Milk production and intake in many countries in the African continent is very essential in the daily lives of communities. Dairy is not only at the center of community welfare from North to Southern portions of Africa, but it remains a vital component of economic viability in terms of employment and income generation and nutritional intake in many countries. Yet, over the last several years, milk production among nations continues to be besieged by multiplicity of challenges that are both regional, global, and local in nature and somewhat compounded by current policy in the continent regarding marketing access to foreign producers and limited intake below the required thresholds in the globe. Being a continent with the lowest median age in the world with many very young citizens, one would assume that in the context of food security, public enlightenment campaigns over regular milk and dairy intake should be the norm, but that has not always been the case. At the same time, the problem seems compounded by the current pace at which many European Union nations are turning the African continent into a dumping ground of imported milk. This anomaly impacts the capacity of local producers in meeting the rising demands among consumers. Given the current policy lapses in Africa and the ability of EU producers and other nations to exploit it in the face of limited production capacity, and regional disparities in the continent in which the North and Southern zone outpace the other areas. Very little has been done in the literature using mix scale techniques of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and descriptive statistics to capture this issue spatially. While this enquiry will fill that void in research, this paper assesses milk production trends in the continent of Africa. The study emphasizes the issues, trends, factors, and future lines of action. Accordingly, the results under the mix scale model shows rising output, and changes in production, gains and declines, regional disparities, limited usage of milk and gradual dispersion of production indices across space. In as much as the changing trends emanate from a host of socio-economic and physical and environmental factors located within the larger agricultural structure. The paper proffered five solutions ranging from education on milk intake among the public, efficient policy, monetary assistance to local producers, closure of dumping loopholes, periodic monitoring, and the design of regional and continental dairy management information system.

Cassava, as a staple in Nigeria, is not only commonly found and cultivated across many agro-ecological zones. But it serves a variety of purposes as essential raw material for industries and export commodity. Even at that, and with cassava’s external origins as a root crop introduced into the tropics. The physical conditions in Nigeria’s Lower South axis have for years provided essential bio-geoclimatic parameters like temperature, soil and climate that enabled continual boom in output. For that, cassava crop as basic farm produce, cash earner and calorie source vital to the nation’s menu, ranks high in the popular imagination and economy considering its various derivatives from gari to fufu. In fact, many locals familiar with these derivatives know that cassava as a staple responsible for 80% of the nation’s energy intake remains at the center of daily life in many Lower South communities along the South-South and Southeast zones where the produce features prominently on the daily menu. Said that, the primacy of Nigeria among the largest cassava producers globally is so obvious that her production capacity and land areas exceeds those of her competitors. Accordingly, in the last several years came unprecedented expansion and changes in several core land use indicators. Along these lines, the study area has seen widespread use of agrochemicals, rising prices, mounting threats to the ecosystem, proliferation of diseases and degradation coupled with volatility in farm commodity trade. This paradox is compounded by the underperformance of Nigeria’s cassava industry globally compared to her competitors, knowing full well that much of the output comes from the study area. In the context of all these challenges and recent efforts by government and state agencies to stem the tide and boost efficiency, the study remains an upgrade to the literature. Yet, despite the storied relevance in the political economy of the Southern region, very little exists in the literature on the state of cassava production trends and land use across time, together with a lack of knowledge on dispersion patterns essential for decision-making and elements located within the agricultural structure. Hence, this study will fill that void in research by analyzing the state of cassava land use trends in Nigeria’s Lower South with emphasis on the issues, trends, impacts, factors, efforts, and future lines of action. From the analysis, results point to changes in the form of gains and declines in many cassava land use indicators and threats to the surrounding ecology. Also, GIS mappings pinpointed a gradual diffusion in space where production, land use changes and fertilizer use held firm. With changes attributed to several socio-economic, physical (environmental) factors, the paper proffered solutions ranging from education, monitoring, regular mapping using GIS and the design of regional cassava land resource information system.

Over the last two decades, Mozambique has experienced tremendous tropical cyclonic activities causing many flooding activities accompanied by disastrous human casualties.Studies that integrate remote sensing, elevation data and coupled with demographic analysis in Mozambique are very limited.This study seeks to fill the void by employing satellite data to map inundation caused by Tropical Cyclones in Mozambique.In pursuit of this objective, Sentinel-2 satellite data was obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS)'s Earth Explorer free Online Data Services imagery website covering the months of March 20, 2019, March 25, 2019, and April 16, 2019 for two cities, Maputo and Beira in Mozambique.The images were geometrically corrected to remove, haze, scan lines and speckles, and then referenced to Mozambique ground-based Geographic: Lat/Lon coordinate system and WGS 84 Datum.Data from twelve spectral bands of Sentinel-2 satellite, covering the visible and near infrared sections of the electromagnetic spectrum, were further used in the analysis.In addition, Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) within the study area was computed using the green and near infrared bands to highlight water bodies of Sentinel-2 detectors.To project and model the population of Mozambique and see the impact of cyclones on the country, demographic data covering 1980 to 2017 was obtained from the World Bank website.The Exponential Smoothing (ETS) method was adopted to forecast the population of Mozambique.Results from NDWI analysis showed

The essence of unhindered access to wind energy supply in the daily operations of most sectors of the economy from health to agriculture remains very indisputable. With the lethargic power flow in many African nations coupled with scarcity in supplies and the insecurity coming with limited access. The recourse to alternative energy continues to grow. Accordingly, South Africa has emerged as a new frontier of wind energy given the appeal and availability. Known for its low carbon footprint amidst the minimal exposures to the risks of environmental pollution now that nations are saddled with compliance to global protocols requiring the enforcement of mitigation measures in combatting climate change. The prospects of wind power integration into the large energy policy mix have garnered huge momentum in South Africa. Being the second largest economy in the continent with vast raw materials of untapped wind power in abundance in both inland and coast lines in the proximity of two oceans and desert environments. South Africa is better placed to harness the benefits of wind power to sustain its various sectors. Notwithstanding the primacy of conventional power supply, the potentials for wind energy remains widespread with the surge in new facilities coupled with its projections as the likely source of 14% of electricity by 2030 in the nation. Since this comes with ecological, physical, socio-economic impacts and some benefits, no serious efforts have been made to track the state of wind power potentials with a mix scale model. Accordingly, this study will fill that void by assessing the potentials with emphasis on the issues, trends, factors, efforts, and impacts using descriptive statistics and GIS. The results show strong capacities in wind power loads through the presence of new and existing amenities, and the dominance of the study area as a leader in wind assets in Africa. With GIS mappings pinpointing spatial concentration and the spread of wind power loads across states and provinces due to several indicators from economy to the environment. The paper proffered solutions anchored in regular monitoring, robust investment, the design of additional facilities, effective policy, and the development of a regional wind power information system and public education.

The access to agricultural subsidies optimizes the daily operations of farms in North Texas. Being an essential policy instrument for ensuring the success of government-supported agricultural program objectives among targeted groups. Over the years, the disbursement of federal agricultural assisted programs continues to flourish with the intent of boosting capacity of supposedly needy farms. While much of the aids serve ample uses in sustaining solely farms involved in a few select commodities (cotton, wheat, corn, sorghum, peanuts), together with natural disaster payments and conservation reserve programs. There is little or no consideration for fruits, vegetables, and dairy products essential for healthy living as bigger farms benefit more. Added to that are the rising use of farm nutrients made up of various volumes of pesticides and agrochemicals to boost output despite the rising risks to marshlands and the surrounding ecosystems in North Texas and subsidy induced ground water depletion along the major Aquifer. Notwithstanding the recurrent ecological implications of subsidy disbursement in the agricultural sector, very little study exists on the environmental footprints in the North Texas region under mix-scale orientation using the latest geospatial tools as analytical devices. This research will fill that void by assessing the environmental impacts of agricultural subsidy in the study area with emphasis on the issues, trends, impacts and the underlying factors. Using secondary data processed by mix scale methods of descriptive statistics connected to Geographic information Systems (GIS). The results reveal large subsidy allotment from 1995-2020 for commodities, disaster mitigation and conservation coupled with land use change, loss of farms amidst rising fertilizer use and ecosystem impacts. While GIS mappings show spatial dispersion of the trends over time with visible concentration in the ten counties, the emergent issues stem partly from several socio-economic, ecological, policy and global forces located within the larger agricultural structure. To address these concerns, the paper offered solutions ranging from the need for coherent policy, education, the design of a regional farm subsidy and environmental information system and ecological monitoring.

The impacts of climate change are being felt in Louisiana, in the form of changing weather patterns that have resulted in changes in floods, hurricanes, tornadoes frequencies of occurrence, and magnitudes, among others resulting in, flooding.The variabilities in rainfall in a drainage basin affect water availability and sustainability.This study analyzed the precipitation data of Southeastern Louisiana, United States, for the period 1990 to 2020.Data used in the study was from, Donaldsonville, Galliano, Lafourche, Gonzales, Ascension, Morgan, New Orleans, Audubon, Plaquemine, and Ponchatoula, Tangipahoa, weather stations.These stations were selected because the differences between each of their highest and lowest average annual rainfall data were greater than 20 inches.To investigate climate patterns and trends for the given weather stations in Southeastern Louisiana, precipitation data were analyzed on annual time scales using data collected from the World Bank Group Climate Change Knowledge Portal for Development Practitioners and Policy Makers and the Applied Climate Information System (ACIS) of the National Weather Service Prediction Center.The data were further aggregated using annual average blocks of 4 years, and linear and polynomial regression was performed to establish trends.The highest and lowest average annual rainfall data for Donaldsonville, Galliano, Lafourche, Gonzales, Ascension, Morgan, New Orleans, Audubon, Plaquemine, and Ponchatoula, Tangipahoa, weather stations were, 75 and 48, 71 and 44, 73.5 and 52.7, 75 and 46.4,72 and 41.3, 94 and 55.3, Ponchatoula, and 78.6 and 44, respectively.Plaquemine recorded the highest average annual average rainfall while New Orleans, Audubon station recorded the lowest.The projection of the precipitation in 2030 has been