In this paper, polyurethane nanofibers (PU)/chitosan (CS)/zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO)/Glutathione (GSH) were prepared as wound dressings using the electrospinning method. First, the antibacterial effect of ZnO nanoparticles against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. Second, the ability of the nanofibers to release different amounts of antibiotics and nanoparticles to prevent wound infection was investigated. The morphology of the composite nanofibers was investigated using field emission electron microscopy (FESEM). The chemical structure of the nano-wound dressing was examined using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the FTIR spectroscopy results showed that GSH and ZnO nanoparticles were successfully arranged within the nanofibers. with an increase in the amount of GSH (1,3,5 wt%) at a constant voltage of 0.4 V, the amount of current increased by 1.7, 2.1, and 6.2 mu A, respectively. According to the results of electrochemical analysis, the optimal amount of active ingredient is 5 wt%, but according to the images of FESEM analysis, due to the lack of nanofibers with the corresponding morphology, the amount of active ingredient is reduced to 5 wt% PU/Chi/.

Nanofiber production technology has always been interesting as there are a variety of flexible ways to produce one-dimensional organic, inorganic, and constructed nanomaterials with controllable dimensions. Electrospinning is a simple and affordable method for the production of nanofibers, providing large specific surfaces and highly porous structures with diameters ranging from nanometers to micrometers. This process is based on electrostatic fields and precisely controls the dimensions and morphology of the fibers through parameter optimization and the use of special spinning and collectors. This paper covers Electrospinning processes and parameters in detail and illuminates the factors that influence Electrospinning. It deals with the morphological and structural aspects of Electrospinning fibers used in different applications. Additionally, this paper examines the various polymers and non-polymeric materials used in Electrospinning, and the properties and applications of nanofibers produced by the electrospinning method are investigated. Nanofibers have a variety of applications, including defense industries, tissue engineering, filtration, wearable biosensors, cosmetics, etc. Additionally, we will examine the inclusion of fillers in the Electrospinning to improve properties and functionality using the electrical field. This check ends with signs of knowledge in upper grade Electrospinning production.

Conjugated polymers have recently received special attention due to their applications in flexible electronic devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), polymer solar cells, and organic thin film transistors, as well as their solution processing and cheap price. For this reason, in order to increase and improve the capability of these polymer cells, numerous semiconductor materials have been prepared, but scientists are still pursuing extensive efforts to develop the ideal material in this field. Today, silicon solar cells are one of the most widely used solid state components. A dependable and effective renewable energy source that balances power generation and energy consumption is necessary to meet our present energy demands. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs), and perovskite solar cells are some of the next-generation technologies that are developing as possible sustainable renewable energy sources. Organic semiconductors have drawn interest since the 1950s, when highly conductive organic charge-transfer molecules were discovered. Organic photovoltaic solar cells have important qualities that make them perfect for developing next-generation technologies. These qualities include being abundant, nontoxic, and an affordable nanomaterial that is simple to produce, even in ambient settings. crystalline silicon solar cells remain the most widely deployed photovoltaic technology. Silicon is an indirect-bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.12 eV at 300 K, which enables efficient absorption of the solar spectrum and generation of electron–hole pairs upon illumination. This review also examines recent advances in nanotechnology-enabled commercial solar products, including quantum dot coatings, gallium arsenide thin films, and self-cleaning silicon solar panels. Key challenges—such as material stability, reproducibility of nanomaterial synthesis, and long-term device performance—are discussed, along with future research directions. Overall, this study underscores the pivotal role of nanomaterials in advancing photovoltaic science and provides insights into pathways for achieving scalable, efficient, and economically viable solar energy conversion.

Nanostructures, pioneered by fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, have opened new horizons in various fields of science and technology, the most important of which is the use of nanostructures in biological sciences. Silicon carbide nanostructures are considered heteroatom nanostructures that also exhibit ionic properties to some extent. In this study, density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the effects of the adsorption of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil on silicon carbide nanoparticles using Gaussian software. In order to achieve this goal, molecular models including both types of structures including six different structures of fluorouracil molecules and two types of single structures of silicon carbide nanoparticles were designed using Gaussian View and Hypercom software. Six different types of fluorouracil structures were studied both individually and in binding and interaction with silicon carbide nanoparticles. Then, by examining the values ​​of the optimal properties, it was determined that the binding composition shows different properties compared to the individual states of each molecule. Also, by examining the values ​​of the obtained chemical coverage and Mulliken charge, which indicate the electronic properties of the atoms, changes were observed in the binding state compared to the separate state, which indicates that the fluorouracil atoms have been affected by the nanoparticle. Also, other parameters, including the values of binding energy and dipole moment. HOMO and LUMO, the algebraic difference between the two, which is called the gap energy, were calculated, the results of which can be discussed and interpreted, and finally, the most stable bonding structure between the fluorouracil molecule and the silicon carbide nanoparticle was determined based on the highest bonding energy.

Gold is a multifunctional material that has been utilized in medicinal applications for centuries because it has been recognized for its bacteriostatic, anticorrosive, and antioxidative properties. Modern medicine makes routine, conventional use of gold and has even developed more advanced applications by taking advantage of its ability to be manufactured at the nanoscale and functionalized because of the presence of thiol and amine groups, allowing for the conjugation of various functional groups such as targeted antibodies or drug products. It has been shown that colloidal gold exhibits localized plasmon surface resonance (LPSR), meaning that gold nanoparticles can absorb light at specific wavelengths, resulting in photoacoustic and photothermal properties, making them potentially useful for hyperthermic cancer treatments and medical imaging applications. Modifying gold nanoparticle shape and size can change their LPSR photochemical activities, thereby also altering their photothermal and photoacoustic properties, allowing for the utilization of different wavelengths of light, such as light in the near-infrared spectrum. By manufacturing gold in a nanoscale format, it is possible to passively distribute the material through the body, where it can localize in tumors (which are characterized by leaky blood vessels) and be safely excreted through the urinary system. In this paper, we give a quick review of the structure, applications, recent advancements, and potential future directions for the utilization of gold nanoparticles in cancer therapeutics. HIGHLIGHTS Investigating Gold Nanoparticles in Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Investigating Absorption and Scattering of Surface Plasmon Resonance. Investigating Surface Modification of Materiel and Methods. Investigating Physisorption Based Modification. Investigating Photothermal cancer treatment using spherical gold nanoparticles. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Bioactive phytochemicals derived from plant extracts have drawn considerable interest due to their potential for the creation of novel medications and for the ‘environmentally friendly’ synthesis of ‘nanoparticles.’ In the present study, a variety of techniques, including LC-Mass, NMR, and CHNOS elements, were used to identify quercetin, which was extracted from chopped onion and later utilized as a reducing agent for the “biosynthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles”. The obtained Fe3O4 was characterized by zeta potential (Z-P), field emission scanning electron microscopy, EDs, TEM, and zeta potentials. Air-dried chopped onion (2 kg) was extracted and purified, yielding 24.0 %. The structure of the isolated quercetin was determined using column chromatography, spectroscopic techniques, and elemental analysis. In this study, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared using quercetin extract. The antiviral and antibacterial activities of Quercetin, and Fe3O4 NPs were determined using the well diffusion method against pathogenic microbes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It was observed that the greatest effect against influenza virus and bacterial strains was Quercetin combined with Fe3O4 nanoparticles compared with Quercetin and Fe3O4 NPs alone. Our findings suggest that Fe3O4 NPs, and Quercetin may be used in the future as a synergistic model for more biomedical applications.

Carbon fiber, polypropylene fibers, TiO2 nanoparticles, and SiO2 nanoparticles were added to various RTV-4125 silicone rubber matrix composites in this research. Plain RTV-4125 silicone rubber was also used as a reference. The impacts of thermal stability and viscoelastic characteristics of additives on the silicone rubber were examined using TGA analyses. The degradation rates were found to be connected to the following samples: SR, SR/TiO2, SR/SiO2, SR/PP, and SR/C, in order of performance in TGA analysis, which was carried out within the temperature range of 25 to 700 degrees C. It was via this examination that the samples' maximum degradation temperatures (Tmax1 and Tmax2) and rates were determined. There was also measurement of the storage modulus and loss modulus. The optical and electron microscopy of the samples were studied to evaluate the morphology and structure, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to assess the functional groups and bonds within the structures. The findings show that adding additives to silicone rubber makes it more thermally stable, and that throughout a broad temperature range, the composite samples viscoelastic behavior is temperature independent.

Nowadays, one of the biggest challenges of mankind is to obtain safe drinking water. Due to the limited access to healthy water resources and the development of human societies, the increasing need to purify and clean natural water resources is felt more and more. In this way, various methods have been proposed to remove water pollutants, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this article, the most important pollutants in underground water, surface water and drinking water are introduced in detail, and the harmful effects of each of them on human health and the natural cycle of the earth's ecosystem are investigated. There are increasing worldwide concerns about the negative impacts of healthcare waste generated in hospitals, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Hazardous type of waste can contribute to adverse effects both in human populations and the environment because of its physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. This article is an introduction to the discussion of wastewater treatment, Water Desalination and Hospital wastes.

The increase in global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions over the last century has been related to increased pollution and irreversible damage to important resources. To reduce the global dependence on natural resources and pollution, many scientific efforts have been made to reduce the energy production costs from renewable sources, including efforts to exploit the inherent properties of semiconductors to generate electricity using sunlight. Solar batteries based on the first semiconductor, with efficiencies of >10 %, were produced between 1950 and 1960. Currently, 80–90 % of photovoltaic components worldwide are made from silicon sheets. The use of semiconductors is revolutionizing the optical and electronics industries. Understanding the properties of semiconductors is important for understanding the activity of solar cells and improving their performance and conversion efficiencies. To generate electricity, solar cells must produce electricity and tension. Electricity is produced by motion loads, and tension requires a difference between electronic energy levels. Metal and insulation are free loads, and there is a prohibition between electronic energy levels. However, semiconductors have several advantages over metals. For a highly effective conversion, an effective load must occur, which depends on factors such as the diffusion length of the electrons and holes. The creation and recombination of electrons and their vulnerabilities are of utmost importance in solar cells. This article offers a detailed review of advanced solar sun cell technologies, new materials, loss mechanisms, and efficiency-improvement techniques. Research includes silicon materials (Si) and III-V, punishment lines of lead, durable embryos, organic photovoltaics, and solar cells that are aware of colors. In this context, promising architectural progress with graphene and super materials has been emphasized in the literature. This study also included different types of losses, including interior and external losses, in the single solar cells. Techniques to improve efficiency, such as light management and spectrum use, have been evaluated. Although the effect of solar cells based on Si is delayed by approximately 25 %, the effectiveness of multi-transition solar cells based on III-V semiconductor compounds is improved. However, mixed III–V semiconductors are subject to high material costs. In addition, indium gallium and cadmium telluride solar battery technologies can compete with crystalline solar cells owing to recent progress in cell performance. However, environmental concerns and open tensions regarding the remaining Cd are prevalent. In contrast, perovskite solar cells are highly efficient for both single and multiple arrays. The industrialization of perovskite solar cells requires consideration of device degradation, hysteresis, and film quality.

In this study, we present a rapid hydrothermal synthesis of carbon-incorporated lithium ferric phosphate (LiFePO4/C) and a simple method for fabricating supercapacitors using LiFePO4/C as positrodes materials. The structure of active materials were analyzed by XRD, Raman spectrum and XPS. The morphology of both pure and C-doped LiFePO4 was examined by TEM, while their electrochemical properties were evaluated through CV, CP and EIS. The effect of precursor concentration on the morphology and electrochemical performance was studied in 1 M KOH electrolyte solution. The synthesized electrodes demonstrated excellent charge storage abilities, with for Li0.8Fe0.2PO4/C showing highest specific capacity equal of 220 C/g at scan rate of 1 mV/s. An asymmetric supercapactior cell prepared using LiFePO4/C as the positive electrode achieved a specific capacity of 190 C/g at current density of 1 A/g.

In recent years, the use of nanotubes as drug delivery nanocarriers has been investigated and studied. In this study, C60 fullerene and nine different nanotubes were used as carriers of the drug molecule 8-hydroxyquinoline. First, the structure of the drug molecule HQ-8 and the nanotubes was drawn using Nanotube Modeler and Gauss View software and then optimized using Gaussian09 software using DFT/B3LYP-31G∗ method. After that, the HQ-8 molecule was placed on the surface of different nanotubes from both sides of its heteroatoms, namely the pyridine nitrogen atom and the hydroxyl group, and their structures were optimized using the aforementioned method. including information related to binding energy, dipole moment, atomic charges, bond angles and lengths, fundamental properties (ionization potential, electronegativity, chemical potential, hardness and softness) and HOMO–LUMO energy gap, were calculated and evaluated. In terms of binding energy and absorption rate, the CNT (9,0) nanotube had the best interaction with the drug molecule 8-HQ from the side of the pyridine nitrogen atom. Also, in terms of dipole moment, the BNNTdopedGe nanotube showed the highest dipole moment with the 8-HQ molecule. The structure of this nanotube with the 8-HQ molecule (especially from the N atom side) showed higher polarizability and charge transfer than other structures.

Epoxy foam/aerogel materials (EP-AGs) have potential in the aerospace, construction, and energy industries, allowing the development of lightweight high-performance products for a wide range of applications. Research interest in developing EP-AGs is increasing as it has the potential to create greener and more sustainable materials for making various products. Several commercial applications of EP-AGs and techniques for creating, processing, and drying them have already been reported. The introduction of EP-AGs into value-added materials is one of the most promising options but suffers from a lack of knowledge about the relationships between microstructure and properties. The current obstacles to their use in the industrial sector and for applications and challenges related to factory scale-up are also taken into account. EP-AGs are hindered by critical gaps in applicational and processing complexity, such as scaling up from laboratory to large-scale production, optimizing synthesis and processing techniques, and developing standardized testing protocols. The review focuses on the processing complexities and further difficulties associated with EP-AGs to improve casting burdens, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility in various applications. This review also examines the challenges in synthesizing EP-AGs used to make special materials, their practices, and the technological barriers one would face.

Different microbes release biosurfactants, which are specialists that act on biological surfaces. Biosurfactants are transported to the microbial film or released onto the external film, and they display hydrophilic and hydrophobic locations. A wide variety of industries make use of synthetic chemical surfactants, including those dealing with corrections, medicines, food, agriculture, materials, and more. Chemical surfactants that have been synthesized find use in many different industries, including those dealing with corrections, medicines, food, agriculture, materials, etc. However, these companies unknowingly produce compounds or pollutants that are very toxic and harm the ecosystem. Consequently, biosurfactants have recently attracted a lot of attention from both corporations and analysts. Biosurfactants are environmentally friendly since they are safe, biodegradable, and non-toxic. Because of their unique auxiliary qualities, they are used in many industries and for environmental cleanup. They can withstand higher concentrations of moo basic micelles (CMC), as well as higher temperatures, ionic qualities, and pH, in comparison to their chemical partners. Therefore, in the fields of nutrition, medicines, personal care, and especially enhanced oil recovery (EOR), biosurfactants produced by microbes are favoured over synthetic surfactants. Research on biosurfactants has grown substantially in the last 20 years. Various aspects of biosurfactant production, including their categorization, properties, and uses, evaluation criteria, thermodynamic relationships, Gibbs free vitality conditions, and states of affairs, have been thoroughly reviewed in this article.

The purpose of this review article, assesses the grave danger that water pollution, the effects of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants pose to marine ecosystems. Asphaltenes, resins, aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylben-zene, xylene (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most common pollutants found in petro-leum products. From this point on, it's easy to see how certain remedial measures may aid in the eradication of these xenobiotics. Here we see the successful use of bioremediation to cleanse ecosystems of contaminants. To lessen the environmental burden of these harmful compounds, recent scenarios have seen much study, development directed towards the bio-beneficial remedia-tion of these petroleum-based contaminants. In light of the current problems caused by petroleum hydrocarbon pollution to ma-rine ecosystems, we hope this review will shed light on how to solve these problems. Heavy metals, organic pollutants like total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in coastal marine sediments are receiving extensive attention, as they may pose a serious threat to the aquatic environment, ecosystem health. To date, however, data on the long-term variations in the levels of sedimentary heavy metals, TPHs as well as their ecological risks are relatively limited. The implication is that the sediment in the Bohai Sea was fairly clean in terms of heavy metals,petroleum hydrocarbons. Also, based on the ecological risk assessment (Ei) of heavy metal pollutants, we found that the metal Cd had reached a level with potential ecological risk in some cases (80 ≤ Ei < 160).

Polyurethane shape memory polymers (SMPUs) have emerged as a promising class of biomaterials due to their unique ability to recover their original shape upon exposure to external stimuli. Traditionally derived from petroleum-based sources, recent advancements have shifted focus toward utilizing renewable resources to develop sustainable SMPUs for biomedical applications. This review explores the synthesis, properties and applications of bio-based SMPUs, emphasizing their environmental advantages and functional benefits. Renewable sources such as plant-derived polyols, bio-based diisocyanates and chain extenders from lignocellulosic biomass serve as key precursors in synthesizing these polymers. These bio-derived SMPUs exhibit excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical adaptability, making them suitable for applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing and biomedical implants. Their shape memory properties, governed by thermally, light, or moisture-induced actuation, enable dynamic responses in medical devices and scaffolds. Moreover, the integration of bio-based components enhances sustainability while maintaining desirable characteristics such as elasticity, durability and non-toxicity. By discussing the history, chemistry and stimuli-responsive mechanisms of SMPUs, this review provides a comprehensive overview of their biomedical potential. Ultimately, bio-based SMPUs represent a greener alternative to conventional materials, aligning with global sustainability efforts while advancing biomedical innovation.

In this study graphite particles were converted to graphene oxide (GO) via Hummer's method. Synthesized graphene oxide was used for studying adsorption and release of oxytetracycline in dog's simulated gastric. This material the synthesized GO was functionalized with epichlorohydrin and Cibacron blue. Due to the relatively high-water solubility of oxytetracycline, it can be easily dissolved in body fluids without sufficient absorption and storage time. Drugs which are soluble in water, easily dissolve in body fluids and won't store in body well enough according to their ease of solubility in water. Therefore, the drug is likely to be eliminated via kidney and urinary system without adequate adsorption and satisfactory therapeutic effect. won't have convenient effect. In order to overcome the rapid elimination of oxytetracycline prolonged drug release was considered. Oxytetracycline is an antibiotic. antibiotics are generally linked with bacterial ribosomal unit and thus inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. In this study optimum pH for drug was investigated firstly and according to results obtain acidic environment has the best adsorption for the studied drug. First, the optimal pH value for the drug was investigated. Based on the results obtained the acidic environment provided the best adsorption conditions for oxytetracycline. According to studies dog's digestive system is acidic and drugs and food remains in it for approximately 8 h. Experiments demonstrated that oxytetracycline GO nanoparticles show the highest drug release in the first 2 h making the investigation of drug release in the intestines unnecessary. Finally, the accuracy of synthesis, adsorption and release were investigated by UV–Vis experiments. The obtained adsorption isotherm fits Langmuir and Temkin models well, and the theoretical maximum of adsorption capacity calculated by Langmuir model is 495 mg/g.The adsorption capacities of tetracycline oxytetracycline on GO decreased with increasing pH. The adsorption isotherms of oxytetracycline on graphene oxide were discussed and compared. The aim of this study is to make and modify graphene oxide in order to make a pharmaceutical adsorbent for the slow adsorption and release of the drug oxytetracycline in the simulated environment of the dog's body and the release of oxytetracycline was modified and enhanced by epichlorohydrin and Cibacron Blue and was investigated.

In this article, chitosan/graphene oxide/glutathione nanofibers have been prepared as nano biosensors by electrospinning method. The surface morphology of nanofibers and the identification of functional groups have been investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Then, according to the results of Autolab analysis test, 2.5 wt.