TThis paper proposes the premise of a theory of human-AI collaboration in decision making through an analytic autoethnographic case study. Drawing on a 12-month interaction with a large language model and a mechanical repair episode, the paper supports and extends Simon's work: problem structuredness is not an intrinsic property of a task but depends on the decision maker's representation. The analysis reveals how problem representations are formed, stabilised and revised through interaction. The findings highlight three important mechanisms in human-AI interaction that bear on the evolution of the decision maker's problem representation: hypothesis generation, management of the timing and reversibility of the intervention (labelled 'decision pacing' thereafter) and human override. The study contributes to decision theory by reframing structuredness as epistemic rather than ontological, illustrating the importance problem representation in the process of decision making and showing how AI can stabilise, but also distort, decision makers' problem representations.

People with intellectual disability (PWID) experience a high incidence of mental illness, and yet there are limited resources available to effectively support their mental health needs. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the use of digital tools to support the assessment and monitoring of mental health–related parameters in adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability and concurrent mental illness. The current clinical practice of mental health assessment partially relies on paper-based recording of symptoms, placing a significant burden on the staff, carers and patients. In this study, we compared existing paper-based recording methods with digital methods for recording mood, anxiety, and sleep and assessed physical activity levels among participants. In this observational pilot study, we collected data from 10 participants over a period of seven days. We compared mood and anxiety scores collected via a bespoke smartphone application developed for this study with existing paper-based recordings. The sleep data were collected using a wrist-based wearable Axivity AX3 accelerometer (AX3) and compared with paper-based recordings. Lastly, data on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MPVA) was obtained from AX3 and compared against the World Health Organisation (WHO) 2020 recommendations of a total of 150 min of MPVA per week. We applied Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, Spearman correlations, and Bland–Altman plots to assess method differences for exploratory and descriptive purposes. In this pilot study, no large discrepancies were observed between mobile app and paper-based mood and anxiety ratings, with exploratory analyses indicating similar score distributions across methods. Comparisons between AX3-derived and paper-based sleep measures showed broadly similar estimates, although discrepancies were noted for longer sleep durations. Physical activity data indicated that most participants did not meet the WHO guideline of 150 min of MVPA per week, suggesting low physical activity levels in PWID. This pilot study assessed some aspects of the feasibility and acceptability of methods and procedures to be used in future larger studies. We provide preliminary evidence that digital tools can be used to collect mood, anxiety, sleep, and physical activity data in a small, highly selected group of adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability and concurrent mental illness. Findings should be interpreted cautiously, given recruitment limitations and the exploratory nature of the analyses. Larger studies with clearly prospectively defined and broader aspects of feasibility, acceptability, usability, and validation of outcomes are required before wider implementation can be considered. Not applicable.

During the first minutes of life, complex dynamic processes occur, facilitating a normal transition to ex utero life. In healthy term infants, these processes typically occur with minimal intervention required but are often more challenging for the preterm infant. These challenges involve not only the physiological processes encountered but also an organizational process: that of a team of healthcare providers led by a neonatologist, establishing a diagnosis based on clinical and technical information and initiating time-critical and potentially life-altering interventions. In this narrative review, we highlight the challenges of both processes. We explore the role and limitations of well-established and newer potential monitoring modalities, in particular respiratory function monitoring and cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy, to optimally inform the team in regards to physiological processes. We also evaluate the important role that human factors play in the process of decision-making. Both are important for optimal performance to enable successful transition and thereby reduce short- and long-term problems. We identify research goals to inform future studies to further optimize technological and human aspects in the first minutes of life.

This article addresses the challenge of achieving strategic alignment in sales and operations planning. A conceptual framework emerges providing the basis for research propositions to guide empirical investigation to improve understanding for practice. An integrative literature review was employed to synthesize a broad range of literature. With considerable attention given to the need for strategic alignment in sales and operations planning (S&OP), achieving this has proven difficult in practice. This article employs contingency theory to classify themes arising from existing literature into contingency, response, and performance variables. Delving deeper, resource-based view theory provides insight into the feedback loop between response and contingency variables and the application of dynamic capabilities view theory reveals a cyclical adjustment capability that supports a growth-oriented mindset. The findings provide insights into the organizational mindset shift from control to growth, which is required to achieve strategic alignment. Manufacturing organizations, including start-ups, small to medium enterprises, and large companies, struggle to achieve strategic alignment in S&OP and, therefore, fail to trigger longer term decision making. The conceptual framework provides guidance for managers to reflect on their S&OP practices and develop action plans to achieve strategic alignment to extract the full value from their S&OP processes.

Background Many health care systems globally face severe capacity issues, with lengthening waiting lists and stretched resources. Connected health has been proposed as a game changer for health care. However, the development of connected health apps is difficult and requires multidisciplinary development teams. Patient journey mapping presents an opportunity to streamline the requirements-gathering process for such apps by clearly showing the patient journey to team members who are not familiar with relevant clinical practices. This research project focuses on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a case study for using clinical journey mapping to represent the “gold standard” care pathway for ADHD treatment; the Dundee Clinical Care Pathway. This pathway was analyzed in detail and was further explored in discussions with stakeholders to produce a patient journey map. Objective The objective of this paper is to answer three research questions: (1) visualizing the Dundee ADHD clinical care pathway using integrated patient journey mapping and exploring how its use benefits multidisciplinary development teams; (2) optimizing the integrated patient journey map arising from the Dundee Clinical Care Pathway, in line with the underlying clinical realities of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service in Ireland; and (3) proposing areas where connected health integration can deliver efficiency and substantial gains for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services. Methods This study uses a design science approach where a sample artifact is presented to a relevant audience for review and feedback and is then leveraged to work iteratively toward an improved, final artifact. This paper presents the feedback collected from both information systems and clinical professionals at each iteration of the map. Results This research delivers a comprehensive clinical patient journey map based on the Dundee clinical care pathway. Using unified modeling language concepts and color coding, multiple patient personas are mapped onto a streamlined diagram, allowing the diagram, at an abstract level, to cover the most typical clinical scenarios. Conclusions Clinical journey mapping provides a way for team members to get up to speed on clinical practices, while also presenting a way for development teams to identify key gaps where connected health systems can be embedded in clinical pathways to optimize the use of clinical resources and ultimately deliver better patient outcomes.

Digital innovation is a complex process in which actors seek to create new value pathways by combining digital resources in a layered modular architecture. While IS scholarship has a rich tradition of research on developing and implementing digital artefacts within intra-organisational contexts, our understanding of knowledge integration across distributed innovation networks is nascent and under-theorised. This is an important area of research given the rising importance of digital innovation networks and the challenges faced in integrating specialised knowledge, especially given the greater diversity, speed, reach, and scope made possible by digital technologies. Drawing on in-depth case study findings from a health IoT project involving multiple organisations and disciplines, we explore how knowledge is integrated across boundaries during the initiation stage of a digital innovation network. Our findings point to boundaries related to the digital platform’s organising vision, resource allocation, delivery roadmap, technical architecture, and intellectual property, to name but a few challenges. We then reveal five socio-cognitive modes of knowledge integration which actors strategically enact to cross syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic boundaries: Signalling, Assembling, Contesting, Discounting, and Finalising. The choice of mode depends on the perceived knowledge status (‘what they know’) and social status (‘who they are’) of network actors, which highlight the salience of both social and cognitive dependencies for knowledge integration. We further discuss the contribution of design objects for overcoming differences and distinctions between specialist actors in a digital innovation network.

Digital transformation within healthcare services presents unique risks and benefits when compared to other organisations. This case study aims to identify key risks and benefits of connected health-led digital transformation within Irish community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), utilising qualitative analysis, consisting of interviews with CAMHS clinical personnel, to identify the key risks and benefits in this sensitive area. Our risk/benefit matrix is presented in this paper. Key areas of concern include electronic health records (EHR), telemedicine, and mHealth adoption within CAMHS. Twenty-one benefit factors were supported by 98 mentions (average = 4.7 mentions per factor). Twenty-nine risk factors were supported by 76 mentions (average = 2.62). While the information presented may align with existing literature on digital transformation in healthcare, the risks /benefits analysis is critical to the area of study as they arise directly from interviews with experts in CAMHS and are therefore validated by practitioners.

The demand for knowledge regarding e-government has increased. The internal users of new e-government technology, however, have not enjoyed its benefits on a scale commensurate with user needs, and so we have applied the coping model of user adaptation (CMUA) to evaluate the impact of adaptation strategies on the success of new systems recently implemented, particularly e-government initiatives in Saudi Arabia. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were performed in two public Saudi institutions to collect data. Each interview was analysed separately (individually). Within-case analysis was then conducted to analyse each case study at the group level. In both cases, the findings reveal a strong link between the adaptation strategies and the success or failure of the adoption of the system. The study also makes a theoretical contribution by identifying four new elements, which were then used to modify and improve CMUA framework.

Control is necessary for aligning the actions of management (i.e., controllers) and subordinates (i.e., controlees) around common goals. The enactment of control often fails in practice; however, as controlee perceptions may not match those of controllers, leading to a myriad of possible outcomes. Through an interpretive case study of two inter‐organisational IT projects, we reveal how controlees' appraisals and responses to controls are context‐dependent and play out across multiple levels (e.g., personal, professional, project and organisational contexts). We build on a coping perspective of IS controls to theorise the ‘coping strategies’ that controlees pursued relevant to these contexts and the ‘coping routes’ followed when combining different consecutive coping strategies. We find the process need not end with the selection of a single strategy but can potentially continue as both the controller and controlees make ongoing readjustments. While Behavioural Control Theory traditionally assumes the presence of a single control hierarchy, interorganisational IT projects are multi‐level entities that amalgamate different structures and cultures. Our study moves beyond the existing assumptions of Behavioural Control Theory to discuss how a controller's choice of activities shapes the salience of different contexts in controlee appraisals.

Over the last several decades, there has been considerable research conducted on the adoption and technology acceptance of new information systems by users. However, most of this research had focused mainly on the impact on citizens in a bid to measure improvements in the quality and speed of the services provided. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of internal users' reactions to new information systems and, in particular, new e-government practices. Briefly, this research study draws on the Coping Model of User Adaption “CMUA” in order to make a qualitative examination of the adaptation strategies of middle managers in public bodies when new e-government initiatives are implemented in their workplace, and unlike previous studies, this work focuses particularly on Saudi Arabia. There were nine semi-structured interviews conducted with two public bodies with each interview analyzed separately (individual level), then within-case analysis for each case study (group level). The findings revealed a strong relationship between the adaptation strategies and the success (or otherwise) of the adoption of the new e-government systems in all of the cases. The study also contributes to theory as there were several new outcomes discovered that can be added to improve the original CMUA framework.

This paper explores the potential of connected health solutions to solve the problems currently facing healthcare systems around the world with a particular interest in their decision support capabilities. Leveraging three selected projects in which we have been involved in the area of maternal and child health, the paper proposes a blueprint for connected health decisions in a variety of settings, namely: home-based, community-based, ward-based scenarios as well as the specific scenario of low-income countries. This blueprint can be used to frame discussions on connected health solutions and discuss their decision support potential.

Abstract Since the 1960s, information technology (IT)/information systems (IS) professionals, data practitioners, and senior managers have focused on developing decision support capabilities to enhance organizational decision making. Initially, this quest was mostly driven by successive generations of technological advances. However, in the last decade, the pace at which large volumes of diverse data can be collected and processed, new algorithmic advances, and the development of computational infrastructure such as graphics processing units (GPUs) and tensor processing units (TPUs) have created new opportunities for global businesses in areas such as financial services, manufacturing, retail, sports, and healthcare. At this point, it seems that most industries and public services could potentially be revolutionized by these new techniques. The word analytics has replaced the previous individual components of computerized decision support technologies that have been developed under various labels in the past (). Much of the traditional researcher and practitioner communities who were concerned with decision support, decision support systems (DSSs), and business intelligence (BI) have reoriented their attention to innovative tools and technologies to derive value from new data streams through artificial intelligence (AI) and analytics. Identifying the main areas of focus for decision support and analytics provides a stimulus for new ideas for researchers, managers, and IS/IT and data professionals. These stakeholders need to undertake new empirical studies that explain how analytics can be used to develop and enhance new forms of decision support while considering the dilemmas that may arise due to the data capture and analyses of new digital data streams.

Shared understanding is essential in interorganizational projects to integrate the divergent knowledge of individual team members and support collaborative knowledge building. This can nevertheless be a challenging undertaking in interorganizational projects as team members must continuously negotiate differences in their organizational and professional backgrounds during project work. In this paper, we explore how interorganizational IT project teams deal with sources of 'fragmentation' in their understanding, explicating the theoretical and practical implications that these have for project management. Our study is needed to explore the increasingly complex and emergent nature of interorganizational project management today where neither goals nor the means of attainment are known with precision at a project's launch. We analyze interpretive case study findings from an 8-month IT project involving diverse organizations from industry, academia, and healthcare. Based on our findings, we develop a framework which highlights the relationship between three sources of fragmentation of understanding (interpersonal, technical, and contextual) across key project activities. We contribute towards project management literature by revealing how these sources of fragmentation might be overcome through framing project activities (the problem, method, and solution formulation) differently. While fragmentation may characterize any, or all, of these key activities, it is not without remedy.

The diverse backgrounds of distributed team members can pose unique challenges during decision-making processes. Notable of these is the gradual emergence of social identities, where individuals seek to form new social groupings within the temporal context of a project. However, our understanding of social identity within distributed teams remains nascent. Drawing on Social Identity Theory (SIT) and in-depth case study findings, we investigate the impact of social identity on decision-making in a distributed healthcare systems development team. Contrary to SIT, we see the dissolution of distinct social groupings and rise of individualism within the project. Based on our findings, we discover five inhibitors which can impede social identification in distributed teams: role ambiguity, absence of a collective vision, transfer of ownership, lack of shared history, and incompatible personalities. We extend SIT to include antecedents of collective identities (e.g. distinctiveness, prestige, salience of out-group), as well as inhibitors which foster individualism.

This chapter consists of several sections which contain contributions from members of IFIP Technical Committee 8 (Information Systems). We highlight the accomplishments of Technical Committee 8 (TC8) and its working groups over its 50 years history, and then envisage possible strategies for the future of information systems (IS) in a post-COVID world. This chapter begins with an overall view of the diverse and changing roles of the IS field then moves forward to foresee environmental sustainability and digital glocalization in a post-COVID-19 world. Next, we review the achievements of TC8, the establishment of the working groups within it, and predict what TC8 has to offer into the future. Lastly, we identify the individual working groups of TC8 to detail their activities as important conduits of research and practice in the field of IS over the past 50 years, then imagine the roles of the TC8 working groups in a post-COVID landscape.