The widespread presence of pharmaceutical residues and microplastics in the environment has raised concerns about their combined effects on ecosystems and human health. This study investigated the adsorption of three antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin onto polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics, and how this interaction influences the growth, drug susceptibility, and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Sorption experiments were carried out under varying antibiotic concentrations (4–12 µg/mL), contact times (4–24 h), pH levels (4, 7, 10), and temperatures (10–40°C). Oxytetracycline and ciprofloxacin showed temperature- and pH-dependent sorption, with maximum adsorption at 40°C and pH 7. Gentamicin exhibited negligible sorption due to the absence of UV-active groups. FT-IR analysis indicated non-covalent binding, including hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, between antibiotics and PVC surfaces. Biological assays revealed that PVC microplastics reduced antibiotic efficacy, notably increasing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin under coexposure. Furthermore, microplastics correlated with higher optical density (OD600nm) and enhanced biofilm staining, particularly at sub-inhibitory antibiotic levels, suggesting that microplastics act as both physical anchors and chemical reservoirs for bacterial colonization. These findings underscore the need to incorporate co-contaminant interactions into environmental risk assessments and public health policies, as microplastics can compromise antibiotic activity and alter phenotypic susceptibility without directly addressing genetic resistance mechanisms.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (DM2T) is predominantly associated with obesity in people of all ages, both of which cause major worldwide morbidity and deaths. The present study evaluates the possible neuroprotective impact of troxerutin (TROX) in decreasing the cognitive impairment caused by DM2T.Methods: Five groups of mice received different diets for nineteen weeks: a regular diet, TROX as a drug control group, diet rich in fat (HFD), streptozotocin (STZ) with HFD and HFD + STZ with TROX supplementation. The metabolic indicators such as daily food consumption, weekly body weight and body mass index were assessed. Other data points that were routinely observed were blood glucose level, insulin and glucose tolerance and behavioral evaluations. In brain homogenates and tissues the ROS level and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed.Results: The HFD group's body weight considerably increased in comparison to the control, drug control and HFD + STZ groups. Additionally, the HFD + STZ + TROX group had decreased the daily food consumption, enhanced body weight, adipose tissue weight, insulin/glucose tolerance and reduced glucose/fasting blood levels versus the HFD + STZ group. Furthermore, the TROX therapy improved anxiety symptoms and cognitive performance. Reduced antioxidant enzymes activities and a considerable enhancement in lipid peroxidation were observed in HFD+STZ group. The TROX treatment reduced these adverse effects by lowering lipid peroxidation and ROS level in mice brain.Conclusions: According to these outcomes, TROX could be a helpful therapy for the management of DM2T and cognitive decline.Keywords: Obesity, Troxerutin, neuroprotection, antioxidant enzyme, ROS.

This study explores the therapeutic potential of gum resin of Boswellia papyrifera ethyl acetate extract (BPEF) in ameliorating hyperglycemia and associated complications in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Adult male albino rats were divided into six groups, including normal control, diabetic control, glibenclamide-treated, and two BPEF-treated groups (50 and 100 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (200 mg/kg), and animals with fasting blood glucose levels > 220 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Treatments were given orally for 8 weeks. Biochemical assays revealed that BPEF significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Furthermore, it improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL levels while increasing HDL levels as compared to diabetic rats. Hepatic function markers, including AST, ALT, and ALP, were also normalized by BPEF treatment. Histological examination of liver and pancreas tissues supported these findings by showing improved cellular architecture as compared to diabetic group rats. Cognitive functions were assessed using the open field test (OFT), Y-maze, and Morris water maze (MWM), which demonstrated significant improvement in locomotor activity, spatial working memory, and learning ability in BPEF-treated diabetic rats. Additionally, histopathological analysis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus revealed that BPEF preserved neuronal structure and prevented diabetes-induced neurodegeneration.

The growing threat of antibiotic resistance underscores the urgent need to investigate alternative antimicrobial agents, including bacteriocins or bacteriocins like peptides. The purpose of the present work was to isolate and characterize bacteria from sheep milk that produce antibacterial substances. A strain identified as Mammaliicoccus sciuri 1SH was isolated and its extracellular peptides were extracted and partially purified by ethyl acetate. Sodium dodecyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis revealed a substance with a molecular weight of about 70 kDa. Activity was characterized across varying pH (2.5–8.5) and temperature (25–80 °C) ranges, demonstrating optimal activity between 25–37 °C and pH 6.5–7.4. Enzyme treatment with pepsin and pancreatin significantly reduced the activity, confirming its proteinaceous nature. The antibacterial substance demonstrated antibacterial activity against 26 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1.125–70 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 6.5–75 µg/mL. Growth kinetic tests demonstrated that growth of Escherichia. coli was suppressed in a dose-dependent way. Mechanistic studies revealed that the peptide induces DNA and protein leakage, indicating membrane disruption as a potential mode of action. Furthermore, the peptide demonstrated significant anti-oxidant activity (IC50: 13.5 μg/mL) and anti-inflammatory properties (IC50: 11 μg/mL). Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) analysis identified key functional groups associated with the peptide. This study marks the first characterization and partial purification of a peptide derived from M. sciuri isolated from sheep milk, underscoring its potential as a promising antimicrobial agent with additional functional attributes.

Several drugs cure pathogenic microorganisms; however, they all have cost, toxicity, and pathogenic resistance. The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial efficacy, as well as the toxicity profile, of nanoparticles (NPs). Synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) bark extract was characterized using several techniques were UV-visible spectroscopy verified NPs production. The absorption peak of C. zeylanicum bark extract was 418 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy used to identified the functional groups in plant extract responsible for reducing AgNO3 to AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy showed AgNPs morphology. The synthesized NPs were spherical, rectangular, and oval. The synthesized NPs were analyzed for phase distribution, crystallinity, and purity using X-ray diffraction. C. zeylanicum bark extract AgNPs possess crystal cubic structure, and the Debye-Scherrer equation determined the average particle size of 10.508 nm from full width at half-maximum of the diffraction peaks. In this study, an environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs from C. zeylanicum bark extract was tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial efficacy against E. coli, S. aureus, Trichoderma harzianum, and Leishmania tropica (KWH23) strains. Fresh human blood cells were also tested. Green synthesized NPs were effective against pathogenic bacteria. Low dose of AgNPs can be used to reduce toxicity.

Escherichia coli biofilms, a major cause of persistent infections, often exhibit resistance to conventional antibiotics. This study investigates the potential of essential oils derived from Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Mentha piperita L., and Rosmarinus officinalis L. as natural alternatives to combat these infections. A comparative analysis of biofilm quantification was done by using 0.5

Antibiotics have transformed the treatment of bacterial infections, but their efficacy is increasingly threatened by antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Resistance mechanisms, such as target site modification, efflux pumps, and porin loss, necessitate alternative strategies, including the use of non-antibiotic adjuvants. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) combined with antibiotics on the antimicrobial susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Clinical E. coli strains were exposed to antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, ampicillin) with or without NSAIDs (acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen). Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed via disk diffusion, while minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MICs/MBCs) were determined to quantify interactions. Membrane integrity was evaluated through cytoplasmic contents release assays. NSAIDs significantly enhanced antibiotic susceptibility, reducing MICs/MBCs in most strains. Membrane leakage assays demonstrated increased release of intracellular components, suggesting compromised membrane integrity. The strongest synergy was observed with ciprofloxacin-ibuprofen combinations. NSAIDs potentiate antibiotic activity against resistant E. coli, likely through membrane disruption. This adjuvant approach could help combat AMR and warrants further investigation.

Biofilms by E. coli is not only the primary cause of recurrent urinary tract infections, but also lead to medical device-associated infections. Ever increasing antibiotic resistance due to biofilms has sparked a search for plant-based replacements. This study examines anti-biofilm potential of essential oils from lemon (Citrus limon), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and lavender (Lavandula officinalis) against 26 clinical isolates of E. coli. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted by using hydro-distillation and characterized by GC–MS and FT-IR. Biofilms were quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. The extracted essential oils had yields ranging from 1.37 to 1.45 (w/v). The main constituents were limonene (94

BACKGROUND:Several medicinal plants are identified as therapeutic agents for the world's most deadly disease cancer. A member of the "Cucurbitaceae" family of medicinal plants, Citrullus colocynthis (C. colocynthis) has various pharmacological actions. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:In the present study we have focused on the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial, anticancer and in silico investigation of fruit extracts of C. colocynthis. The chloroform, pure ethanolic and aq. ethanolic extracts of C. colocynthis whole fruit, peel and pulp separately have been investigated. METHODS:The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, saponins and glycosides in various parts of the fruit. Some compounds have been identified using GC-MS analysis by comparing with NIST library data. The antimicrobial activity of all extracts was checked by agar well diffusion method against five different bacterial strains such as A. baumannii, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) ranged between 11 mm to 27 mm against different strains. RESULTS:The polar solvent extracts (ethanolic and aq. ethanolic extract) of peel showed good sensitivity against all bacterial strains as compared to non-polar solvent (chloroform extract), which showed activity only against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxic activity of C. colocynthis all extracts against human brain cancer cell lines (U-87) was assessed using MTT assay. CONCLUSION:The % cell viability of ethanolic (ET-PL), and aq. ethanolic extract of whole fruit and pulp showed promising results. The cancerous cell line U-87 seems to be more sensitive towards polar solvents (ethanolic and aq. ethanolic) pulp extracts than peel. Further, based on in-vitro results, compounds identified in ET-PP were screened for their potential as antibacterial and anticancer agents through molecular docking and MMGBSA studies. These studies strongly supported the in-vitro study results and identified new drug candidates.

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants that linger in the air, water, and land. Beyond their physical and chemical risks, there is growing evidence that MPs contribute to the worldwide antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dilemma by acting as carriers of harmful microbes and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Despite an increase in research, the available literature is dispersed, and the part that MPs play in influencing microbial populations and fostering resistance is still not well understood. This review summarizes current research on how MPs contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. We concentrated on the ways in which MPs support horizontal gene transfer (HGT) processes such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction, assist biofilm development, and offer surfaces for microbial colonization. Evidence from a variety of settings suggests that MPs serve as vectors for opportunistic pathogens, such as the ESKAPE group, and ARGs, increasing the survival and movement of resistance determinants in ecosystems. Through the consolidation of current developments, this review emphasizes MPs as active resistance vectors instead of passive pollutants. We also point out important limitations, such as the lack of standardized procedures, inadequate risk assessment frameworks, and the absence of real-world exposure research. It is imperative that these issues be approached from a One Health standpoint in order to reduce the risks of both plastic pollution and antibiotic resistance.

ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania , affects nearly 12 million people annually worldwide, and has limited, highly toxic therapeutic options. This study reports the synthesis, in vitro and in silico evaluations of four novel antimony complexes ( 3a‐3d ) as potent and safe antileishmanial agents. The complexes were synthesized using Sb‐salts with different phenolic ligands and characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. Structural parameters were further evaluated via DFT studies. The antileishmanial activity of these complexes ( 3a‐3d ) was assessed in vitro against promastigote and axenic amastigote forms of Leishmania tropica , showing promising potential as antileishmanial agents. Complex 3a and 3c were particularly active, with IC 50 values of 10.8 ± 2.1 and 11.0 ± 2.0 μmol/L against promastigotes, and 20.14 ± 6.11 and 27.72 ± 0.13 μmol/L against amastigotes, respectively. Molecular docking analysis against receptor protein (PDB ID: 8FI6) from genus Leishmania revealed high binding conformations of synthesized molecules within the active cavity of the target protein. With the lowest Ki value of 1.25 and a pattern of hydrophobic π‐interactions and strong conventional hydrogen bonds, complex 3d demonstrated excellent binding affinities within the active pocket. Notably, these complexes exhibited low cytotoxicity, compared to the standard antileishmanial drugs, TA (potassium antimonyl tartrate) and AmB (Amphotericin B), with hemolysis rates of < 12% for all complexes. Our findings suggest that these complexes ( 3a‐3d ) are promising candidates for the development of new, safer antileishmanial therapies, combining potent activity against L. tropica with significantly lower cytotoxicity compared to existing treatments.

Herein heteroleptic tri- and di-butylorganotin(IV) carboxylate complexes with general formula R3SnL(N-N)/ R2SnL2(N-N) have been synthesized using 3-methylbenzoic acid (L) as primary ligand and N-N donor heterocycles namely 2,2 '-bipyridine (1 and 4), 1, 10-phenanthroline (2 and 5) and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (3 and 6) as hetero-ligands. The as-synthesized complexes were characterized by multitude spectroscopic techniques. Among the synthesized complexes, the complex 5 crystallized in triclinic crystal system and the single crystal analysis revealed that Sn(IV) center is seven coordinated resulting in a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. The DNA binding affinity of the synthesized complexes was evaluated through UV-Visible spectroscopy, viscometry and theoretically through molecular docking. The results demonstrated that complexes possess high potential to bind with DNA through a spontaneous process. The complexes were tested for anticancer activities and were found to be potent having IC50 values comparable to standard drug Doxorubicin. Furthermore, potent complexes (2 and 6) caused an arrest in synthesis phase and activated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in treated cancer cells.

Microplastics are ubiquitously pervasive throughout the environment, but unlike aquatic and terrestrial microplastics, airborne microplastics have received less scientific attention. This study is the first of its kind to explicitly examine microplastics in the indoor and outdoor air (PM2.5) samples collected using active air samplers in Islamabad, Pakistan. The suspected synthetic particles were analyzed using ATR-FTIR, μ-Raman and SEM-EDX to categorize them based on their morphological characteristics, polymeric composition, and elemental makeup. Microplastics were found in all indoor and outdoor air samples, with indoor air samples (4.34 ± 1.93 items/m3) being significantly more contaminated than outdoor air samples (0.93 ± 0.32 items/m3) (P < 0.001). Among all the indoor air samples, samples taken from classroom (6.12 ± 0.51 items/m3) were more contaminated than samples taken from hallway (4.94 ± 0.78 items/m3) and laboratory (1.96 ± 0.44 items/m3). Fibers were found to be the prevalent shape type in indoor and outdoor airborne microplastics followed by fragments. Transparent- and black colored microplastic particles were predominant in both indoor and outdoor air samples. According to ATR-FTIR analysis, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were the most prevalent polymer types in both indoor and outdoor environments. Results from μ-Raman analysis corroborated the presence of the polymers identified by ATR-FTIR. Morphological analysis of particles by SEM indicated signs of weathering on particles' surface i.e., grooves, breaks, shredded edges, pits etc. SEM-EDX of randomly chosen particles unraveled the presence of C and O as core elements, along with the presence of heavy metals at some spots due to foreign material adhering to their surface. Correlation analysis of environmental factors i.e., PM2.5, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed with MPs abundance revealed non-significant relationships. The findings of this study call for further research on airborne MPs to better comprehend their dispersion, toxicity, interactions with other air pollutants, and attributable health risks.

The hybrid nanoparticles of nickel and copper oxide are optimized by varying synthetic conditions such as precursor salt concentration, rate of reagent addition, pH, and temperature. The resulting nanoparticles are characterized by using UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. The control over composition and physical properties of these hybrid oxides are analyzed through careful variations in the synthetic parameters. UV-Vis analysis demonstrated the successful synthesis of NiO-CuO hybrid nanoparticles at various concentrations. NiO dominant hybrids are obtained by quick addition of the reagent and at higher pH, while CuO dominant hybrids require slower addition of reagent and lower pH. The increase in the temperature causes a hypochromic shift in the UV-Vis absorption, whereas fluorescence is enhanced with increase in the CuO concentration. The fluorescence generally remained stable by varying time of reagent addition, pH, and temperature. More stable and least-sized NiO-CuO hybrid nanoparticles are obtained at ratios of 75 : 25 and 25 : 75, by quick addition of reagent, at higher pH levels, and at higher temperatures. A better understanding of their physical and optical properties obtained by varying synthetic parameters may potentially result in their enhanced applications. NiO-CuO hybrid nanoparticles with higher stability and smaller size are obtained at 75 : 25 and 25 : 75 concentration ratio of precursor salts, where the optimal conditions for hybrids are higher temperature, basic pH, and quick addition of reagent. NiO dominant hybrids are obtained by quick addition of reagent at higher pH, whereas CuO dominant hybrids require slower addition of reagent and lower pH. image

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the major and leading cause of mortality and an alarming public health challenge. TBI leads to permanent cognitive, motor, sensory and psychotic disabilities. Patients suffering from the various and long-term repercussions of TBI currently have limited therapy choices. The current research work was designed to evaluate the beneficial and neuroprotective role of Troxerutin (Trox) (a natural flavonoid) in a closed brain injury mouse model. The male BALB/c 8-weeks old mice (n꞊150) were randomly distributed in three experimental groups. Control group of mice (n꞊50), TBI group (n꞊50) and Trox pre-treated mice group (Trox + TBI, n꞊50). The mice in Trox + TBI were pre-treated with Trox (150 mg/kg, 7 days) before TBI. The weight-drop mechanism was used to induce mild-moderate injury in mice in both the groups. Our results showed that the mice pre-treated with troxerutin significantly improved neurological severity score, blood glucose level, food intake and brain edema as compared to the mice in the TBI group. Furthermore, compared to the TBI group, the mice treated with troxerutin improved cognitive behavior as evaluated by Open field test, Shallow Water Maze and Y-Maze, decreased brain-infarct volume and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, significantly decreased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), improved neuronal morphology and survival in the brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus. In summary, our data provided evidence that pre-treatment with troxerutin improved neurological functions, decreased the BBB permeability, improved behavior, reduced ROS and increased neuronal survival in the weight-drop close head traumatic injury mouse model.

Increased global consumption of water, wastewater discharges and municipal solid waste creation have had negative environmental consequences. Sustainable strategies for wastewater treatment including bioremediation approaches are investigated for the treatment of wastewater. The advantages of using microalgae for this purpose are twofold: one, they significantly remove/recycle the nutrients and secondly, generate useful biomass which can subsequently be used for biofuel production. Increased global warming, depletion of fossil fuels resources has highlighted the importance of microalgae as potential sources for biomass generation. The current study investigates the use of immobilised microalgae (Desmodesmus subspicatus) as an alternative approach for wastewater treatment and to avoid the loss of biomass. This study explains the efficiency of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) tank, wetland tank, and immobilised algal cells in nutrient uptake, carbon compounds utilisation, metals, and biological organisms' removal from sewage wastewater. The study also focuses on the use of algal biomass for lipid production. Results showed that maximum significant nitrogen and phosphorus uptake was observed after immobilised cells treatment (84% and 86% respectively). Maximum carbon compounds utilisation in the form of alkalinity, carbonates, bicarbonates, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was calculated at day 12 (58%, 59%, 62%, 87% and 52% respectively). Results showed that maximum reduction in metal ions and biological organism of sewage wastewater were attained after treating with immobilised cells. At effluent of sewage water, algal cell production was 13.57 x 10(6) cells/ml using sewage water as media, and lipid content was 20.31%. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis of lipid revealed that they had compounds that play important role in biofuel production. Immobilised D. subspicatus can be efficiently utilised to simultaneously treat sewage wastewater as well as in the production of biofuel by using algal biomass.

Due to their significant biological potential, nanoparticles have been a focus of recent research. For the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles, pure berberine and aqueous root extracts of Berberis lycium were employed. Analytical methods like UV-Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM, and XRD were used to characterize the nanoparticles' structural and functional properties. The particles were spherical in shape with an average crystal size of Berberine AgNPs 47nm and of B. lycium root extract AgNPs was 16nm. MIC of B. lycium root extract AgNps was 1.5 & mu;g/ml with IC50 of 2.463 and MIC of berberine AgNps was 2.5 & mu;g/ml and IC50 of 2.599 against E. coli. MIC of B. lycium root extract AgNps was 1.5 & mu;g/ml and IC50 of 2. 514 and MIC of berberine AgNps was 1.5 & mu;g/ml and IC50 of 2.922 against S. aureus. The nanoparticles synthesized with root extracts were found to be more potent as antibacterial agents.

Background: Antibiotics are compounds made from microorganisms that destroy or prevent the growth of other microbes. The constant failure to engineer new antibiotics and imprudent usage of antibiotics resulted in the rise of antibiotics. In 2017, the World Health Organization released a list of the most pathogenic bacteria having the highest resistance against antibiotics which also included many Gram -Negative bacteria. In this study, we reviewed the data on publications on antibiotic resistant (ABR) Gram-negative bacteria by bibliometrics.Methods: The data from 2003 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science and used further for statistical analysis. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the characteristics of publications, authors, top countries, leading journals, funding agencies and collaboration aspects.Result: The results showed a total of 10,350 publications with 7.94% annual growth rate in a linear pattern and 23.71 average citations per document on the subject. Lists of the most cited papers and papers with ranking by highest total citations per year were also retrieved. 98% of articles were published in English. Greater research output is from developed countries i.e., USA, China, India, England, Spain, Iran, Italy, Germany, and Japan. USA has the highest number of publications, citations, and Single Country Publications. USA is also the top country to have the highest collaborations with other countries.Conclusion: The study is suggestive for most developing and least developed countries to develop collaborations with researchers from developed countries, especially the USA and UK having domination in research productivity and sources of funding. The results of this study may provide potential prospects for the study of ABR Gram-negative bacteria in the future.

Antibiotics are losing their efficacies at an alarming rate due to antibiotic resistance. The current study aimed to explore the phytochemical composition of Carica papaya and Beta vulgaris and to assess their antibiotic potential individually and in synergy. The antimicrobial potential of C. papaya and Beta vulgaris crude methanolic leaves extracts and their combinations with commercially available antibiotics against multidrug resistant bacterial strains was evaluated. The extracts were more active against Staphylococcus aureus with the ZOI of 26 and 24 ​mm. In synergy with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and tetracycline, the methanolic extracts were more active against Acinetobacter baumannii followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with the ZOI ranging between 16 and 25 ​mm. The In-vitro anti-inflammatory potential of C. papaya and B. vulgaris was assessed by bovine serum albumin denaturation assay. The methanolic extracts of C. papaya and B. vulgaris prevent the denaturation of albumin protein in a dose-dependent manner with the IC50 of 982 and 1597 ​μg/ml respectively. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of bioactive phyto-constituents with the major peaks. The current study affirmed that the efficacy of antibiotics was enhanced when screened in combination with methanolic extracts of C. papaya and B. vulgaris and they can serve as a natural source of obtaining therapeutically valued metabolites against irresistible microbial infections and inflammation related diseases.