Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) adversely affects offspring neurobehavioral outcomes, yet evidence regarding continuous markers of maternal glucose metabolism remains limited. Although polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to affect associations between glucose metabolism and respiratory outcomes, their effects on children's emotional and behavioral problems remain unclear. This study investigated the association between maternal glucose metabolism and emotional and behavioral problems in children and the potential modifying effect of maternal erythrocyte PUFAs. Methods: This prospective birth cohort included 481 mother-child pairs. Maternal glucose metabolism during pregnancy was assessed using GDM diagnosis via a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 1 h and 2 h OGTT glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Maternal erythrocyte PUFAs were quantified by gas chromatography. Children's emotional and behavioral problems at age 5 years were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Generalized linear models were used to evaluate associations, including multiplicative interaction terms between glucose metabolism indicators and PUFAs. Results: Maternal FPG (OR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.08-2.47), OGTT-1h glucose (OR = 1.84; 95%CI: 1.08-3.12), and HOMA-IR (OR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.01-2.27) were each positively associated with an increased risk of abnormal total difficulties scores in children. Maternal insulin levels were positively associated with abnormal total difficulties scores in girls (p for interaction < 0.05). Higher maternal n-3 PUFA levels and lower n-6 PUFA levels attenuated the risk of glucose metabolism-related emotional and behavioral problems in children. Conclusion: Maternal glucose metabolism was associated with increased risk of emotional and behavioral problems in children. PUFA biomarkers could modify glucose-related emotional and behavioral outcomes in children.

The United Nations Organization (UNO) has proposed achieving specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including poverty, hunger, health, education, equality, climate change, and the need for sustainable development, while protecting the planet Earth from environmental degradation. The expert group of the International College of Nutrition aims to emphasize the merits of sustainable diets and traditional plant based foods for the primordial prevention of cardio-metabolic Diseases (CMDs) and other chronic diseases in this review, to achieve these goals. A narrative review was conducted to identify articles related to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, diabetes, and cancer, using databases from the World Health Organization (WHO), Google Scholar, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and EBSCO, along with additional secondary sources and a search of grey literature. Opinions of experts were also sought, and views of all authors were obtained as outlined in this document. It seems that education, in particular health education and motivation, apart from cultural factors, are crucial for achieving total health, and the SDGs of the UNO. The prevalence of unhealthy behaviours and risk factors for most of the CMDs and other chronic diseases is rapidly increasing in low- and middle-income countries, due to the ongoing economic development, leading to rapid changes in diet and lifestyle. There is some decline in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in high-income countries due to education and learning of preventive strategies, resulting in a reduction in mortality due to these diseases. However, CMDs and cancer remain the significant causes of morbidity and mortality. During and after World War II, food scarcity persisted from 1940 to 1965 in most countries, accompanied by a low risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. The rapid increase in industrialization and urbanization has been linked to environmental degradation on planet Earth, a decline in fertile, healthy soil, and sustainable, functional farming practices, resulting in a decrease in the production of nutritious foods. These alterations in food availability are associated with an increased production of unhealthy, energy rich foods and Western-type dietary patterns, which in turn increased the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The health of the planet and its people is at risk. There is a deterioration in the global standard of natural systems that support life on Earth, which is exacerbating energy, food, and water insecurity, and increasing the risk of disease, disaster, displacement, and conflict. Recent advice about the safe corridor on the planet can enhance research on planetary boundaries and Earth-system aspects of the SDGs. It appears that poverty, lack of education, and inadequate health education and motivation, possibly due to ineffective policies by national and local governments, are significant determinants of the increased risk of these diseases. In urban areas of lower and middle-income countries, as well as in immigrant populations in high-income countries, CMDs and other chronic diseases are significantly higher than they are in some of the high-income populations. Improvements in soil and the promotion of functional farming, along with an emphasis on the food industry, are urgently needed to support plant-based, low-animal food traditional food diets. Traditional foods are feasible and affordable in every country. The use of high-protein substitutes for animal-derived foods, such as soybean products such as tofu and tempe, millets, beans, lentils, peas (400 g/day), green vegetables, fruits, and nuts (400 g/day), as well as vegetable oils, low-fat dairy products, and culinary spices, with low meat (sea-foods) may be beneficial in promoting health and preventing NCDs. Health education and promotion of healthier lifestyles and behaviours during the preconception period, in utero life, and the postnatal development and infancy stages may lead to healthy eating patterns, contributing to primordial prevention of NCDs. A wild-type omega-6/3 diet rich in flavonoids, folate, and other nutrients, along with other interventions may mitigate epigenetic risk variations at the individual level across all subgroups, from the preconception period to the elderly stages. These findings may necessitate revisions to the existing guidelines proposed for sustainable functional farming and sustainable plant based diets. Eating 400 g/day of vegetable, fruits, and nuts and another 400 g/day of whole grains, with spices (20-50 g/day) and meat as condiment (50 g/day), along with 30-50 g/day of vegetable oils, can prevent CMDs and other chronic diseases, and promote health to serve the SDGs of the UNO. Cohort studies and randomized trial in each country may be necessary to confirm the role of our advice in the prevention of diseases.

Abstract The n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in nerve development and cognitive function. However, the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/arachidonic acid (ARA) and linolenic acid (ALA)/linoleic acid (LOA) supplementation on cognitive function in mice have not been fully clarified. The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanism of different proportions of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on cognitive function and hippocampus-related protein expression in mice, and to provide theoretical support for improving brain development and cognitive function in mice. After mice were given different proportions of ALA/LOA and DHA/ARA, the learning and memory abilities of mice were evaluated by Y-maze, open field and Morris water maze, and brain samples were collected to detect the morphology of hippocampal neurons and the expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins. The results of Golgi Staining showed that the density of dendritic spines in ALA/LOA=1:1 and DHA/ARA=1:1 groups was significantly higher than that in the control group, which affected the synaptic structure of mouse neurons. DHA/ARA=1:4 and 1:1 groups up-regulated the expression of BDNF, TrkB, CREB and synaptic plasticity related proteins (PSD95, Syn, Snap) in hippocampus, increased the number of normal neurons in CA1 and CA3 areas of hippocampus, and significantly improved the cognition of mice. This study confirmed that DHA/ARA ratio of 1:4 and 1:1 can activate BDNF-TrkB-CREB signal axis, significantly enhance the learning ability of mice, and improve spatial memory (manifested by the increase of crossing times of Morris water maze platform) and working memory (manifested by the increase of the autonomous alternation rate of Y-maze), while the ratio of 4:1 will lead to metabolic disorder. It provides an important theoretical basis for optimizing the ratio of dietary fatty acids to promote cognitive function.

Plant-based diets (PBDs) are dietary patterns primarily consisting of plant-derived foods, with restrictions or absence of animal products, and have received widespread attention due to their potential benefits for human health. Numerous epidemiological studies and clinical trials have shown that well-planned PBDs, including vegetarian and vegan diets, are associated with a reduced risk of major non-communicable diseases. Specifically, strong associations have been established between PBDs and lower incidence of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and certain cancers. These protective effects are attributed to the synergistic action of beneficial nutrients and phytochemicals abundant in plant foods, such as dietary fiber, unsaturated fats, magnesium, antioxidants and polyphenols, while simultaneously reducing intake of saturated fats and pro-inflammatory compounds commonly found in animal products. However, a key scientific consideration is nutritional adequacy; careful planning is required to avoid deficiencies in certain nutrients, particularly vitamin B12 and omega-3 fatty acids, which have low bioavailability or are absent in plant foods. In summary, the scientific literature strongly supports well-planned, nutritionally adequate PBDs as an effective strategy for promoting overall health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term effects and optimize dietary patterns for different populations.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers diabetic patients develop cardiomyopathy characterized by cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Currently, no research has explored the role of ten-eleven translocation (TET)-mediated active DNA demethylation in the development of DCM. Through case-control study, we found that the level of 5-hydroxymethylcystein in peripheral blood DNA of DCM patients was significantly lower than it in the healthy subjects and diabetic patients. Secondly, we had conducted an animal study to explore the effect of thinned young apple polyphenol (TYAP) on DNA demethylation in streptococci-induced diabetic mice. TYAP effectively prevented the ventricular dysfunction and cardiomycyte disarray via alleviating DNA epigenetic modifications metabolic disorders in diabetic mice heart. TYAP increased the stability of TET2 protein via activating phosphorylate AMPK and enhanced the activity of TETs enzymes via improving tricarboxylic acid cycle, then promoted TET-mediated active DNA demethylation. TYAP prevented the occurrence of DCM by promoting TET2-mediated active DNA demethylation in the heart of diabetic mice.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Whole grains are rich in nutrients and have multiple health benefits, playing an important role in the diet. This study aims to investigate the acute effects of different whole grain pancakes on cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy subjects. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN:Twenty eligible healthy sub-jects (aged 19-24 years) were recruited, with baseline measurements including fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Then, the subjects were randomly allocated into four groups: the steamed bun (SB) group (control group), maize pancake (MP) group, buckwheat pancake (BP) group, and oat pancake (OP) group, with a serving size of 100g. Blood samples were collected at 0h, 0.5h, 1h, 2h, and 3h, respectively. After a one-week washout period, the volunteers consumed another type of pancake in a crossover manner until each volunteer had tried all four foods. Serum cardiometabolic risk factors were analyzed using standard methods. RESULTS:No significant differences in serum glucose, insulin, CRP, TG, and HDL-C concentrations were observed among the control group and three whole grain pancake groups. However, compared with the control group, the concentrations of serum TC and LDL-C in the oat pancake group were significantly reduced (p <0.05), which may be attributed to the presence of β-glucan and higher dietary fiber in oat pancakes. CONCLUSIONS:This study provides important dietary guidance for both pancake consumers and individuals with cardiometabolic risk factors.

In order to characterize the potential odor-active compounds in different infant formula, the study was carried out by aroma sensory evaluation, Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry-Mass Spectrometry combined with Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Odor Activity Value (OAV). Multivariate analysis classified the 20 infant formula brands into five clusters, with hexanal, 1-octen-3-one, and (Z)-2-heptenal identified as the potential odor-active compounds distinguishing the brands. AEDA further revealed that aroma-active compounds such as 1-octen-3-one, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal had flavor dilution (FD) factors of up to 256, demonstrating their important contribution to the aroma. Quantitative analysis revealed that a total of 38 volatile compounds were detected. The aldehydes contained 20 kinds, which were the most abundant substances among all the volatile compounds. Among 20 aldehydes, the content of 3-furaldehyde, hexanal, and heptanal was significantly higher than other components. Based on OAV calculation, 27 compounds were preliminarily screened as potential odor-active candidates, such as 1-octen-3-one, 1-penten-3-one, and 1-octen-3-ol. The 1-octen-3-one had the highest OAV among the 20 different brands. It is worth noting that there was an enormous gap between different brands of infant formula in terms of saturated aldehyde content. These findings will provide insights for subsequent in-depth research on the flavor of infant formula.

In an era where dietary choices are increasingly linked to long-term health outcomes and global wellness trends, The Science of Plant-Based Diets in Human Health emerges as a timely, meticulously researched, and structurally comprehensive guide that demystifies the complex relationship between plant-centric eating and human well-being. Comprising 17 thoughtfully organized chapters, this book moves beyond popular dietary fads to ground its analysis in peer-reviewed scientific research, clinical evidence, and nutritional biochemistry, making it an indispensable resource for nutritionists, healthcare professionals, researchers, and informed general readers seeking evidence-based insights into plant-based eating. Unlike many mainstream plant-based diet books that prioritize advocacy over science, this book strikes a rare balance between academic depth and accessible storytelling, systematically unpacking every facet of plant-based nutrition from foundational definitions to real-world health applications.

Background/Objectives: Nutritional therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of chronic metabolic diseases. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a low-purine, energy-restricted, and balanced diet (LPEB diet) in ameliorating gout conditions and improving related metabolic risk factors. Methods: A total of 90 patients with gout were randomly allocated to either the intervention group or the control group, with 45 cases in each group. Patients in the control group received routine basic nutritional health education. Based on the conventional education, the intervention group underwent a 42-day structured dietary intervention characterized by low purine intake, energy restriction, and balanced nutritional composition. Results: Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed a significant reduction in serum uric acid (sUA) level by 112.4 μmol/L (p = 0.007). Meanwhile, the fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) showed a significantly greater increase of 0.87% in the intervention group compared with the control group (p = 0.003), while daily purine intake was significantly reduced by 262 mg (p = 0.001) in the intervention group. Moreover, notable improvements in body composition were observed in the intervention group. Specifically, body mass index (BMI) decreased by 0.50 kg/m2 (p < 0.001) and visceral fat area (VFA) was reduced by 12.1 cm2 (p < 0.001), with significant intergroup differences confirmed for both indicators. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that an LPEB diet not only effectively reduces sUA levels by enhancing FEUA but also significantly ameliorates central adiposity and related metabolic risk factors in patients with gout.

Hypercholesteremia results in cognitive decline,while higher intakes of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)can ameliorate mild cognitive impairment(MCI).However,whether individual n-3 PUFA,notably docosahexaenoic acid(DHA,C22:6n-3)and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA,C20:5n-3)have different efficiency to ameliorate MCI remain ambiguous.This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism why DHA had superior functions to ameliorate MCI.Here,a case-control study with 1:2 case-to-control ratio was implemented.It showed that serum ceramide concentrations were significantly higher in MCI patients compared with healthy controls,and were negatively associated with DHA composition in erythrocyte phospholipids.The MCI model was established with male C57BL/6J wild-type mice fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet(HFD),and administration of DHA led to ameliorated cognitive behavior abnormalities and neuronal apoptosis.The improvement of MCI phenotype was further recapitulated in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout(LDLR-/-)mice treated with DHA.Mechanistically,DHA could remodel composition of phospholipid membranes,leading to reduced endocannabinoid ligands and inhibited cannabinoid receptor 1(CB1).The restrained endocannabinoid system was bound up with inhibited ceramide-induced apoptosis of neurons.This work reveals a novel mechanism,namely CB1-ceramide axis,through which DHA exhibits an alleviation in HFD-induced MCI.

Background. Research indicates that omega-3 fatty acids, resveratrol, astaxanthin, and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) possess anti-inflammatory properties, and their vascular benefits have been well-documented. This is a pilot study aimed at comprehensively evaluating the potential impact of the compound fish oil capsules on the microcirculation of multiple organs. Methods. In a triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 64 hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to either the compound fish oil (FO) group or the corn oil (CO) group (n = 32 per group) for a 3-week intervention. Participants were required to consume 2 capsules of the corresponding oil daily. The microcirculation functions of the heart, skin, and brain were examined by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively. Data were primarily analyzed according to an intention-to-treat approach. Findings. In the left anterior descending artery (LAD), the end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and peak diastolic velocity (PDV) significantly increased in the FO group. The mean differences in change were 1.95 (0.13, 3.77; p = 0.036) and 2.95 (0.48, 5.41; p = 0.020), respectively. The resistance index (RI) showed a decreasing trend in the FO group, but the result was non-significant (p = 0.071). No significant differences were observed in blood pressure, brain and skin microcirculation parameters among the different groups. Interpretation. Compound fish oil capsules did not significantly improve RH. But compound fish oil capsules improved EDV and PDV levels in the LAD of hypertensive patients.

Background and ObjectivesNutrition- and inflammation-related indicators have been shown the prognostic value in cancer patients; however, few studies focus on gastric cancer (GC) patients who underwent prophylactic intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy (p-HIPEC) following radical gastrectomy. This study is aimed at developing and validating a prognostic nutritional scoring system (PNSS) integrating systemic inflammatory markers and body composition parameters specifically for these patients.Methods and ResultsBody composition was assessed via computed tomography, and systemic inflammatory markers were recorded preoperatively. A total of 267 patients with GC who received p-HIPEC were included, and the incidences of sarcopenia, myosteatosis, and sarcopenic obesity were 32.6%, 27.3%, and 18.7%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis identified that platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is a significant risk factor for sarcopenia and myosteatosis. The PNSS was constructed using PLR, systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), skeletal muscle index (SMI), and sarcopenia-myosteatosis risk (SMR) score which further integrates skeletal muscle attenuation (MA). This model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy for overall survival (OS) compared to the classic TNM model (C-index: 0.76 vs. 0.71 for 3-year OS in the primary cohort and 0.68 vs. 0.64 for 5-year OS in the validation cohort).ConclusionsThe PNSS, incorporating both body composition and systemic inflammatory markers, provides robust prognostic value for predicting OS in GC patients undergoing curative resection with p-HIPEC.

Accumulating evidence has shown that n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intervention contributes to ameliorating metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD); however, the underlying mechanism through which n - 3 PUFA alleviate MAFLD remains elusive. Critical gut microbiota-modified metabolites and host targets have been implicated in the initiation and development of MAFLD. Here, a case-control study was performed which indicated that gut microbiota-modified bile acids, notably serum hydeoxycholic acid (HDCA) species, were significantly lower in MAFLD subjects compared with the healthy controls and were negatively associated with n - 3 PUFA proportions in red blood phospholipids, suggesting a link between n - 3 PUFA, HDCA and MAFLD. The causality was further confirmed by a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial which showed that n - 3 PUFA supplementation significantly increased serum HDCA concentrations in MAFLD subjects in comparison with the control group. The MAFLD mouse model showed that administration of n - 3 PUFA mediated hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha signaling to upregulate oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1)-centered alternative bile acids synthetic pathway, contributing to increased HDCA concentrations. Administering HDCA to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice demonstrated that HDCA acts as an intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist that decreased intestinal and hepatic ceramide accumulation, thereby ameliorating the MAFLD phenotype. Administration of C16:0-ceramide to HDCA-treated mice reversed the metabolic benefits of HDCA to alleviate hepatic steatosis. Altogether, this work revealed that n - 3 PUFA facilitated HDCA synthesis through alternative bile acids synthetic pathway, which mediates the FXR-ceramide axis, providing a novel insight to ameliorate MAFLD.

Background/Objectives: To date, few studies have investigated the therapeutic effects of soy versus whey protein supplementation on obesity and insulin resistance (IR), yielding inconsistent findings. The aim of the present study was to compare the therapeutic efficacy of soy versus whey protein on obesity and IR and to elucidate their potential molecular mechanisms. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups and fed either a normal diet (n = 8) or a high-fat diet (HFD, n = 32) for 16 weeks to induce obesity. After 16 weeks, HFD-induced obese mice were further randomized into three groups: HFD control, HFD + 20% whey protein isolate (WPI), and HFD + 20% soy protein isolate (SPI) for 6 weeks (n = 8). Results: Body weight, weight gain, body mass index, and Lee index showed no significant differences between the WPI and SPI groups. Compared with the WPI group, serum concentrations of insulin and leptin and the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) were significantly lower, and thymus wet weight, fetal total cholesterol level, and serum glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide concentration were significantly higher in the SPI group. Compared with the WPI group, the protein levels of GLUT4 and p-PI3K/PI3K were significantly higher in the SPI group. Metabolomics analysis showed that hepatic phosphocholine levels were significantly higher in the SPI group than in the WPI group. Moreover, hepatic differentially abundant metabolites of SPI- and WPI-fed mice were primarily enriched in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. Conclusions: Soy protein was more effective than whey protein in ameliorating IR in HFD-induced obese mice, probably by modulating the PI3K-GLUT4 pathway and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Moreover, soy protein and whey protein showed comparable anti-obesity efficacy.

Cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) signaling plays an important part in maintenance of energy homeostasis, and CB1 blockers have shown promise in the treatment of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Coffee peel contains abundant phytochemicals and possesses hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study aimed to elucidate the preventive effect of coffee peel polyphenols (CPPs) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from the perspective of CB1 signaling. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet and CPPs (200/400 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Serum biochemical indexes and liver pathological analysis were used to evaluate the effect of CPPs on NAFLD. Untargeted/targeted lipidomics analyses were used to evaluate the levels of endocannabinoid ligands and ceramides in serum and liver. The expression levels of proteins were detected by using Western blotting analysis. Administration of CPPs significantly improved hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and biomarkers of liver function. Meanwhile, CPPs administration indicated reductions in endocannabinoid ligands, including anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels, associated with blockade of CB1 overexpression. Blockage of CB1 signaling depleted hepatic C16:0- and C18:0-ceramide concentrations by enhancing ceramide metabolism. The reductions in hepatic ceramide concentrations contributed to down-regulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and up-regulating proliferator activated receptor alpha, leading to decrease de novo lipogenesis and increase fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver, respectively. This study demonstrated a novel mechanism that CPPs could ameliorate NAFLD through modulating CB1-ceramide axis.

Background:Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a prevalent autoimmune disorder and a leading cause of hypothyroidism, with an increasing incidence worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary nutrients intake may influence the development and progression of HT. Methods:Data from the 2009-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed to examine associations between dietary nutrient intake and HT risk among 2,732 participants. Nutrient intakes were categorized into quartiles, with the lowest quartile (Q1) serving as the reference. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models were applied to assess associations, and restricted cubic splines models were used to evaluate potential nonlinear relationships. To validate the NHANES findings and reduce potential biases arising from dietary assessment inaccuracies and racial differences, a case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids and HT risk using logistic regression models. Results:No significant correlations were found between HT risk and the intake of carbohydrates, sugars, fiber, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, magnesium, or zinc (p > 0.05). In contrast, higher total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) intake were significantly associated with lower HT risk (p < 0.05), although no nonlinear relationships were observed. Subgroup analysis revealed that α-linolenic acid intake was significantly lower in females than in males, potentially contributing to their greater susceptibility to HT. In the validation study, higher erythrocyte membrane levels of total n-3 PUFAs (OR = 0.616, 95% CI: 0.443-0.992, p = 0.041), C18:3 n-3 (OR = 0.627, 95% CI: 0.558-0.874, p = 0.037) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3; OR = 0.736, 95% CI: 0.581-0.975, p = 0.042) were significantly associated with a low prevalence of HT. Conclusion:The findings suggest that insufficient n-3 PUFAs intake may be a potential risk factor of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clinical trials are warranted to evaluate whether n-3 PUFA supplementation could help prevent or mitigate thyroid autoimmunity.

Hyperuricemia, a metabolic disorder caused by excessive uric acid accumulation, is a major risk factor for gout and related kidney damage. Current pharmacological treatments often have side effects, emphasizing the need for safer alternatives. This study investigated the preventive and therapeutic potential of apple polyphenols (AP) in hyperuricemia management, as well as the underlying mechanisms. A cross-sectional analysis of 15,121 Chinese undergraduates revealed that apple consumption was inversely associated with hyperuricemia risk (OR = 0.86; 95 % CI: 0.73-0.99; P = 0.028). A hyperuricemia mouse model was established by potassium oxonate and adenine for 21 days, and AP treatment significantly reduced serum uric acid levels by inhibiting both the activity and expression of xanthine oxidase, and by downregulating renal uric acid transporters URAT1 and GLUT9. Histopathological analysis indicated that AP alleviated kidney and liver damage caused by hyperuricemia. These findings highlight the dual regulatory effect of AP on uric acid synthesis and excretion, providing new insights into its potential as a natural dietary intervention for hyperuricemia management.

Human history began with the understanding of food, including what can be eaten, what cannot be eaten, and what is beneficial for health. This is the earliest and simplest form of food nutrition for humans. The history of nutrition, from ancient dietary habits to modern nutritional science as we know it today, is a fascinating journey spanning thousands of years. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the development history of human nutrition.