Eine neue Art, Fusarium nematophilum , wird beschrieben und mit morphologisch ahnlichen Arten der Gattung verglichen. Der Pilz ist weit verbreitet, aber relativ selten. Das vermutlich mit der neuen Art nahe verwandte Fusarium tumidum var. humi wird aufgrund fehlender Verwandtschaft mit F. tumidum zu F. humi umkombiniert. Stichworter: Fusarium nematophilum ; Fusarium humi ; Fusarium tumidum ; Nectria albida ; Nematoden, Taxonomie Fusarium nematophilum spec. nov. – a new nematode-associated fungus The new species Fusarium nematophilum is described and compared with morphologically similar species of the genus. The species is widely distributed, but relatively rare. A presumably closely related species, Fusarium tumidum var. humi is recombined to F. humi due to lack of relationship with F. tumidum . Keywords: Fusarium nematophilum ; Fusarium humi ; Fusarium tumidum ; Nectria albida ; nematodes; taxonomy

The soil microfungi in two 17-year-old Scots pine forest soils were surveyed. One forest was located in Poland, and the other in Germany,300 km apart. The total number of fungal taxa detected was 55 and included 11 zygomycetes, 1 ascomycete and 43 mitosporic fungi. From the Polish and German soils, 145 and 122 isolates representing 43 and 32 fungal species, respectively, were recorded. The most common genera were Penicillium (25% and 44%) with 11 and 8 species, Umbelopsis (15% and 14%) with 2 species, Oidiodendron griseum (10% and 9%), Mortierella (8% and 3%) with 4 and 2 species, and Trichodemta (6% and 2%) with 3 and 2 species, in the Polish and German soils, respectively. Only 18 taxa (32.7%) were recorded in both soils. Twenty five separate taxa (45.5%) were re00rded only in the Polish, and 12 taxa (21.8%) only in the German soil. Three dominant species, with percentage > 3% in the fungal community, found in both soils were Umbelopsis vinacea (13.8% and 8.2%), Oidiodendron griseum (10.3% and 9%) and Penicillium janczewskii (3.4% and 11.5%). The small number of fungi shared by both soils contributes to the opinion that there is a high species diversity among the microfungi in one European Scots pine forest soil ecosystem.

The 18 Fusarium species or varieties (F. acuminatum, F. anthophilum, F. avenaceum, var. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. dimerum var. dimerum, F. equiseti var. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. merismoides var. merismoides, F. nivale var. nivale and var. majus, F. oxysporum var. oxysporum, F. poae, F. sacchari var. subglutinans, F. sambucinum var. sambucinum, F. solani var. solani, F. sporotrichoides var. sporotrichoides, F. tricinctum, and F. verticillioides) most frequently isolated from wheat are described and illustrated. The experimental conditions used in this study, such as medium, near ultraviolet irridiation at a wave-length of λ = 300–400 nm (black light), and temperature, cause some alteration of the morphology of some of the taxa to which plant pathologists are accustomed if the strains are grown on richer media and (or) without black light. This does not matter, however, because the method described here allows each species or variety to develop a unique and stable set of morphological features, which distinguishes it from all other taxa.

A comprehensive phylogenetic reassessment of the ascomycete genus Cosmospora (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) is undertaken using fresh isolates and historical strains, sequences of two protein encoding genes, the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and a new phylogenetic marker, the larger subunit of ATP citrate lyase (acl1). The result is an extensive revision of taxonomic concepts, typification, and nomenclatural details of many anamorph- and teleomorph-typified genera of the Nectriaceae, most notably Cosmospora and Fusarium. The combined phylogenetic analysis shows that the present concept of Fusarium is not monophyletic and that the genus divides into two large groups, one basal in the family, the other terminal, separated by a large group of species classified in genera such as Calonectria, Neonectria, and Volutella. All accepted genera received high statistical support in the phylogenetic analyses. Preliminary polythetic morphological descriptions are presented for each genus, providing details of perithecia, micro- and/or macro-conidial synanamorphs, cultural characters, and ecological traits. Eight species are included in our restricted concept of Cosmospora, two of which have previously documented teleomorphs and all of which have Acremonium-like microconidial anamorphs. A key is provided to the three anamorphic species recognised in Atractium, which is removed from synonymy with Fusarium and epitypified for two macroconidial synnematous species and one sporodochial species associated with waterlogged wood. Dialonectria is recognised as distinct from Cosmospora and two species with teleomorph, macroconidia and microconidia are accepted, including the new species D. ullevolea. Seven species, one with a known teleomorph, are classified in Fusicolla, formerly considered a synonym of Fusarium including members of the F. aquaeductuum and F. merismoides species complex, with several former varieties raised to species rank. Originally a section of Nectria, Macroconia is raised to generic rank for five species, all producing a teleomorph and macroconidial anamorph. A new species of the Verticillium-like anamorphic genus Mariannaea is described as M. samuelsii. Microcera is recognised as distinct from Fusarium and a key is included for four macroconidial species, that are usually parasites of scale insects, two of them with teleomorphs. The four accepted species of Stylonectria each produce a teleomorph and micro- and macroconidial synanamorphs. The Volutella species sampled fall into three clades. Pseudonectria is accepted for a perithecial and sporodochial species that occurs on Buxus. Volutella s. str. also includes perithecial and/or sporodochial species and is revised to include a synnematous species formerly included in Stilbella. The third Volutella-like clade remains unnamed. All fungi in this paper are named using a single name system that gives priority to the oldest generic names and species epithets, irrespective of whether they are originally based on anamorph or teleomorph structures. The rationale behind this is discussed.

A revision of Fusarium-like species associated with the plant genus Buxus led to a reconsideration of generic concepts in the Fusarium clade of the Nectriaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of the partial second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (rpb2) and the larger subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (acl1) gene exons confirm the existence of a clade, here called the terminal Fusarium clade, that includes genera such as Fusariumsensu stricto (including its Gibberella teleomorphs), Albonectria, Cyanonectria, "Haematonectria", the newly described genus Geejayessia, and "Nectria" albida. Geejayessia accommodates five species. Four were previously classified in Nectria sensu lato, namely the black perithecial, KOH-species G. atrofusca and the orange or reddish, KOH+ G. cicatricum, G. desmazieri and G. zealandica.Geejayessia celtidicola is newly described. Following our phylogenetic analyses showing its close relationship with Cyanonectria cyanostoma, the former Gibbera buxi is recombined as the second species of Cyanonectria. A three gene phylogenetic analysis of multiple strains of each morphological species using translation elongation factor 1 α (tef-1), rpb2 and acl1 gene exons and introns confirms their status as distinct phylogenetic species. Internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster and nuclear large ribosomal subunit sequences were generated as additional DNA barcodes for selected strains. The connection of Fusarium buxicola, often erroneously reported as the anamorph of G. desmazieri, with the bluish black and KOH+ perithecial species C. buxi is reinstated. Most Cyanonectria and Geejayessia species exhibit restricted host ranges on branches or twigs of Buxus species, Celtisoccidentalis, or Staphyleatrifolia. Their perithecia form caespitose clusters on well-developed, mostly erumpent stromata on the bark or outer cortex of the host and are relatively thin-walled, mostly smooth, and therefore reminiscent of the more or less astromatous, singly occurring perithecia of Cosmospora, Dialonectria, and Microcera. The cell walls in outer- and inner layers of the perithecial walls of Cyanonectria and Geejayessia have inconspicuous pore-like structures, as do representative species of Albonectria, Fusarium sensu stricto, "Haematonectria", and "Nectria" albida. The taxonomic significance of these structures, which we call Samuels' pores, is discussed.

Von der vor kurzem an einer Sorte von Pelargonium grandiflorum hort. beschriebenen Phytophthora-Hybride, Ph. x pelgrandis W.F. Gerlach, Nirenberg, Graef., werden die morphologischen Charakteristiken nochmals genannt und fotografisch dokumentiert. Neben morphologischen und physiologischen Daten (Temperaturansprüche) werden molekularbiologische Untersuchungen (RAPD-PCR) und Infektionsversuche an Sorten von P. grandiflorum und Nicotiana tabacum L. dargestellt. Als Vergleichsorganismen dienten Kulturen der ähnlich aussehenden Arten Ph. cactorum (Leb. et Cohn) Schröt. und Ph. nicotianae van Breda de Haan.

In the last fifteen years many grapevine have been destroyed in vineyards in Germany by Eutypa dieback, esca ("black measles") and Petri disease ("black goo disease"). These diseases caused by one ore more phytopathogens. So far a directly combat is not possible. Well-known data of the literature about biology, epidemiology and disease symptoms on grapevine are summarized and indirectly recommendations of combat are proposed. A stocktaking of a field attempt on biological control of fungi diseases with antagonistic microorganisms of Trichoderma ssp. in grapevine from 2003 in the framework of project "Preventive plant protection methods for biological control of three important fungal disease pathogens in organic viticulture" is given. The content of nutrition elements in grapevine leaves of healthy and diseased grapevines is determined. The analyzed contents of mineral elements in the leaves of the infected plants differentiate to the recommended values of sufficiently nutrition of grapevine leaves. Microorganisms of Trichoderma ssp. are able to antagonise the inhibition of the reception of manganese.

A new Phytophthora hybrid of Ph. cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroet. and Ph. nicotianae van Breda de Haan pathogenic to cultivars of Pelargonium grandiflorum hort. is described as Phytophthora × pelgrandis and its morphological features are documented. Morphological, physiological (e.g. temperature requirements) and molecular data (DNA sequencing, random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR) are presented for isolates of the Phytophthora hybrid. Pathogenicity was tested on cultivars of P. grandiflorum and Nicotiana tabacum. For comparison cultures of the parental species and additional Phytophthora taxa also were examined.

A new Phytophthora hybrid of Ph. cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroet. and Ph. nicotianae van Breda de Haan pathogenic to cultivars of Pelargonium grandiflorum hort. is described as Phytophthora X pelgrandis and its morphological features are documented. Morphological, physiological (e.g. temperature requirements) and molecular data (DNA sequencing, random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR) are presented for isolates of the Phytophthora hybrid. Pathogenicity was tested on cultivars of P. grandiflorum and Nicotiana tabacum. For comparison cultures of the parental species and additional Phytophthora taxa also were examined.

Die Eutypa-, die Esca- und die Petrikrankheit haben in den vergangenen 15  Jahren in allen Weinbau betreibenden Bundesländern Deutschlands zu Absterbeerscheinungen in Rebanlagen geführt. Sie werden durch einen oder mehrere Pilzerreger verursacht. Bisher ist eine direkte Bekämpfung im Weinbau nicht möglich.

The JKI's own culture collection contains over 7500 strains of micro-organisms. 2571 of these represent Fusarium strains and have been collected over a long period of time. In order to preserve the Fusarium strains properly, different preservation methods are applied. Most of the Fusarium strains call be made available for research purpose.

Kwaśna and Nirenberg (2008) described Siepmannia, a new genus in the Mucoraceae, and two new species within Siepmannia, e.g. Siepmannia pineti Kwaśna & Nirenberg and S. lariceti Nirenberg & Kwaśna. The molecular analysis showed a close relationship of both fungi to Absidia parricida Renner & Muskat ex Hesseltine & J. J. Ellis (strain CBS174.67) and A. zychae Hesseltine & J. J. Ellis (strain CBS104.35). The inclusion of A. parricida and A. zychae in the Siepmannia genus and the creation of two new combinations, e.g. Siepmannia parricida and Siepmannia zychae were proposed (Kwaśna & Nirenberg 2008). However, in this paper the type species of the genus Siepmannia was not designated, rendering all nomenclatural novelties invalid (ICBN, Arts 37.1, 43.1 and 33.4). Therefore, the following validations are necessary.

A new genus Siepmannia of the Mucoraceae family is described. Siepmannia pineti sp. nov. and S. lariceti sp. nov. were isolated from forest soils in Poland. The species were differentiated on the basis of morphology and ITS1/2 rDNA sequencing. Siepmannia pineti and S. lariceti are identical in some aspects. Both show distinct morphological dimorphism in culture depending on conditions of growth and exhibit distinct mycotrophism manifested by sporulation in the presence of other fungi. Their morphological elements are minute. The phylogenetic grouping of Siepmannia with Absidia parricia and A. zychae leads to the creation of two new combinations, S. parricida and S. zychae.

Three strains of Trichoderma brevicompactum and another four that are closely related to that species (Trichoderma cf. brevicompactum) were analyzed for the formation of polypeptide antibiotics (peptaibiotics) by LC/ESI-MS(n). These isolates were selected because of an antagonistic potential against Eutypa dieback and Esca disease of grapevine and have not yet been investigated for the production of peptide antibiotics. Fully grown cultures on potato dextrose agar were extracted with CH2Cl2/MeOH, and this extract was subjected to SPE using C18 cartridges. The methanolic eluates were analyzed by LC/ESI-MS(n). All strains were found to produce membrane-active alamethicins F30. In addition to that, novel peptaibiotics were detected, namely, 14 12-residue trichocryptins B, 12 11-residue trichocryptins A, 19 11-residue trichobrevins A and B, 6 10-residue trichoferins, and 17 8-residue trichocompactins. These compounds may partially be responsible for the plant-protective action of the producers. Chemotaxonomic considerations also indicated the necessity to introduce another new species that is closely related to T. brevicompactum.

Eight strains of Trichoderma species (T strigosum, T erinaceus, T. pubescens, T stromaticum, and T spirale as well as T cf. strigosum, T cf. pubescens) were selected because of their antagonistic potential against Eutypa dieback and Esca which are fungal diseases of grapevine trunks. These isolates were screened for the production of a group of polypeptide antibiotics named peptaibioties, including its subgroups peptaibols and lipopeptaibols. Fully-grown fungal cultures on potato-dextrose agar were extracted with CH2Cl2/MeOH, and these extracts were subjected to SPE using C-18 cartridges. The methanolic eluates were analyzed by on-line LC/ESI-MSn coupling-a method which is referred to as 'peptaibiomics'. New seven-, ten-, and eleven-residue lipopeptaibols, with N-terminal alkanoyl, and C-terminal leucinol or isoleucinol residues were found and named lipostrigocins and lipopubescins. Furthermore, new 18-residue peptaibols named trichostromaticins and 19-residue peptaibols named trichostrigocins were discovered. One peptaibiotic carrying a free C-terminal valine (or isovaline) named trichocompactin XII was also sequenced. These results corroborate the hypothesis that peptaibiotics might contribute to the plant-protective action of their fungal producers. The data also point out that comparison of peptaibiotic sequences is of limited relevance in order to establish chemotaxonomic relationships among species of the genus Trichoderma.

Penicillium virgatum sp. nov. is described from the soil of a soybean field in New Caledonia. Its delimitation from P. daleae, isolated from forest soils in Poland and Germany, is discussed. The species are differentiated on the basis of morphological features of their cultures in vitro, comparison of the PCR-RFLP profiles with DdeI, HpaII, Sau3A1, and TagI restriction endonucleases, and nucleotide sequences.

A new species of Fusarium, Fusarium langsethiae, is described, illustrated and discussed. This species is isolated from kernels of oats, wheat and barley in several European countries. Morphologically, the species resembles Fusarium poae. It is differentiated from F. poae by slower growth, less aerial mycelium and absence of odour; its napiform or globose conidia are borne in the aerial mycelium on the agar surface on often bent phialides which exhibit sometimes more than one opening, whereas those of F. poae are produced on straight monophialides mostly in the aerial mycelium. No sporodochial conidia are formed by F. langsethiae even under near-UV light (nUV). Based on morphological characters, the species is placed in the section Sporotrichiella.

An integrated systematic study was carried out to clarify the taxonomical position and relationship of Fusarium langsethiae to other taxa within the Fusarium section Sporotrichiella. Strains of this species were compared with strains of the closely related species Fusarium poae and Fusarium sporotrichioides using a composite dataset. This set consisted of DNA sequences derived from the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, partial sequences of the ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) region, the β-tubulin and translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) genes, AFLP fingerprints, chromatographic data on secondary metabolites and morphological data and growth characteristics. From these combined data, a consensus matrix was calculated by taking the mean of all pairwise distances between single isolates over all separate datasets. The consensus matrix was used as the basis for the construction of a UPGMA dendrogram and a multidimensional scaling, both of which revealed a clear separation of the three taxa. Partial IGS, EF-1α and β-tubulin sequence—as well as chromatography—and AFLP-derived similarities turned out to be comparably consistent, while ITS sequence- and morphology-derived similarity matrices were rather divergent.

Fusarium commune sp. nov. was isolated from soil and Pisum sativum in Denmark and several widespread locations within the northern hemisphere from diverse substrates including white pine, Douglas fir, carnation, corn, carrot, barley and soil. Fusarium commune is characterized by and distinguished from its putative sister taxon, the F. oxysporum complex, in having long, slender monophialides and polyphialides when cultured in the dark. Based on the combined DNA sequence data from translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mtSSU rDNA), the 15 isolates of F. commune analyzed formed a strongly supported clade closely related to but independent of the F. oxysporum and Gibberella fujikuroi species complexes.