of quantum dot-based devices, potentially driving innovation in optoelectronic technology and paving the way for future advancements.

The experiment was conducted on a vegetable research farm, BAU (Bihar Agricultural University), sabour, Bhagalpur, on nine traits, viz., days to first male and female flower opening and harvest, number of nodes to first male and female flower appearance, vine length, inter-nodal length, number of primary branches, and peduncle length. 30 F1 hybrid were developed by six parents using a 6 x 6 full diallel mating design, namely, Narendra Joyti (NJ), BRBG-23 (BG-23), BRBG-65 (BG-65), Pusa Naveen (PN), BRBG-21-2 (BG-21-2) and Round Bottle Gourd (RBG). Three trials were conducted in February, May, and September 2022, with Randomized Block Design (RBD) design. Among parents RBG exhibited took minimum days in earliness traits and NJ x PN and PN x NJ for male flower, PN x NJ for female flower and first harvest, BG-65 x BG-21-2 for nodes to first male and NJ x BG-23 for female flower appearance took minimum node, while BG-21-2 and PN x BG-65 had maximum vine length, BG-65 and BG-65 x PN had maximum inter-nodal length whereas RBG and RBG x NJ had maximum peduncle length and NJ and NJ x PN had maximum number of primary branches over check in all three environments and pooled.

Chitosan, a derivative of chitin, is a natural elicitor known for its biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxic properties, offering significant yet underexplored potential in advancing sustainable agriculture. Its application enhances plant physiological responses and mitigates the detrimental effects of both abiotic and biotic stresses across various growth stages. This study evaluated the effects of seed priming with chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) on the germination and seedling development of lentil (Lens culinaris L.). Seeds were primed with varying concentrations of chitosan (0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 % and 2.0 %) and CNPs (50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 ppm). The priming duration was optimized for each treatment based on water uptake kinetics and initial radical emergence. Seed priming with a low concentration of chitosan (0.5 %) significantly improved seedling growth parameters, hydrolytic enzyme activities (amylase, protease), dehydrogenase and phytase activity, as well as yield-associated traits. In contrast, CNPs priming at 200 ppm showed superior enhancement across most laboratory and field parameters. Primed seeds treated with CNPs showed marked improvements, including a 12.6 % increase in germination potential, a 65.9 % increase in root length, a 97.4 % increase in shoot length, a 73 % increase in total seedling length, a 19.7 % rise in seedling dry weight and significant increases in vigor indices (94.8 % and 34.8 %) compared to non-primed seeds. Additionally, hydrolytic enzyme activities, including amylase, protease, dehydrogenase and phytase, were substantially elevated in primed seeds relative to untreated controls. To corroborate these findings, field experiments were conducted to assess the crop performance upon priming. Results revealed that seed priming with chitosan (0.5 %) and CNPs (200 ppm) significantly (P <= 0.05) enhanced seedling emergence, field establishment, plant height, pod and seed counts per plant, seed weight, overall yield and harvest index. These findings suggest that seed priming with 0.5 % chitosan or 200 ppm CNPs enhances seedling development, plant growth and yield by improving enzymatic activities and mobilization of food reserves.

The importance of modulated gravity in the nonlinear dynamics of Newtonian fluids flowing through a permeable Darcy porous medium in achieving fluid buoyancy control, porous media dynamics, and microgravity studies, which are important for environmental science and space exploration, is growing, particularly in the context of triple‐diffusive convection. However, limited information is available on the dynamics of Newtonian fluids undergoing triple‐diffusive convection through permeable media when modulated gravity is introduced, particularly using the Ginzburg–Landau technique. In this case, the fluid convective system is subjected to vertical gravitational vibrations. The physical system considered involves a porous layer, stretched indefinitely in the x ‐direction, sandwiched between two parallel plates at z = 0 and z = d . The temperature and concentration of the bottom plate are higher than those at the top plate due to heating, salting, and saturation of the porous layer with Newtonian fluid from below. The gravitational acceleration is time‐dependent, consisting of both a constant gravity term and a time‐dependent oscillatory component. The amplitude of gravity modulation is assumed to be small, relevant to practical applications. The presence of a third diffusive component increases the critical thermal Darcy–Rayleigh number required for the onset of convection, demonstrating that triple‐diffusive convection has a higher threshold than double‐diffusive convection. The modulation amplitude () plays a critical role in the behavior of disturbance amplitude, demonstrating that significant variations in convection characteristics are contingent upon the presence of gravitational modulation.

Analyzing blood flow patterns plays a pivotal role in diagnosing circulatory disorders, including arteriosclerosis. This significance has driven bio-engineers and medical researchers to concentrate on understanding the dynamics of blood flow within the circulatory system. In this context, we examined the Hall and ion slip effects on non-Newtonian Casson blood flow in arterioles, driven by a radial magnetic field. Additionally, this study explores the momentum and heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian blood infused with hybrid magnetic and semiconductor nanoparticles, accounting for the impacts of viscous dissipation and Joule heating phenomena. The current model of blood flow with hybrid nanoparticles through an arteriole is represented mathematically by a system of partial differential equations, which was transformed into dimensionless form and solved using two distinct numerical techniques to ensure the reliability of the results. The main outcomes of this study indicate that as the Hall parameter increased from m=0.2 to m=1.0, the axial velocity and temperature at the center of blood arterioles significantly improved by 37.98% and 75.31%, respectively. Moreover, hybrid nanoparticles are more effective at regulating blood flow and temperature compared to mono nanoparticles, which further enhancement possible by increasing the concentration of magnetite nanoparticles in the mixture. Additionally, higher values of the Casson fluid parameter enhanced the velocity and temperature of hybrid nanoblood. The findings of this research present significant potential for applications in targeted drug delivery, magnetic therapy, therapeutic hyperthermia treatments, thermal energy transfer, and biomedical sensors.

ABSTRACTNewtonian heating with a heat source has applications in a variety of areas, including heat exchangers, electronic devices, nuclear reactors, gas cooling systems, ventilated rooms, and industrial processes. In the present numerical investigation, we examine the effect of Newtonian heating with an internal heat source and temperature‐dependent chemical reaction on transient free convective laminar flow within a vertical annulus. The Method of Lines is employed to solve the governing partial differential equations with the appropriate boundary conditions. The numerical findings were extensively analyzed through plots and tables to demonstrate the impact of various fluid features on the concentration, temperature, and velocity profiles. It is observed that these profiles increase over time until they stabilize at a steady state. Additionally, the Schmidt and Damköhler numbers are found to reduce the concentration and velocity profiles, whereas the Richardson, Biot, and mass Grashof numbers have the opposite effect. A major investigation revealed that the Newtonian heating with heat source increases the external mass transport and gives a better control parameter.

In this study, we discussed the effect of Hall current and electric field on heat transfer and fluid flow between non-uniformly heated parallel vertical plates when fluid is presumed in transverse magnetic and electric fields. A numerical solution of dimensionless partial differential equations governing the flow is derived via the implicit Crank–Nicolson technique. The numerically calculated solutions are presented graphically and these graphical results examine the primary velocity, secondary velocity, and the temperature profiles for various physical parameters. The average values of skin friction and the Nusselt number are provided in tabular form. A significant result of our findings is that the rising values of E1{E}_{1} boost flow velocities and raises the temperature profile. These effects are important for fluid flow and heat transfer, making effective control and regulation essential.

Firstly we prepared the BaAlPbB glass having composition 50H3BO3-(35-x)Ba2O3-10Al2O3-5PbO-xSm2O3 (where x = 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) with melt quenching technique. Then, we studied the different spectroscopic properties of the glass by different methods like XRD, optical absorption spectra and emission spectra. With the help of the XRD technique, we can determine the non-crystalline nature of the glass sample. For the determination of the optical band gap we use Tau'c method. Using absorption spectral information we can analyze the bonding between Sm3+ ions and its neighboring ligands. The photoluminescence intensity of the prepared glass first increases within Sm3+ ions concentration and then due to concentration quenching beyond 0.1 % there is a decrease in intensity. By Dextor theory, we can conclude that between Sm3+-Sm3+ ions the process by which energy is transferred, is dipole-dipole in nature. There are three peaks in PL spectra of Sm3+ doped glass. These peaks are analogous to transitions 4G5/2 -> 6H5/2, 4G5/2 -> 6H7/2 and 4G5/2 -> 6H9/2. Emission cross section and branching ratio are determined for these peaks to determine the strength of these substances as luminescent devices. The decay spectra of transition 4G5/2 -> 6H7/2 are used to evaluate the quantum efficiency of the prepared glass. Now CIE chromaticity coordinate and correlated color temperature are used to determine the appropriate working of prepared glass for white light emission. From here we can conclude that glass prepared with 0.5 % Sm3+ molar concentration is appropriate for laser applications.

The behavior of a hybrid nanoparticle consisting of molybdenum disulfide ( MoS_2 ) and silicon dioxide ( SiO_2 ) dispersed in a water-based solvent is investigated in the context of magnetohydrodynamics, with a focus on the roles of the Hall effect and a radial magnetic field on its behavior over a vertically stretching cylinder. By using similarity transformations, the nonlinear mathematical equations characterizing the flow model are made dimensionless, offering a more practical and straightforward framework for research. The boundary conditions corresponding to the equations are numerically examined and subsequently coded into MATLAB using the ’bvp4c’ function, which yields the desired solutions. The impact of key parameters on velocity and temperature profiles is illustrated through the graphs, which helps to provide a greater understanding of the underlying physical phenomena. The results show that when the Hall parameter increases, there is a reciprocal drop in temperature and an increase in velocity. In contrast, an increase in the Hartmann number is found to have an opposite effect, resulting in a decline in the velocity profile and a corresponding rise in the temperature profile. Furthermore, the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number numerical results are carefully tabulated, which facilitates an in-depth analysis of the information. Notably, our study exhibit strong consistency with previous research under specific conditions, thereby lending credibility to our findings. Additionally, this study has significant practical applications, as hybrid nanofluids enhance heat transfer in aerospace, biomedical, and nuclear systems while improving thermal management in power and refrigeration systems.

The present investigation was carried out with 52 accessions of tossa jute genotypes along with 2 checks to estimate the association among different trait and effects on fibre yield per plot. Results of correlation analysis pointed out highly significant and positive association at both phenotypic and genotypic levels of plant height (rp= 0.461** & rg= 0.497**), basal diameter (rp=0.357** & rg=0.315**), mid stem diameter (rp=0.288** & rg=0.231**), plant population per plot (rp=0.691** & rg=0.696**), green biomass per plant (rp=0.691** & rg=0.711**), stick length (rp=0.482** & rg=0.506**), fibre percent (rp=0.306** & rg=0.668**), fibre weight per plant (rp=0.729** &rg=0.735**) with fibre yield per plot. The magnitudes of genotypic correlation were found higher than the phenotypic correlation. Partitioning of yield and its component traits into direct and indirect contribution of the traits, Green biomass per plant (0.739) exhibited highest positive direct effects on fibre yield per plot at phenotypic level followed by the plant population per plot (0.628) and fibre percent (0.312). Hence, these parameters may be considered as selection indices in jute breeding programmes.