Background: Exploring the potential of BOLA3-DT as a diagnostic biomarker in prostate cancer. Methods: Expression of the lncRNA BOLA3-DT was analyzed between normal and tumor samples in the GDC TCGA PRAD (Genomic Data Commons: The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma Collection) dataset. Disease progression-related clinicopathological parameters such as serum PSA level (ng/ml) and Gleason score were associated with the expression of BOLA3-DT using the same GDC TCGA PRAD dataset. To validate these findings, the expression of BOLA3-DT was checked in our sample set of 15 PCa (prostate cancer) and 15 BPH (benign hypertrophy of the prostate) patients. Results: In the GDC TCGA PRAD dataset, the expression of the lncRNA BOLA3-DT was significantly downregulated in prostate cancer tissue samples ( n = 492) compared to adjacent normal ( n = 52; p < 0.0001), and, there was a significant negative correlation between the expression of the lncRNA BOLA3-DT and the serum PSA level ( p < 0.01). However, no significant association was found between the lncRNA BOLA3-DT expression and the Gleason score ( p > 0.05). In this study, it was found that BOLA3-DT was downregulated in PCa tissue samples compared to BPH samples ( p > 0.05). In the GDC TCGA PRAD dataset, it was revealed that BOLA3-DT could serve as an excellent diagnostic marker with a sensitivity of 86.9% and a specificity of 84.6% (AUC-0.916). Conclusion: LncRNA BOLA3-DT, a novel long non-coding RNA, was found to be downregulated in prostate cancer. The expression of the lncRNA BOLA3-DT can serve as a diagnostic marker in prostate cancer.

Introduction: In the field of urology, cystoscopy is one of the most common operations. A rigid cystoscope was used for each cystoscopy in this investigation. Given its dual function as a lubricant and local anesthetic, topical lignocaine gel is the most often utilized agent. However, there is currently no established protocol that evaluates the patient’s tolerance to lignocaine gel alone or in conjunction with tramadol throughout the treatment. Materials and methods: It was a prospective comparative observational study with 200 male participants, conducted at the department of urology, a tertiary care hospital. Male patients who came for rigid cystoscopy were divided into 2 groups. In Group A ( n = 100) 10 ml 2% lignocaine gel and in group B ( n = 100) 1 ml tramadol (50 mg) solution added to +10 ml 2% lignocaine gel and it was instilled transurethrally 10 min before the procedure respectively in both groups at room temperature. The patient’s tolerance during the procedure was assessed using Visual Analog Score (VAS) score. Results: In Group A and Group B there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age ( p = 0.393). There was a significant difference in terms of VAS score ( p = < 0.001), with the median Score being lower in the Lignocaine gel + tramadol group and higher when lignocaine gel + tramadol used among patients with Diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: The instillation of lignocaine gel in conjunction with tramadol in urethra could decrease pain perception during the procedure except in people with diabetes mellitus, hence make men undergoing rigid cystoscopy more comfortable during the procedure there by increase diagnostic and therapeutic outcome.

Objectives: Vesicovaginal fistulas (VVF) have detrimental psychosomatic effects on women. Many publications exist on various approaches to VVF repair. Most of the surgeons are trained in open repair of VVF. Laparoscopic VVF repair is gaining popularity. The purpose of this study is to report our experience in the repair of vesicovaginal fistulas (VVF) by open and laparoscopic techniques and compare outcomes. Material and methods: A retrospective study was conducted with the data of the patients who underwent VVF repair from 2017 to 2022. Out of the 60 VVF patients, 27 were managed laparoscopically (group 1) and 33 by open repair (group 2). Data on the etiology, size, number, location, mean operative time, need for blood transfusion, and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results: The mean operative time (hours) in the laparoscopic group (group 1) was (5.01 ±1.06), and in the open group (group 2), it was (3.09 ± 1.03; p<0.01). The mean hospital stay (days) in group 1 was 6.67 ± 1.14, and in group 2, it was 9.30 ± 2.09 (p<0.001). Two patients needed blood transfusions in group 1 and three patients in group 2 (p<0.015). Postoperative complications were more commonly seen in the open-repair group (p<0.034). Recurrence of fistula was seen in two patients in group 1 and four patients in group 2 (p<0.545) in six-month postoperative follow-up data. Conclusion: Laparoscopic VVF repair is a feasible option for primary as well as recurrent VVF. It is associated with less postoperative morbidity and complications. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2024; Vol. 39(1): 24-29

INTRODUCTION:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is considered to be the gold standard management for renal calculi. The purpose of this study is to comprehend the overall alterations in renal volume occurring after PCNL. The changes in the kidney's total volume in individual patients will be examined by ultrasonography pre and postoperatively, and it will be correlated with GFR.MATERIALS AND METHODS:It was a prospective observational study performed over 70 participants, conducted at the department of Urology of a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Each patients were evaluated with pre and post PCNL USG for kidney volume and GFR. The data was statistically evaluated by SPSS software.RESULTS:The preoperative and post operative calculated mean GFR was 96.030 ± 18.922 ml and 86.681 ± 16.938 ml,volume was 127.258 ± 25.705 and 123,678 ± 26.357 respectively . There was statistically significant decrease in GFR and volume following PCNL. It also shows that patients who underwent single puncture PCNL had significantly less decrease in GFR and kidney volume compared to multiple puncture PCNL. Moreover, the calculated mean change in GFR and volume were significantly less seen in single puncture-one step dilatation and single puncture-serial dilatation as compared to multiple puncture-one step dilatation and multiple puncture-serial dilatation.CONCLUSION:Our study showed that there was significant changes in the renal volume and GFR following PCNL . So, a sonographic estimation of renal dimensions and GFR calculation after PCNL will help in the prognosis and further follow up of patients. A Single puncture had a better operative outcome and less adverse consequences with respect to GFR, volume change and for renal function as compared to multiple puncture.

Introduction: Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) is the most common treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Blood loss during and after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a potential cause of morbidity and clot retention. Usual practise is to apply traction in every case of TURP to reduce early postoperative hematuria and clot retention. There are very few studies in the literature and they have mainly concentrated on the effect of traction on reducing blood loss but there is scanty data regarding the morbidity associated with the use of traction. Various authors have described their method of traction application. So, in this study, we will compare the result of short term (10 min) traction with standard (4-6 h) traction.Materials and methods: It is a prospective comparative study with 50 participants, conducted at the department of Urology of a tertiary care hospital in eastern India after taking ethical clearance and consent from the patient. The patients attending urology O.P.D. with LUTS and diagnosed as BPH and planned for elective TURP and who had prolonged traction after TURP were excluded. Study period was one and the half year.Results: Post operatively 25 patients were managed with catheter traction while 25 patients were managed with short term traction of 10 min. Pain which is assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) at 2 and 4 h post operatively is statistically significant with p value of <0.05 and cut off of 65 g prostate volume is drawn below which the successful outcome of short term traction is feasible without any complications.Conclusion: If hemostatsis is done properly then short term traction is preferable, safe and had fewer complications for prostate volume <65 g in comparison to standard traction TURP comparing the overall factors. Although, VAS score at 2 and 4 h post operatively shows patient experienced less pain even in prostate volume >65 g.

Introduction: This study was done to review and compare safety, effectiveness and advantages of total tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), tubeless PCNL with standard PCNL.Methodology: This prospective comparative study involving 30 patients in each total tubeless PCNL, tubeless PCNL and standard PCNL group from Feb 2021 to June 2022.Result: Significant difference was found in mean duration of surgery (p < 0.01), mean hospital stay (p < 0.01), mean VAS post op score (p < 0.01), mean time to return to normal activity (p < 0.01) in total and tubeless PCNL group as compared with standard PCNL. While no significant difference found in mean haemoglobin drop (p = 0.1417), blood transfusion (p = 3721), incidence of urine leak (p = 0.13), need of accessory secondary procedure (p = 0.1322) and associated complications (p = 0.5939) among three groups.Conclusion: Study observed that total tubeless, tubeless PCNL is a safe and efficient technique. It is significantly associated with the advantages of shorter hospital stay, shorter time to return to normal activity, lower postoperative pain scores. Total tubeless PCNL obviates need of second procedure of removing DJ stent. Standard, tubeless and total tubeless PCNL have similar post op complication rate. Study thus concludes that total tubeless, tubeless PCNL can be used as a substitute for traditional standard PCNL.

Background: Lymphorrhea is a minor complication after kidney transplantation but may develop into a lymphocele and prolong hospital stay. Treatment is conservative based on percutaneous drainage until lymphatic leakage cessation. It has been reported that povidone iodine instillation and octreotide has beneficial effects to treat lymphorrhea after renal transplantation. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the povidone iodine instillation and octreotide treatment in lymphorrea after kidney transplantation. To evaluate the efficacy of povidone iodine and octreotide injection in comparison to control group for the treatment of lymphorrhea in renal transplant patient. Materials and Methods: It was comparative analytical study included 60 recipients of both cadaveric and live kidney allografts with posttransplant lymphorrhea including 20 treated with instillation of betadine solution, 20 with octreotide (0.1 mg three times a day subcutaneously), and 20 was control group (no betadine and octreotide was used). We reviewed the daily amount of fluid collection, duration of lymphorrhea, complications, lymphocele formation, rejection episodes, graft outcomes, and hospital stay. Results: The average duration of lymphorrhea was (8.85 ± 0.88) and (11.6 ± 0.94) and (16.15 ± 0.81) days for the betadine groups, the octreotide groups and control groups respectively. (P < 0.05) . No lymphoceles occurred among the betadine group, while three lymphoceles were found among patients treated with octreotide and five lymphocele were found among control groups. No differences were observed for wound infection, graft dysfunction episodes or renal function and death between the groups. No octreotide and povidone related adverse events were noted. Conclusion: The mean length of lymphorrhea was lower with povidone iodine instillation as compared to octreotide treatment. There was a shorter hospital stay and minor patient discomfort in betadine groups. In conclusion, lymphatic leakage after kidney transplantation may be successfully managed by betadine instillation as compared to octreotide and control groups.

INTRODUCTION:PCNL (percutaneous nephrolithotripsy) is considered the gold standard treatment for renal stone more than 2 cm. In today's scenario, supine PCNL is considered equally effective as prone PCNL. The ideal position for supine PCNL is still debatable. We hereby describe our initial experiences of supine PCNL in a novel position.METHODS AND MATERIALS:This prospective study includes 60 patients who underwent supine PCNL in the 'Calcutta position' in our institute from August 2021 to August 2022. Successful procedure was defined as a complete stone free rate or a clinically insignificant residual stone (<4 mm).RESULTS:Average Operative room (OR) occupancy time was 130.9 ± 19.63 min. The immediate stone free rate was 84.2%, 71.4% and 37.5% for single, multiple and staghorn calculus respectively. Complications include fever, requirement of blood transfusions and renal colic. The average hospital stay was 83.6 ± 17.42 h. Eight patients (13.3%) required secondary procedures like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) or relook PCNL. At 3 months average stone free rates were 92%, 85%, 75% for single, multiple and staghorn calculus respectively. We performed supine PCNL in Calcutta position in obese, kyphoscoliosis, poliomyelitis, autosomal polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), malrotated kidney and diverticular stone with comparable success.CONCLUSION:Supine PCNL in Calcutta position is a safe and effective option for nephrolithiasis management. Apart from the inherent advantages of supine PCNL it also has the advantages of better C-Arm and nephroscope manoeuvrability. Supine PCNL in Calcutta position was performed in a variety of scenarios with comparable results.

INTRODUCTION:One of the most fatal urological malignancies is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), yet little is known about its pathophysiology or prognosis. This study is aimed at obtaining some novel biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic meaning and may find out potential therapeutic targets for ccRCC.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Using three publically accessible ccRCC gene expression profiles acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, differentially expressed genes (DEG) were discovered and function enrichment analyses were carried out. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were conducted by using the DAVID tool and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and visualized by Cytoscape. Then we identified 10 hub genes using the cytohubba plugin of Cytoscape based on degree score. The mRNA and protein expression of hub genes was analyzed by GEPIA and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. Then, prognosis analysis of hub genes was conducted using GEPIA 3.0 which consists of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).RESULTS:We discovered 293 DEG which is highly enriched in several biological processes connected to immune-regulation and pathways linked to tumors, including HIF-1, PI3K-AKT, and metabolic pathways. In particular, C1QA, C1QB, FCER1G, and TYROBP were related to advanced clinical stage, high pathological grade, and poor survival in patients with ccRCC.CONCLUSIONS:Further molecular biological studies are required to confirm the role of the putative biomarkers in human ccRCC. Our work highlighted the hub genes and pathways involved in the progression of ccRCC.

ABSTRACT:Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignancy and even rarer in infancy. Most of these tumors in the pediatric age group are hormonally active and predominantly present with virilization. We report a case of a 1-year-3-month-old female child presenting with virilization. She presented with hypertension, hypertrichosis, clitoromegaly (virilization), and elevation of plasma testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. A discussion of this case and a review of the literature on this entity are presented.

Introduction: Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for 2%–3% of all adult malignant neoplasms with a male-to-female predominance of 1.9 to 1 with typical presentation between 55 and 75 years. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase–protein kinase B/Akt (PI3KPKB/Akt) pathway is a main pathway in control of cell growth. mTOR pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of RCC. Material and methods: Its a prospective observational study. Tissue samples were collected and processed and DNA isolation and sequencing was done to see for any association and expression. Results and analysis: Polymorphism analysis of the sequence of three genes MTOR, AKT1, and PIK3CA done and found an intronic variant of the MTOR gene (rs3737611) and AKT1 gene (rs2498797) to be significantly associated with clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma tumor samples. Discussion: This study will help to understand the pathogenesis better and the information can be used to develop new drugs and personalized treatment strategies that are tailored to an individual’s genetic makeup. The study identify individuals who are at heightened risk for developing renal cancer and could benefit from targeted screening or preventative measures. Some sample size and definite geographical sample pool remains the main limitation of the study which may not be externally validate the study results.

Purpose: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction (ED) commonly coexist in aging men. Tamsulosin and tadalafil are widely used for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and ED, respectively. A combination of these 2 drugs might be useful to design new management strategies, as treatment of LUTS might affect ED. Furthermore, the effect of tadalafil alone or in combination with tamsulosin on LUTS has not been widely studied, especially in our country. We conducted a study to compare the effects of tamsulosin, tadalafil, and a combination of tamsulosin and tadalafil in patients with LUTS with or without ED. Materials and methods: In this observational study, 81 men with LUTS due to BPH were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups of 27 patients each. Group A received tamsulosin 0.4 mg/d alone, group B tadalafil 5 mg/d alone, and group C combination therapy (tamsulosin and tadalafil both). All patients were evaluated for the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), the International Index of Erectile Function 5 score, the maximum urinary flow rate, and postvoid residual urine volume. Results: IPSS improvement was seen in all groups (-50.90%, P < 0.05; -28.57%, P < 0.05; and -54.83%, P < 0.05, respectively). An improvement in International Index of Erectile Function 5 was also seen in all 3 groups (+39.28%, P < 0.05; +45.9%, P < 0.05; and +55.4%, P < 0.05, respectively). Maximum urinary flow rate and postvoid residual also showed improvement in all 3 groups (33.9%, P < 0.05; 29.92%, P < 0.05; and 39.71%, P < 0.05 and -60.60%, P < 0.05; -48.51%, P < 0.05; and -62.18%, P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion:In patients with LUTS due to BPH, tadalafil and tamsulosin, either alone or in combination, significantly reduce LUTS. In addition, these drugs significantly enhance erectile function in males with LUTS, whether taken alone or in combination. We found no statistically significant improvement in either the IPSS or the ED scores when comparing the combination group to the tamsulosin-alone and the tadalafil-alone groups.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease now. Diabetes and hypertension are the main cause. Renal transplant is a gold standard treatment. Posttransplant stricture is also common, and changing trends in management are emerging. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective observational study in a tertiary care hospital in East India. The study duration was from January 2019 to December 2021. In total, 140 patients were studied, including both live and cadaveric transplants. A patient who developed posttransplant hydronephrosis or presented with acute kidney injury was evaluated with ultrasonography, intravenous urography, contrast-enhanced computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Management was done with double J (DJ) stenting, percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) insertion, or surgical intervention. Results and Analysis: Twelve (8.6%) patients out of 140 developed posttransplant ureteric stricture. Five (41.7%) out of 12 patients were managed with long dura DJ stenting, and five (41.7%) were managed with PCN insertion and serial follow-up. Only two (16.7%) required ureteric reimplantation. Discussion: Posttransplant ureteric stricture is a common complication following renal transplantation. Common causes are increased cold ischemia time, ureteral edema, clots, tumors, calculi, lymphocele, abscess, and hematoma. Other causes include kinking of the ureter and previously unrecognized pelviureteric junction obstruction. In the literature, the incidence of posttransplant ureteric stricture ranges from 2% to 10% in one study; and in another study, it is 1% to 9%. In our study, it is 8.6%. Conclusion: Diagnosis of the posttransplant ureteric stricture should be prompt, and management should be given as early as possible for better graft survival.

Objectives: Compare the surgical outcomes, safety, stone free rate, hospital stay, and complication of prone and supine PCNL in case of complex renal stone. Materials and methods: This is an observational study conducted in our institute, it consist of 120 patients over the period of 2 years from July 2021 to June 2023, all the patients were divided into two groups: 60 patients underwent modified supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and remaining 60 patients underwent standard prone PCNL. The measured data included operative time, number of punctures, blood loss, stone-free rate, length of hospital stays, and rate of complications. Results: The two groups were comparable in mean age, male to female ratio, number of punctures, number of tract, size of tract, residual calculi in follow up period, blood transfusion, re-do surgery, chest complication, hospital stay, and postoperative fever and pain. The mean operating time was 1.59 h in supine PCNL and 2.49 h in prone PCNL. The p value was significant ( p = 0.001). Conclusions: By this study we observed that the supine PCNL is associated with statistically significant reduced operating time as compared to conventional prone PCNL with advantages of not putting the patient in prone position. The postoperative complications such as pain and fever were not significant when compared in both groups. We conclude our study and found that, the supine PCNL is an equally effective in treating complex renal stone as compared to prone PCNL.

Urinary bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most frequent malignancies and the ninth most common malignancy worldwide. The objective of this study is to assess the role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) in predicting the invasiveness of urinary bladder space occupying lesions. Thirty-five patients diagnosed with bladder masses underwent an mp-MRI study. The results of three image sets were analysed and compared with the histopathological results as a reference standard: T2-weighted image (T2WI) plus dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE), T2WI plus diffusion-weighted images (DWI), and mp-MRI, including T2WI plus DWI and DCE. The diagnostic accuracy of mp-MRI was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We discovered a highly significant correlation between muscle invasiveness as staged by HPE (Histopathological examination) and mp-MRI utilising a VI-RADS score >3 (p 0.001) with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 85.7%. With a diagnostic accuracy of 77.14%, a sensitivity of 92.31%, a specificity of 72.72%, a positive predictive value of 66.67%, and a negative predictive value of 94.11%, In terms of muscle invasiveness, there is good concordance between HPE staging and mp-MRI utilising the VI-RADS score. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were higher in low grades than in high grades. The ROC curve study revealed a very strong correlation between HPE grade and ADC (p = 0.045). In 77.14% of patients, Mp-MRI correctly identified the local T stage. Mp-MRI is imaging biomarker for invasiveness and grade of tumour. The tumours with high grade are more invasive. However, the diagnostic accuracy of mp-MRI in determining muscle invasiveness is not very high and it overstages the disease in some cases (33.3%). Its clinical usefulness in determining muscle invasiveness before TURBT and histopathological examination can be questioned.

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a GPCR family member. CaSR is abundantly expressed in the parathyroid gland and controls calcium homeostasis. There are no particular discoveries involving CaSR expression in hypertensive peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We investigated lower CaSR expression in hypertensive human and animal models. Nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in vascular function. Impaired NO production disrupts CaSR-mediated fine adjustment of the intra- and extracellular [Ca2+] gradients. According to the law Ca2+ transportation through Ca channels maintains its connection from the circulatory micro-vascular bed to interstitial space, influenced by capillary and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure, as well as oncotic pressure. In that situation, the alterations in Ca2+ microenvironment and dynamics remain unknown. CaSR on circulatory mononuclear cells may detect changes in the Ca2+ microenvironment in the ISF of endothelial cells-VSMC and endothelium lining in hypertension. In this experiment, the decreased expression of CaSR revealed a molecular sensor in the presence of elevated blood pressure.### Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.

Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the first line treatment for treating kidney stones larger than 2 cm size with the advantages of lower morbidity and faster post-operative recovery. Creation of a nephrostomy access is one of the major steps of PCNL. It can be done either by single-step dilatation or by multi-step serial dilatation technique. Objectives: To compare the outcome and evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy done by single-step versus serial dilatation technique with specific reference to access time, fluoroscopy time, rate of blood transfusion, length of hospital stay (post-op) and complication rate. Methods: It was a prospective study with a sample size of 100 where 50 patients underwent one-step dilatation and other 50 patients underwent serial-dilatation technique. These patients were analysed on the basis of their demographic profile, renal access time, total fluoroscopy time for access, post-operative haematuria, duration of post-operative hospital stay and complications after operative procedure. Data was analysed and reported using statistical tools. Results: Demographic profile of the patients and stone characteristics were equivalent between two groups. Mean access tract dilatation time, mean total fluoroscopy time were significantly less in one of the groups. Requirement of blood transfusion, and post-operative complications rate were not significant between two groups. Conclusion: Both methods are safe and effective for tract dilatation. However, PCNL can be successfully performed by one-step dilatation with the added advantages of lesser time of renal access, lesser radiation exposure. Blood loss and hospital stay after operative procedure were not statistically significant between two groups.

Schwannoma is a very rare tumor and mostly benign in nature. it may be associated with neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). This variant involves the head and neck most commonly, and rarely involves the penis. The patient was 32 years old and presented to us with a 2 cm × 2 cm lesion at the right lateral aspect of the penis just proximal to the glans from the past 2 years. He was evaluated with ultrasound and MRI and mistaken for hemangioma. In view of hemangioma, one session of intalesional 3% sodium tetradecylsulphate was infiltrated. There was no decrease in size on follow-up. Excision of the lesion was planned, and histopathology and immunohistochemistry were suggestive of plexiform schwannoma. The postoperative period was uneventful with normal voiding and erection on follow-up. Plexiform schwannoma is rare in the genital region. This is highly vascular so can be mistaken for hemangioma. Excision is the method of treatment and along with histopathological evaluation is the main stay of diagnosis. The patient should be followed for recurrence.

The role of epigenetic alteration in prostate cancer pathogenesis was reported. We aimed to analyze dysregulation of DNA methylase (DNA methyl transferase/DNMT) and demethylase (ten eleven translocase/TET) and the associated interplay between them during prostate tumorigenesis. Promoter methylation and RNA/protein expression of selected DNMT and TETs were analysed in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa). Genomic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) level was detected and correlated with DNMT and TET proteins. Clinicopathological association of molecular data was done. Our data revealed a very low frequency of promoter methylation for DNMT1 (5-3% and high frequency for TET1 (22-38%), TET2 (68-90 %), and TET3 (43-32 %) in BPH and PCa. The promoter methylation of DNMT1 (p = 0.019) showed a significantly decreasing trend, while that of TET1 (p = 0.0005) and TET2 (p < 0.0001) showed an increasing trend from normal prostate to BPH to PCa, indicating their epigenetic dysregulation during prostate tumorigenesis. RNA/protein overexpression of DNMT1 and reduced expression of TET1 and TET2 in PCa compared to BPH were associated with the promoter methylation status of genes. The 5hmC level was significantly lower in PCa than in BPH and correlated negatively with DNMT1 but positively with TET1 and TET2 proteins, suggesting dysregulation of DNA methylase and de-methylase activities during prostate tumorigenesis. Lastly, tumors having methylated TET1 and TET2 promoters showed advanced clinicopathological features (a higher PSA level/Gleason score) and increased risk of bone metastasis. In conclusion, DNMT1 upregulation and epigenetic silencing of TET1 and TET2 was seen during PCa development. TET1 and TET2 promoter methylation has prognostic importance.

Background: Prostate cancer development and progression to androgen-independent disease is correlated with increased expression of growth factors and receptors capable of establishing autocrine and/or paracrine growth-stimulatory loops. Overexpression of the Her2/neu receptor tyrosine kinase has been associated with the progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer cells. Objective: Our primary aim was to investigate the frequency of HER2/neu amplification in prostate biopsy specimens in newly diagnosed metastatic carcinoma prostate and its correlation to progression of androgen independent carcinoma. Materials and Methods: In our study, expression of HER2/neu was carried out by immunohistochemical analysis in TRUS biopsy specimen of newly diagnosed metastatic carcinoma prostate. Results: Out of 36 patients, seven (19.4%) showed her2neu overexpression on immunohistochemical staining. Five out of seven (71%) were associated with higher histological grade >7 at diagnosis (p < 0.05). Her2neu overexpression was not significantly associated with age and serum PSA at diagnosis. However progression to castration resistant stage was not dependant on Her2/neu status (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Overexpression of her2/neu was associated with high grade carcinoma prostate at diagnosis, however progression to castration resistant stage was not related with her2neu expression.