IntroductionA smooth transition to primary school is positively related to children’s later school experience. Certain parental school-readiness beliefs and parenting styles, among other factors, contribute to the smoothness of this transition.MethodsTherefore, this study adopted a latent profile analysis to examine the patterns of Chinese parents’ school-readiness beliefs and their parenting styles and investigated socioeconomic status (SES) differentials in both. Two-stage probability sampling method is adopted in this study and a total of 1,204 Chinese parents of 5- to 6 years-old children were investigated with school-readiness beliefs scale, Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, as well as scale of attitudes regarding roles in school readiness All data analyses were processed in Mplus 8.6.Results and discussionThree profiles were identified: (1) supportive parenting with a very strong emphasis on school readiness; (2) partially supportive parenting with a reflection of school readiness; (3) weakly supportive parenting with no emphasis on school readiness. Higher SES was found to be more likely to be associated with membership in Profile 1 rather than Profile 2. The present study shows quantitative support for Anette Lareau’s work and has implications for the development of more targeted parental intervention programs.

Previous studies have elucidated the positive effect of the quantity and onset age of shared book reading on children's language development. Few studies have addressed the profiles of parental involvement in terms of different key aspects of shared book reading. This study adopted a latent profile analysis to examine the patterns of parental involvement in shared book reading and associated factors; 980 Chinese parents of kindergarten children were investigated. Three profiles were identified: (1) late start and infrequent reading; (2) early start and frequent reading; (3) medium start and intensive reading. Higher socioeconomic status, more literacy resources, and older age of the children were all found to be more likely to be associated with identification with Profile 2 than Profile 1. Implications for more targeted parental intervention programmes to broaden access to home literacy resources are highlighted.

Shared book reading is a well-established practice for boosting children's language exposure and enhancing early development at home and in child care settings. The present study examined the socioeconomic gaps in home-based and kindergarten-based shared book reading practices in China. The participants were 1095 parents and 111 teachers in 69 classes from kindergartens in Chongqing, China. Differences in terms of the quantity of both home-based and kindergarten-based shared book reading across SES spectrums were tested. Multi-level modelling was conducted to examine the factors associated with the quantity of home-based and kindergarten-based shared book reading. The results revealed that the socioeconomic gap in home-based shared book reading and the resultant language exposure were significant. Family SES and home literacy resources were associated with the quantity of home-based shared book reading and the availability of literacy resources in the classroom is associated with the quantity of kindergarten-based shared book reading. Kindergartens did not mitigate the socioeconomic inequities of language exposure related to shared book reading. Intervention programs shall focus on improving access to both home-based and kindergarten-based literacy materials.

Motivation and self-concept count among the educationally most relevant factors and the evaluation of many educational interventions requires their valid measurement. The present large-scale nationally representative study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a shortened version of the Students’ Approaches to Learning questionnaire measuring ten distinct motivational and self-concept constructs. The study drew a nationally representative sample (final N = 6,209) from a population of 11 – 12-year-old Czech students. The assessment of construct validity indicated that (1) the structural relations between the constructs, (2) the specific predictive relations to achievement and grades, as well as (3) the distinct differences in constructs’ latent means between genders and students of the academic and mainstream track were mostly consistent with theory-derived predictions. The data showed that the nomological network of the measure maps relatively well onto the observed relations. Although not intended for individual assessment, the measure allows for psychometrically sound group inferences in relatively diverse student populations.

This chapter describes the utilization of a longitudinal extension of the international large-scale assessments (ILSA) TIMSS (Trends In International Mathematics And Science Study) & PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) in the Czech Republic carried out within the Czech Longitudinal Study in Education (CLoSE) with the aim of studying the transition from primary school to the long academic track (called "multi-year gymnasium"). The Czech educational system is characterized by high differentiation, with one of its most controversial elements being a long academic track, which some children transition to after the fifth grade. The process of transition and added value of tracking are therefore important topics for the Czech educational policy. As part of the CLoSE study, the students participating in TIMSS & PIRLS 2011 as fourth-graders were approached again at the end of the fifth grade with a questionnaire exploring their motivation for transition to the long academic track. In grade 6 the TIMSS & PIRLS sample was supplemented by a sample of multiyear gymnasia. Tests in mathematics, reading, Czech grammar, and learning to learn and students' questionnaires were administered to the students at the beginning of grade 6 and at the end of grade 9. The chapter provides a description of the CLoSE study and its sampling and the instruments used and presents an analysis of the factors affecting a successful transition to the long academic track and an analysis of the effects of tracks on gains in student achievement. The first analysis was carried out on the data from 3679 students who participated in TIMSS 2011 and a questionnaire survey in grade 5 and employed binary logistic regression. The second analysis was carried out on a data set obtained from 5229 students participating in data collections in grades 6 and 9 and employed regression models used on parallel samples created with the propensity score matching (PSM) technique. The results of the first analysis show that the strongest predictor of entering the long academic track is school marks, while the education of parents remains significant even after accounting for school marks and test results. In the second analysis, when prior achievement and student characteristics are accounted for, the long academic track does not show added value in terms of achievement gains in any subject. The chapter closes with a discussion of the benefits and pitfalls of extending the ILSA studies with national follow-up research, and with a discussion of how the results of the CLoSE study may be used in the wider international context.

Because negative findings have less chance of getting published, available studies tend to be a biased sample. This leads to an inflation of effect size estimates to an unknown degree. To see how meta-analyses in education account for publication bias, we surveyed all meta-analyses published in the last five years in the Review of Educational Research and Educational Research Review. The results show that meta-analyses usually neglect publication bias adjustment. In the minority of meta-analyses adjusting for bias, mostly non-principled adjustment methods were used, and only rarely were the conclusions based on corrected estimates, rendering the adjustment inconsequential. It is argued that appropriate state-of-the-art adjustment (e.g., selection models) should be attempted by default, yet one needs to take into account the uncertainty inherent in any meta-analytic inference under bias. We conclude by providing practical recommendations on dealing with publication bias.

Based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the responses of 9,810 parents, this paper examines the perceptions of home education during the COVID-19 lockdown from the parents' point of view The aim of the empirical survey was to answer questions about what barriers parents identify to home education from shutdown primary schools, what solutions they would welcome, and what the relationship between family and school during the situation of education at home is The analyzed data come from a survey called Home Education that was conducted in April 2020 with the support of Czech Television The results of the survey show that there was a fundamental difference between parents of primary and secondary students as they perceived different barriers and also named different solutions to the situation The significance of the results lies in the fact that they not only point out the barriers to cooperation between the family and the school but also suggest possible solutions to the problems brought about by unexpected situations © 2020 Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts All rights reserved

In many countries, out-of-school tutoring in academic subjects has become a widespread phenomenon that affects high proportions of students. Scholarly literature has considered various determinants of participation in such tutoring, but school quality has as yet been rather neglected. The aim of the study is to explore the relationship between the quality of school instruction and perceived learning environments on the one hand, and participation in additional instruction in science on the other. Using the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 dataset, we analysed data on five post-socialist countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia). By employing two-level logistic regression models, we estimated the probabilities of taking additional instruction in science in and outside of the school building. Different aspects of learning environments as perceived by students have a somewhat indirect influence, which is mediated through the students' individual performance in science. Except in Bulgaria, school overall achievement is not related to taking additional tutoring.

Schools have been closed in many countries due to the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, but education continues online. Little is known about how parents cope with educating their children in this unprecedented situation. Here, we present the results of a rapid survey examining the experience of Czech parents of children in Grades 1-9 (Age ~ 6-15; N = 9,810) with respect to education at home during the COVID-19 lockdown. This survey was distributed widely, but only online and parents participated voluntarily. Mainly families with an internet connection and interested in their children’s education (i.e., the majority of families with school-aged children in the Czech Republic) took part in the survey. The results show that these families tend to cope well with the current educational situation and view the overall schoolwork transferred to homes as useful. Most children spend 2-4 hours a day studying, while parents help them at least half the time. Parents mostly explain task instructions, check the work their children have done, and teach new topics. To a lesser extent, they help their children solve tasks. Teachers appear to assign tasks more often than they provide feedback and/or interact with children. Some parents face difficulties, but those are generally not severe. These include, most notably, a lack of time, issues with technologies, and inadequate teaching skills and content knowledge. Altogether, this work maps the current educational situation in a large segment of Czech families and highlights possible pitfalls to be avoided: in the Czech Republic and beyond.

Článek na základě kvantitativní a kvalitativní analýz y odpovědí 9810 rodičů zkoumá vnímání vzdělávání v domácím prostředí z pohledu rodičů v době uzavřených základních škol z důvodu pandemie COVID-19. Cílem empirického šetření bylo odpovědět na otázky, jaké bariéry ve vzdělávání doma v době uzavřených základních škol rodiče identifikují, jaká řešení by uvítali, ale také jaký je vztah mezi rodinou a školou v situaci vzdělávání doma. Analyzovaná data pocházejí z výzkumu Vzdělávání doma, který byl uskutečněn v dubnu 2020 za podpory České televize. Výsledky výzkumu ukazují, že existuje zásadní rozdíl mezi rodiči prvostupňových a druhostupňových žáků, kteří jednak vnímají odlišné bariéry a jednak jmenují jiná řešení nastalé situace. Význam výsledků tkví v tom, že nejenom upozorňují na bariéry ve spolupráci mezi rodinou a školou, ale naznačují i možná řešení problémů, které přinesla neočekávaná situace.

Abstrakt: Cílem článku je přispět k výzkumu vzdělanostních nerovností v Českém vzdělávacím systému analýzou vzdělanostních aspirací žáků v závěru povinného vzdělávání a faktorů podmiňujících jejich úspěšnost při přechodu do maturitního studia. Po ukončení 9. ročníku základní školy žáci volí mezi třemi typy vzdělávacích programů s velmi odlišnými kurikuly: gymnáziem, středním odborným vzděláním s maturitou a středním odborným vzděláním bez maturity. Rozhodnutí o volbě programu je záležitostí rodiny, škola do něj zpravidla vstupuje minimálně. Článek si klade za cíl zjistit, do jaké míry jsou aspirace na maturitní studium a úspěšnost při přechodu do maturitního studia ovlivněny vědomostmi žáků, jejich školním prospěchem a socioekonomickým statusem. Dále zjišťuje, do jaké míry jsou aspirace na maturitní studium podmíněny pocitem akademického zmaru a vztahem ke škole. Kanalýzám byla využita data získaná v roce 2003 v rámci výzkumu PISA-L od 5182 žáků 9. ročníku a data získaná v rámci výzkumu CLoSE (Czech Longitudinal Study of Education) v roce 2016 od 4489 žáků 9. ročníků. Logistická regrese ukázala, že rodinné zázemí je významným prediktorem jak aspirací na maturitní studium, tak úspěšnosti při vstupu do maturitního studia i při zohlednění studijních výsledků žáků. To znamená, že žáci pocházející z rodin s nižším socioekonomickým statusem jsou znevýhodněni v přístupu k maturitnímu studiu, i když mají stejný prospěch a stejné vědomosti jako jejich vrstevníci pocházející z rodin s vyšším socioekonomickým statusem. Ukázala rovněž, že aspirace na studium nematuritního oboru nejsou podmíněny negativními vztahy ke škole ani pocity akademického zmaru.

Educational effectiveness research shows that teacher beliefs influence how teachers interact with students and thus affect not only the quality of their instruction but also students' learning outcomes. A teacher's interpersonal relationship styles, supportiveness, and mindset with regard to all students' abilities to succeed were found to be predictive not only of students' academic achievement, but also of non-cognitive outcomes such as engagement in school, learning motivation, or positive social development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between three non-cognitive outcomes of Czech lower secondary students in grade 9, perseverance, self-efficacy, and educational aspirations, and the attitudes of their teachers that are operationalized as academic optimism. The data set used for the analysis presented in this paper contained data from 4798 grade 9 students and 1469 teachers from 124 basic schools and 39 grammar schools that was collected in the Czech Longitudinal Study in Education in 2016. Two-level structural equation modelling is used to test the hypothesis that students' non-cognitive outcomes are related to the academic optimism of their teachers. Academic optimism was directly related to both students' self-efficacy and class composition according to socio-economic status. These are very important findings with respect to tracking practices in the Czech education system since they exhibit not only early tracking but also a strong differentiation within individual tracks according to socio-economic status.

mimo národní akademie.A NRC následně zřizuje rady a komise, které mají hledat odpovědi na otázky federální vlády nebo jiných orgánů.Federální vláda je hlavním zákazníkem.Například zrovna teď vedu Výbor

National assessment system in the Czech Republic has been widely discussed since 1990s, particularly, the national students' assessment at the end of lower-secondary education, and new model of upper-secondary leaving examination (maturita). Neither testing in the 9th grade nor the new model of maturita, have been launched up to now. They attracted high media attention and became a political battleground. Results of the public opinion poll are presented in this study. National assessment is perceived the same way by general public and by parents. The population is divided into two halves (for and against) in the case of favouring whole-population testing at the end of lower-secondary education, and more than two-thirds of the general public is in favour of new model of maturita.

Český vzdělávací systém se vyznačuje časnou a vysokou diferenciací a v mezinárodním srovnání rovněž vysokými vzdělanostními nerovnostmi. Nejčastěji diskutovaným prvkem diferenciace jsou osmiletá gymnázia, na která odcházejí žáci po 5. ročníku povinného vzdělávání. Stať se zabývá otázkou, jaké faktory ovlivňují aspirace žáků 5. ročníků ke studiu na víceletém gymnáziu a jaké faktory ovlivňují, zda jsou žáci ke studiu přijati. K analýzám jsou využita data získaná v rámci mezinárodního výzkumu TIMSS a PIRLS realizovaného v roce 2011 a data získaná v rámci návazného šetření žáků 5. ročníků provedeného na stejném výběrovém souboru v rámci projektu CLoSE. K odpovědím na výzkumné otázky je využita binární logistická regrese a deskriptivní údaje získané v rámci šetření 5. ročníků. Analýzy ukazují, že i když na přijetí žáků ke studiu mají největší vliv jejich schopnosti, uplatňuje se značný vliv rodiny na aspirace i na úspěch v přijímacím řízení. Czech education system exhibits early tracking and educational inequalities that are higher that those in most developed countries. The most controversial element of the system discussed in this context is multi-year grammar schools that are attended by students after the completion of primary school. The paper seeks answer to the question what factors influence student aspirations to study at multi-year grammar school and what factors are crucial for success at entrance examinations. Analyses are carried out on data from the international comparative study TIMSS and PIRLS that was carried out in 2011 and on data collected in a survey of 5-graders implemented on the same sample in 2012 within the Czech Longitudinal Study of Education (CLoSE). The questions are answered by binary logistic regression and by descriptive analyses of the data gained in the CLoSE project. The analyses show that though the most important factor influencing the success in entrance examinations is student performance, student home background has also a very important impact on both aspirations and the success at entrance procedures.

! is study deals with various relations between nowadays great social transformation towards knowledge society (information, learning society etc.) and its implications for the curriculum and curricular policy. ! e theoretical analysis brings together sociological and pedagogical perspectives and is mainly concerned with macro-level. Particular stress is put on the problem of new sources of social inequalities and equity

Educational effectiveness research has provided evidence about the importance of teacher beliefs and attitudes for teaching and learning. This study builds on the concept of academic optimism, which combines 3 aspects of a teacher's professional creed: self-efficacy, trust, and academic emphasis. The study explores the functioning of the collective and individual measures of academic optimism in the Czech environment and studies its impact on students' outcomes. The analyses are based on pilot data from 39 schools, 325 teachers, and 1,316 Grade 9 students and on the data from the Czech Longitudinal Study in Education (CLoSE), covering 163 schools, 1,469 teachers, and 4,798 students. The individual measure was selected for further studies based on 2-level confirmatory factor analysis. Two-level structural equation modelling showed a significant impact of a school's academic optimism on students' achievement even after controlling for prior achievement and socioeconomic status at both the student and the school level.