This contribution presents a overview of a recent CMS-based determination of the effective leptonic weak mixing angle, sin^2θ^ℓ_eff, derived from forward-backward asymmetry measurements in Drell-Yan events at 13 TeV. Although the CMS analysis achieved a major reduction in uncertainties, its overall precision is ultimately limited by residual parton distribution function (PDF) uncertainties. This proceeding highlights the role of complementary CMS observables, which probe distinct parton-density combinations and provide additional constraints beyond those obtained from the original asymmetry measurement alone. The improved analysis yields a substantially reduced total uncertainty, resulting in sin^2θ^ℓ_eff = 0.23156±0.00024. This result is consistent with the Standard Model prediction and represents the highest precision achieved so far in an individual determination of this parameter.

We review the current status and techniques used in precision measurements of the effective leptonic weak mixing angle sin^2θ^ℓ_ eff (a fundamental parameter of the Standard Model (SM)) in the region of the Z pole with emphasis on hadron colliders. We also build on these techniques to extract the most precise single measurement to date of sin^2θ^ℓ_ eff from a new analysis of the published forward-backward asymmetry (A_ FB) in Drell-Yan dielpton production in proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy of 13 TeV measured by the CMS collaboration at the large hadron collider. The uncertainty in sin^2θ^ℓ_ eff published by CMS is dominated by uncertainties in Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs), which are reduced by PDF profiling using the dilepton mass dependence of A_ FB. Our new extraction of sin^2θ^ℓ_ eff from the CMS values of A_ FB includes profiling with additional new CMS measurements of the W-boson decay lepton asymmetry, and W/Z cross section ratio at 13 TeV. We obtain the most precise single measurement of sin^2θ^ℓ_ eff to date of 0.23153±0.00023, which is in excellent agreement with the SM prediction of 0.23161±0.00004. We also discuss outlook for future measurements at the LHC including more precise measurements of sin^2θ^ℓ_ eff, a measurement of sin^2θ^ℓ_ eff for b-quarks in the initial state, and a measurement of the running of sin^2θ^ MS(μ) up to 3 TeV.

We have performed a global extraction of the ${\rm ^{12}C}$ longitudinal (${\cal R}_L$) and transverse (${\cal R}_T$) nuclear electromagnetic response functions from an analysis of all available electron scattering data on carbon. The response functions are extracted for energy transfer $\nu$, spanning the nuclear excitation, quasielastic (QE), resonance and inelastic continuum over a large range of the square of the four-momentum transfer, $Q^2.$ In addition, we perform a universal fit to all ${\rm ^{12}C}$ electron scattering data which also provides parmeterizations of ${\cal R}_L$ and ${\cal R}_T$ over a larger kinematic range. Given the nuclear physics common to both electron and neutrino scattering from nuclei, extracted response functions from electron scattering spanning a large range of $Q^2$ and $\nu$ also provide a powerful tool for validation and tuning of neutrino Monte Carlo (MC) generators. In this paper we focus on the nuclear excitation, single nucleon (QE-1p1h) and two nucleon (2p2h) final state regions and compare the measurements to theoretical predictions including ``Energy Dependent-Relativistic Mean Field'' (ED-RMF), ``Green's Function Monte Carlo'' (GFMC), "Short Time Approximation Quantum Monte Carlo" (STA-QMC), an improved superscaling model (SuSAv2), "Correlated Fermi Gas" (CFG), as well as the \nuwro{}, and \achilles~ generators. Combining the ED-RMF-QE-1p1h predictions with the SuSAv2-MEC-2p2h predictions provides a good description of ${\cal R}_L$ and ${\cal R}_T$ for both single nucleon (from QE and nuclear excitations) and two nucleon final states over the entire kinematic range.

We report on empirical parameterizations of longitudinal (R_L) and transverse (R_T) nuclear electromagnetic form factors for elastic scattering and the excitations of nuclear states in ^27Al and ^40Ca. The parameterizations are needed for the calculations of radiative corrections in measurements of electron scattering cross sections on ^27Al and ^40Ca in the quasi-elastic, resonance and inelastic continuum regions, provide the contribution of nuclear excitations in investigations of the Coulomb Sum Rule, and test theoretical model predictions for excitation of nuclear states in electron and neutrino interactions on nuclear targets at low energies.

ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) is a 770-ton liquid argon time projection chamber that operated in a hadron test beam at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2018. We present a measurement of the total inelastic cross section of charged kaons on argon as a function of kaon energy using 6 and 7 GeV/$c$ beam momentum settings. The flux-weighted average of the extracted inelastic cross section at each beam momentum setting was measured to be 380$\pm$26 mbarns for the 6 GeV/$c$ setting and 379$\pm$35 mbarns for the 7 GeV/$c$ setting.

This paper describes the experience with the calibration, reconstruction and evaluation of the timing capabilities of the CMS HGCAL prototype in the beam tests in 2018. The calibration procedure includes multiple steps and corrections ranging from tens of nanoseconds to a few hundred picoseconds. The timing performance is studied using signals from positron beam particles with energies between 20 GeV and 300 GeV. The performance is studied as a function of particle energy against an external timing reference as well as standalone by comparing the two different halves of the prototype. The timing resolution is found to be 60 ps for single-channel measurements and better than 20 ps for full showers at the highest energies, setting excellent perspectives for the HGCAL calorimeter performance at the HL-LHC.

We have performed a global extraction of the ^12C longitudinal (R_L) and transverse (R_T) nuclear electromagnetic response functions from an analysis of all available electron scattering data on carbon. The response functions are extracted for energy transfer ν, spanning the nuclear excitation, quasielastic (QE), resonance and inelastic continuum over a large range of the square of the four-momentum transfer, Q^2. In addition, we perform a universal fit to all ^12C electron scattering data which also provides parmeterizations of R_L and R_T over a larger kinematic range. Given the nuclear physics common to both electron and neutrino scattering from nuclei, extracted response functions from electron scattering spanning a large range of Q^2 and ν also provide a powerful tool for validation and tuning of neutrino Monte Carlo (MC) generators. In this paper we focus on the nuclear excitation, single nucleon (QE-1p1h) and two nucleon (2p2h) final state regions and compare the measurements to theoretical predictions including “Energy Dependent-Relativistic Mean Field” (ED-RMF), “Green's Function Monte Carlo” (GFMC), "Short Time Approximation Quantum Monte Carlo" (STA-QMC), an improved superscaling model (SuSAv2), "Correlated Fermi Gas" (CFG), as well as the , and generators. Combining the ED-RMF-QE-1p1h predictions with the SuSAv2-MEC-2p2h predictions provides a good description of R_L and R_T for both single nucleon (from QE and nuclear excitations) and two nucleon final states over the entire kinematic range.

We present a brief report (at the Nufact-2024 conference) summarizing a global extraction of the ^12C longitudinal (R_L) and transverse (R_T) nuclear electromagnetic response functions from an analysis of all available electron scattering data on carbon. Since the extracted response functions cover a large kinematic range they can be readily used for comparison to theoretical predictions as well as validation and tuning Monte Carlo (MC) generators for electron and neutrino scattering experiments. Comparisons to several theoretical approaches and MC generators are given in detail in arXiv:2409.10637v1 [hep-ex]. We find that among all the theoretical models that were investigated, the “Energy Dependent-Relativistic Mean Field” (ED-RMF) approach provides the best description of both the Quasielastic (QE) and nuclear excitation response functions (leading to single nucleon final states) over all values of four-momentum transfer. The QE data are also well described by the "Short Time Approximation Quantum Monte Carlo" (STA-QMC) calculation which includes both single and two nucleon final states which presently is only valid for momentum transfer q > 0.3 GeV and does not include nuclear excitations. However, an analytic extrapolation of STA-QMC to lower q has been implemented in the GENIE MC generator for ^4He and a similar extrapolation for ^12C is under development. Both approaches have the added benefit that the calculations are also directly applicable to the same kinematic regions for neutrino scattering. In addition we also report on a universal fit to all electron scattering data that can be used in lieu of experimental data for validation of Monte Carlo generators (and is in the process of being implemented in GENIE).

The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the European Strategy for Particle Physics. While the construction of the DUNE Phase I is well underway, this White Paper focuses on DUNE Phase II planning. DUNE Phase-II consists of a third and fourth far detector (FD) module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced 2.1 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a "Module of Opportunity", aimed at expanding the physics opportunities, in addition to supporting the core DUNE science program, with more advanced technologies. This document highlights the increased science opportunities offered by the DUNE Phase II near and far detectors, including long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics, neutrino astrophysics, and physics beyond the standard model. It describes the DUNE Phase II near and far detector technologies and detector design concepts that are currently under consideration. A summary of key R&D goals and prototyping phases needed to realize the Phase II detector technical designs is also provided. DUNE's Phase II detectors, along with the increased beam power, will complete the full scope of DUNE, enabling a multi-decadal program of groundbreaking science with neutrinos.

A test of lepton flavor universality in B ± → K ± μ + μ − and B ± → K ± e + e − decays, as well as a measurement of differential and integrated branching fractions of a nonresonant B ± → K ± μ + μ − decay are presented. The analysis is made possible by a dedicated data set of proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV recorded in 2018, by the CMS experiment at the LHC, using a special high-rate data stream designed for collecting about 10 billion unbiased b hadron decays. The ratio of the branching fractions B ( B ± → K ± μ + μ − ) to B ( B ± → K ± e + e − ) is determined from the measured double ratio R ( K ) of these decays to the respective branching fractions of the B ± → J / ψ K ± with J / ψ → μ + μ − and e + e − decays, which allow for significant cancellation of systematic uncertainties. The ratio R ( K ) is measured in the range 1.1 < q 2 < 6.0 GeV 2 , where q is the invariant mass of the lepton pair, and is found to be R ( K ) = 0.78 − 0.23 + 0.47 , in agreement with the standard model expectation R ( K ) ≈ 1 . This measurement is limited by the statistical precision of the electron channel. The integrated branching fraction in the same q 2 range, B ( B ± → K ± μ + μ − ) = ( 12.42 ± 0.68 ) × 10 − 8 , is consistent with the present world-average value and has a comparable precision.

A novel method to reconstruct the energy of hadronic showers in the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) is presented. The HGCAL is a sampling calorimeter with very fine transverse and longitudinal granularity. The active media are silicon sensors and scintillator tiles readout by SiPMs and the absorbers are a combination of lead and Cu/CuW in the electromagnetic section, and steel in the hadronic section. The shower reconstruction method is based on graph neural networks and it makes use of a dynamic reduction network architecture. It is shown that the algorithm is able to capture and mitigate the main effects that normally hinder the reconstruction of hadronic showers using classical reconstruction methods, by compensating for fluctuations in the multiplicity, energy, and spatial distributions of the shower's constituents. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using test beam data collected in 2018 prototype of the CMS HGCAL accompanied by a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype. The capability of the method to mitigate the impact of energy leakage from the calorimeter is also demonstrated.

A search is reported for charge-parity D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ $CP$ violation in D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ decays, using data collected in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment in 2018. The analysis uses a dedicated data set that corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 41.6 fb$^{-1}$, which consists of about 10 billion events containing a pair of \b hadrons, nearly all of which decay to charm hadrons. The flavor of the neutral D meson is determined by the pion charge in the reconstructed decays D$^{*+}$ $\to$ D$^0\pi^+$ and D$^{*-}$ $\to$ D$^0\pi^-$. The D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ $CP$ asymmetry in D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ is measured to be $A_{CP}$( K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$) = (6.2 $\pm$ 3.0 $\pm$ 0.2 $\pm$ 0.8)%, where the three uncertainties represent the statistical uncertainty, the systematic uncertainty, and the uncertainty in the measurement of the D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ $CP$ asymmetry in the D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}\pi^+\pi^-$ decay. This is the first D$^0$ $\to$ K$^0_\mathrm{S}$K$^0_\mathrm{S}$ $CP$ asymmetry measurement by CMS in the charm sector as well as the first to utilize a fully hadronic final state.

Neutrino-induced charged-current single ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ production in the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}(1232)$ resonance region is of considerable interest to accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiments. In this Letter, high statistic differential cross sections are reported for the semiexclusive reaction ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+$ nucleon(s) on scintillator, carbon, water, iron, and lead targets recorded by MINERvA using a wideband ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ beam with $⟨{E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}⟩\ensuremath{\approx}6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. Suppression of the cross section at low ${Q}^{2}$ and enhancement of low ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ are observed in both light and heavy nuclear targets compared with phenomenological models used in current neutrino interaction generators. The cross sections per nucleon for iron and lead compared with CH across the kinematic variables probed are 0.8 and 0.5 respectively, a scaling which is also not predicted by current generators.

We report on empirical parameterizations of longitudinal and transverse nuclear excitation electromagnetic form factors in ${\rm ^{12}C}$ and ${\rm ^{16}O}$. We extract the contribution of nuclear excitations to the Normalized Inelastic Coulomb Sum Rule (\csr) as a function of momentum transfer $\bf q$ and find that it is significant (0.29$\pm$0.030 at $\bf q$= 0.22 GeV). The total contributions of nuclear excitations to $S_L({\bf q})$ in ${\rm ^{12}C}$ and ${\rm ^{16}O}$ are found to be equal within the uncertainties. Since the cross sections for nuclear excitations are significant, the radiative tails from nuclear excitations should be included in precise calculations of radiative corrections to quasielastic electron scattering at low $\bf q$ and deep-inelastic electron scattering at large energy transfers $\nu$. The parameterizations also serve as a benchmark in testing theoretical modeling of cross sections for excitation of nuclear states in electron and neutrino interactions on nuclear targets at low energies.

MINERvA has measured the ν_{μ}-induced coherent π^{+} cross section simultaneously in hydrocarbon (CH), graphite (C), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb) targets using neutrinos from 2 to 20 GeV. The measurements exceed the predictions of the Rein-Sehgal and Berger-Sehgal PCAC based models at multi-GeV ν_{μ} energies and at produced π^{+} energies and angles, E_{π}>1 GeV and θ_{π}<10°. Measurements of the cross-section ratios of Fe and Pb relative to CH reveal the effective A scaling to increase from an approximate A^{1/3} scaling at few GeV to an A^{2/3} scaling for E_{ν}>10 GeV.

This paper presents the first simultaneous measurement of the quasielastic-like neutrino-nucleus cross sections on C, water, Fe, Pb and scintillator (hydrocarbon or CH) as a function of longitudinal and transverse muon momentum. The ratio of cross sections per nucleon between Pb and CH is always above unity and has a characteristic shape as a function of transverse muon momentum that evolves slowly as a function of longitudinal muon momentum. The ratio is constant versus longitudinal momentum within uncertainties above a longitudinal momentum of 4.5GeV/c. The cross section ratios to CH for C, water, and Fe remain roughly constant with increasing longitudinal momentum, and the ratios between water or C to CH do not have any significant deviation from unity. Both the overall cross section level and the shape for Pb and Fe as a function of transverse muon momentum are not reproduced by current neutrino event generators. These measurements provide a direct test of nuclear effects in quasielastic-like interactions, which are major contributors to long-baseline neutrino oscillation data samples.

The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing medium and silicon sensors as an active medium in the regions of high radiation exposure, and scintillator tiles directly readout by silicon photomultipliers in the remaining regions. As part of the development of the detector and its readout electronic components, a section of a silicon-based HGCAL prototype detector along with a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype was exposed to muons, electrons and charged pions in beam test experiments at the H2 beamline at the CERN SPS in October 2018. The AHCAL uses the same technology as foreseen for the HGCAL but with much finer longitudinal segmentation. The performance of the calorimeters in terms of energy response and resolution, longitudinal and transverse shower profiles is studied using negatively charged pions, and is compared to GEANT4 predictions. This is the first report summarizing results of hadronic showers measured by the HGCAL prototype using beam test data.

This Letter presents the first simultaneous measurement of the quasielasticlike neutrino-nucleus cross sections on C, water, Fe, Pb, and scintillator (hydrocarbon or CH) as a function of longitudinal and transverse muon momentum. The ratio of cross sections per nucleon between Pb and CH is always above unity and has a characteristic shape as a function of transverse muon momentum that evolves slowly as a function of longitudinal muon momentum. The ratio is constant versus longitudinal momentum within uncertainties above a longitudinal momentum of 4.5  GeV/c. The cross section ratios to CH for C, water, and Fe remain roughly constant with increasing longitudinal momentum, and the ratios between water or C to CH do not have any significant deviation from unity. Both the overall cross section level and the shape for Pb and Fe as a function of transverse muon momentum are not reproduced by current neutrino event generators. These measurements provide a direct test of nuclear effects in quasielasticlike interactions, which are major contributors to long-baseline neutrino oscillation data samples.