通过实验室模拟淋溶试验,研究双金属介质对土壤地下水中四氯化碳的去除机制与效果.结果表明,从四氯化碳进入土壤200h后,在淋溶柱底部取样口土壤样品中的浓度高于初始浓度,表现出土壤对四氯化碳的截留作用;50目的铁粉对于四氯化碳的去除效果较好;铁锌双金属组合对于四氯化碳的去除效果优于其他组合.采用响应曲面法对试验进行优化:在活性炭添加量25.8g(对应四氯化碳40mg的处理量),环境pH值为6.2,Fe/Zn为0.853的条件下,四氯化碳去除率最高达到69.7％.实验结果验证了建立的二次多项式模型具有较高的可靠性.

以某城市南区地下水水源地为研究对象,综合考虑含水层埋深、含水层补给、含水层介质类型、土壤介质类型、坡度、包气带厚度和渗透系数等七项评价因子,结合GIS地统计分析原理,并采用Drastic理论方法对该区地下水系统易污性进行风险评价.结果表明,研究区内地下水易污性较高且分布不均.为此,利用等级划分绘制了研究区内地下水系统易污性分区图,为后续的监测和治理工作提供理论依据.

By simulating vertical stratification data of PM2.5 with the third-generation air quality model CMAQ and high resolution relative humidity data with mesoscale meteorological model WRF, MODIS AOD data were revised by vertical and humidity correcting method, respectively. A linear regression model between revised AOD and PM2.5 was built, and the linear correlation coefficient was r = 0.77 (n = 57, P < 0.01). Based on this model, the average monthly concentrations of PM2.5 in 10 km resolution in January 2013 were firstly retrieved in the country, and the population exposure level was analyzed. The results showed that the areas where average monthly concentrations of PM2.5 was greater than 100 μg x m(-3) and 200 μg x m(-3) in January 2013 were 10.99% and 1.34% of the national terrestrial area, respectively, and the ratios of exposed population were as high as 45.01% and 6.31%, respectively.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the Subei Grand Canal (SGC) are thought to have a significant effect on the water quality of the South to North Water Transfer Project in China. The SGC is in Jiangsu Province and is the northern section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal; it is also part of the eastern route of the South to North Water Transfer Project. In the present study, 37 surface sediment samples were collected from the SGC and were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for their PAH concentration. The total PAH concentration in surface sediments was moderate, and ranged from 634 to 14,703 ng/g (dry weight), with a mean of 5239 ng/g. There was significant spatial variation in the total PAH concentrations; for example, the mean concentrations in the Xuzhou area, Huaian-Suqian area, and Yangzhou area were 9708, 3872 and 2376 ng/g, respectively. The organic carbon content (9.4–99.6 mg/g) had an important influence on the PAH concentrations in sediment. Analysis using PAH ratios and PCA indicated that the main sources were coal and wood combustion, vehicular and shipping emissions, and coke ovens. An ecological risk assessment based on biological threshold showed that the PAH in surface sediments of the SGC had the potential to cause adverse biological effects to aquatic organisms, and that these effects were more serious around Xuzhou than in the other areas.

An iterative algorithm was developed to assess the atmospheric environmental capacity governed by air quality targets, based on the third generation air quality model WRF-CAMx and national emission inventory of major air pollutants. The atmospheric environmental capacity of SO2, NOx, primary PM2.5 and NH3 emissions by provinces were calculated with the constrain of annual average ambient PM2.5 concentration standard (GB3095-2012). The results indicated that the national carrying capacity of SO2, NOx, primary PM2.5 and NH3 emissions was 1363.26×104t, 1258.48×104t, 619.04×104t, and 627.71×104t. The actual emissions of SO2, NOx, primary PM2.5 and NH3 in year 2010 were 66%, 81%, 96%, and 52%higher than the carring capacity. The emissions of these four types of air pollutants came from provinces that were severely polluted, such as Henan, Hebei, Tianjin, Anhui, Shandong, and Beijing, were exceeded 100%over its carrying capacity.

Adsorption behavior of Cr(VI) onto HDTMA-modified-zeolite (HMZ) was studied by batch experiments. Suitable modification conditions were determined by orthogonal experiments. The effects of pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration and temperature on Cr(VI) removal were investigated. The Cr(VI) uptake by HMZ strongly depends on the solution pH and the amount of adsorbed Cr(VI) decreases rapidly with pH increasing. The maximum uptake of Cr (VI) (89.5%) was found at pH 4.0.The adsorption data were fitted to equilibrium and kinetic models. It was found that the Langmuir equation fit better than the Freundlich equation. The monolayer adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm is 13.47 mg/g at pH 7 and 25°C. The adsorption kinetic follows the pseudo-second-order model and the rate constants are 0.073 (g/mg·min) and 0.29 (g/mg·min) at 15 and 25°C at initial Cr(VI) concentration of 40 mg/L, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters show the adsorption was a spontaneous and exothermic process.

The N and P contents in four plants and soils in riparian zone of Luomahu Lake were determined and analyzed,and relationship between plants and soils were discussed.The results showed that TN and TP in soils grown plants were significantly higher than control.Horizontal change pattern of N and P was different in soils of four plant areas,TN declined from nearshore,foreshore to backshore,while TP decreased from backshore,nearshore to foreshore.In vertical direction,the differences of TN and TP in each soil layer of four plants areas were significant,TN was the highest in surface soil(0—20 cm),TP was the highest in surface soil of I.cylindrica and A.scoparia areas or subsurface(20—40 cm) of P.australis and T.orientalis areas.The differences between TN and TP in leaves,stems and roots of four plants were significant,TN and TP were the highest in plant leaves,lower in plant stems and roots,and capacity of absorption to N was far more than P.The correlation analysis showed that TN of plant leaf was significantly positively correlated with TN in surface soil and subsurface,respective,TP of plant leaf was significantly positively correlated with TP in surface soil,and TP of plant stem was significantly negatively correlated with TP in subsurface soil.It was concluded that P.australis and I.cylindrica had a better uptake effect to soil N and P,but uptake effect to soil N and P of T.orientalis and A.scoparia was weaker.

Macrophyte plays a vital role in the biogeochemical cycle of lake. On the one hand, macrophyte takes up nutrients during growth process. On the other hand, it affects phosphorus biogeochemical cycle through releasing oxygen to water. In order to understand change of Luoma lake ecosystem, the study identified the macrophyte distribution of Luoma Lake applying method of knowledge decision tree. Landsat TM data in 1990, 2000 and 2008 were used as the main data sources of study. The values of normalized difference vegetation index are regarded as test variables, and segmentation threshold was determined by classification and regression tree algorithm. After the statistics, it could be found that the precision accuracy of classification and kappa coefficients all exceeded 85% in 1990, 2000 and 2008; they were 92.28% and 0.87, 91.73% and 0.86, 93.38% and 0.88, respectively. It fully satisfied the requirements of research. The result showed macrophytes mainly distributed in esturay area of the north Luoma Lake. The disturbance of human activities was the main reason for macrophyte change. The area of macrophytes reduced from 55.461 6 km 2 in 1990 to 41.801 4 km2 in 2000, then increasing to 79.065 km2 in 2008.

Taking the groundwater system of Xuzhou city of Jiangsu Province as an example,the vulnerability risk of groundwater system is assessed by adopting seven factors of Drastic model,including water depth,recharge,aquifer media,soil media,topography,vadose zone media and conductivity.The results indicate that the groundwater in the area has high vulnerability index and uneven distribution.In view of vulnerability grades,the groundwater vulnerability mapping is realized to provide scientific basis for the further monitoring and recovery activities.

The National Total Emission Control (NTEC) Program will continue to be implemented during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (FYP, 2011–2015) in China. Two pollutants (SO2 and NOx) are covered by NTEC, of which NOx is a newly added pollutant under control. NTEC requires that the national total SO2 and NOx emissions be reduced by 8% and 10% respectively in 2015 from the levels of 2010. Annual mean SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 (sulfates and nitrates) concentrations in 2010 and 2015 were simulated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model based on the national source census data and reduction targets in the NTEC Program. Reliability of the simulation results was verified by ground-based observation data and satellite remote sensing data in 113 national key monitoring cities. The air quality improvement from NTEC was also assessed quantitatively. The assessment results indicated that the average SO2 and NO2 concentrations in all cities in 2015 would be reduced by 9.28% and 10.61% respectively from the 2010 levels. The number of cities whose annual average SO2 and NO2 concentrations fail to comply with the national ambient air quality standard will be reduced by 9 and 27 respectively. The PM2.5 simulation results demonstrated that the average sulfate and nitrate concentrations in all cities in 2010 accounted for 20.28% and 17.45% of the PM2.5 respectively. Having considered the emissions reduction effect of SO2 and NOx only, the average sulfate, nitrate, and PM2.5 concentrations in all cities in 2015 will be reduced by 6.25%, 6.04%, and 2.23% respectively from the levels of 2010. However, the annual mean PM2.5 concentration will still exceed the national standard in 77.18% of the cities in China in 2015. These percentages would be as high as 99.70% based on U.S. national standards and 100% based on the World Health Organization's guideline value.

The particle stability model was developed in order to explain the basic theory of coagulation. The electrostatic force, Borne repulsive force and the London-van der Waals force were calculated in the model, which illustrated that the net force on two similar particles is dominated by repulsion with the decreased distance. The coagulation model was built based on particle destabilization. Raw water turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), pH and alkalinity are parameters in the coagulation model. The predicted coagulant dosages were reasonable compared with other coagulation model by calculating the coagulant demand for the same raw water.

To develop a new pattern of air pollution control that is based on the integration of "concentration control, total amount control, and quality control", and in the context of developing national (2011-2015 air pollution control plan for key areas) and (Environmental protection plan of Zibo municipality for the "12th Five-Year Plan" period), a simulation of atmospheric dispersion of air pollutants in Zibo City and its peripheral areas is carried out by employing CALPUFF model, and the atmospheric environmental capacity of SO2, NO(x) and PM10 is estimated based on the results of model simulation and using multi-objective linear programming optimization. The results indicates that the air pollution in Zibo City is significantly related to the pollution sources outside of Zibo City, which contributes to the annual average concentration of SO2, NO2 and PM10 in Zibo City by 26.34%, 21.23%, and 14.58% respectively. There is a notable interaction between districts and counties of Zibo municipality, in which the contribution of SO2, NO(x) and PM10 emissions in surrounding counties and districts to the annual average concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 in downtown area are 35.96%, 43.17%, and 17.69% respectively. There is a great variation in spatial sensitivity of air pollutant emission, and the environmental impact of unit pollutant emissions from Zhoucun, Huantai, Zhangdian and Zichuan is greater than that released from other districts/counties. To meet the requirement of (Ambient air quality standard) (GB 3095-2012), the environmental capacities of SO2, NO(x) and PM10 of Zibo City are only 8.03 x 10(4) t, 19.16 x 10(4) t and 3.21 x 10(4) t, respectively. Therefore, it is imperative to implement regional air pollution joint control in Shandong peninsula in order to ensure the achievement of air quality standard in Zibo City.

With the rapid development of economy,the conflict between human being and environment is increasingly stand out.How to balance the economic development and environment protection so as to achieve the sustainable development of human society has received more and more attention.In this paper,Dashahe town of Xuzhou City was taken as example to exploring the model of ecological town construction.The evaluation index system of environment and economy coordinated development was established,base on which,the coordination degree of Dashahe town was calculated.Results showed that the environmental benefits index of Dashahe town in 2010 was 1.584,the overall economic index was 1.182 and the environment-economic coordination degree was 0.88,indicated that the Dashahe town was in a good coordiation degree.Finally,on the basis of evaluation results,the ecological town building mode of Dashahe town was analyzed.

以Fe0为反应介质,以三氯乙烯(TCE)为目标污染物,采用批试验方法,研究了投加量、粒径及酸洗预处理对Fe0去除水中三氯乙稀的影响.结果表明:在试验范围内,Fe0投加量越大,Fe0对TCE的去除效果越好,反应速率越快；减小Fe0粒径,有利于Fe0对TCE的还原脱氯；酸洗预处理可以明显提高Fe0对TCE的去除效果.

The physicochemical properties of fly ash from two kinds of coal-fired power plants were studied. Three aspects were examined: the micro-morphology, the mineral composition and the content of heavy metals. The results show that the fly ash from plants using a circulating fluidized bed are more irregular particles, while the particles from the plants using a pulverized coal-fired boiler are mainly spherical in shape. Quartz and mullite are the main crystalline phases in the ash. Clearly, both the technology and the coal used by a power plant can influence the mineral composition of the ash. The mineral composition of fly ash from a circulating fluidized bed is more complex than that from a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The quantity of elements found in the fly ash is greater than that found in the bottom ash for the same plant. Heavy metals are likely to be enriched in the fly ash. Heavy metal leachability was studied using two leaching methods. The results indicate that most of the heavy metals that leached during either batch leaching or column leaching experiments did not exceed the related maximum concentration standards. But Ni concentrations in the leachates from both batch and column tests exceed the standard. The highest excess rates in both tests were 572% and 497%, which levels might threaten the environment.

<正>云龙湖(117°07'E～117°10'E,34°13'N～34°15'N)位于徐州市南郊,属浅水城市湖泊,是江苏省著名省级保护区之一。湖区水域面积为6.76 km2,陆地面积为6.3 km2,最大水深5.1 m,平均水深2.5 m。为了掌握云龙湖的污染情况,在云龙湖距岸20 m处沿湖周分东、西两区共设置了20个采样点,东、西区各有10个采样点,编号1～20,分别

The impacts of the initial concentration of trichloroethylene(TCE) and the existence of perchloroethlyene(PCE) on TCE removal by zero valent iron and the reaction kinetics for TCE removal were investigated by batch and column experiments.The results indicate that:(1) TCE can be effectively degraded by zero valent iron and the reaction conforms to the pseudo first order reaction.The apparent reaction rate constant decreases with the increase of the concentration of TCE.(2) Under iron-sufficient conditions,the initial TCE concentration does not significantly alter the degradation rate of TCE and the TCE removal exceeds 90%.(3) The TCE's dechlorination is inhibited by PCE.The TCE removal rate significantly is decreased by the co-existence of PCE and the maximum removal rate is 64.2%.Moreover,the apparent reaction rate obviously decreases and the half-life of the reaction increases from 6.8~9.7 hr by TCE alone to 66~346.5 hr.

16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in the surface sediment of Luoma Lake are quantitatively determined by high performance liquid chromatography.Different source contributions of PAHs in surface sediments of Luoma Lake are also calculated by principal factor analysis and multiple linear regression.The result shows that the cumulative contribution rate of coal,straw combustion and traffic emission is completely 99.7%.

The nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the water and sediment with and without macrophytes in Luoma Lake were analyzed.The results indicate that the concentrations of TN and TP in water without macrophytes are higher than that with macrophytes.TN in the surface layer of sediment with macrophytes changes significantly with time,while without macrophytes is opposite.The change of TP with and without macrophytes with time does not have significant difference.TN is basically higher with macrophytes than that without macrophytes,while TP is lower.Alkaline phosphatase activity in the surface layer of sediment changes between 58.41～315.07 mg/(kg·h),and is lower with macrophytes than that without macrophytes.Plant macrophytes in lakes can indeed reduce pollution,and achieve the purpose of purifying water quality.