Simulations come in many forms and, for all their usefulness, they have disadvantages due to their need to simplify in time and issues as well as their artificiality. Social psychological simulations suffer from control and oversimplification; international relations simulations suffer from the artificiality of role playing. The best simulation is one where parties play themselves for real stakes in real time. While the latter two conditions are hard to obtain (although business schools often introduce real stakes), the first is possible. However, the scenario also has to be culturally understandable. This paper presents a basic scenario, the Camp Game, where the parties play themselves for imagined stakes in credible time. The game’s use in the United States and Europe is discussed. The paper then discusses options to redesign the game for African audiences, as well as two other games used in African settings.

Abstract This chapter examines political economy from the point of view of modernization, social contract, cohesion, conflict management, and development, first as a concept and then as it applies to Morocco. In the applied analysis, in regard to modernization, Morocco has moved to keep up with current definitions of each age, leading to some strains as the traditional sector is dragged along. The social contract between society and authority has expanded from security to justice and welfare and is readjusted as the system moves along in its transition. Cohesion is a societal process, building on traditional bonds and seeking to overcome the horizontal and vertical declivities that stress the process of social change. Governance is the management of conflict inherent in economic and socio-political relations by satisfying, satisficing, and repressing substantive and procedural concerns of demand-bearing groups. Development concerns social and political as well as economic growth so that all levels of society participate in the progress visible on the top level.

Passing parliamentary legislation is not just a matter of voting, but a comprehensive process of negotiation within one or more structures. In the absence of a strong structure, it becomes a multilateral negotiation of all legislative members, as in the US House of Representatives. This article analyzes the 118th Congress as multilateral negotiation to show the interaction of competing structures.

Much work has been done on handling terrorism and new work has begun on hybrid conflicts, but the dynamics, causes, internal and external relations, fragmentation, mindsets and belief systems, and methods and motives of these groups call for more analysis. Relations with the state, including power vacuums, negotiations, and tactics of control, and with the people, including violence, protection, social contract, and others are explored.

Ripeness has been analyzed and obtained Mutually Hurting Stalemate (MHS) but its accompanying Way Out (WO) may be similarly developed as a Mutually Enticing Opportunity (MEO). Questions about NHS need further pursuit, but MEO has a complementary role in leading mediation/negotiation to fruition. Stalemates, opportunities, mutuality, risk, and cooperation need more study in defined ways.

Governance is conflict management. Normal politics, based on a social contract is designed to provide stable and satisfying internal relations. This has often broken down into political vacuums, autocratic dominance, and protest and revolt. The latter are analyzed as popular uprisings, Non-State Armed Groups (NSAGs), social revolutions, civil war, riots, and secessions are expressions of refusal of overbearing or negligent government. This relationship, and its manifestations on both sides, are subjects that deeper research and understand for policy - corrective or assertive, responsible, or responsive - to be effective.

Power is defined in several ways, without consensus, either as possessions (source) or as behavior (outcome), or, lately, as an exercise, between the two. Perceived power, communications, risk, and uncertainty are new areas where initial work needs pursuit; power structures including symmetry/asymmetry are also perceptional matters. Negotiation has contributed BATNA as a useful measure of power that needs more examination. Ripeness, ceasefires, persuasion, BATNA negotiating, and threats and credibility are involved in conflict management; inducements may be less powerful than hoped.

This review is intended as an incitation to more work. Conflict management and resolution have merged as a vigorous field at the crossroads of political science, sociology, economics, and history over the past century, and today it faces the biggest challenge of its life. The very basis of its function, the existence of a world order, has been sundered as international relations slide toward entropy. A Realist approach, quite at home with the new anarchy, seeks more than ever to describe its function. Conflict management and resolution seeks to awake realistic creativity and examine present characteristics and future possibilities in order to develop a more positive evolution.

Exclusion is a major source of conflict, but inclusions pose the questions of Who/, How, plus When and Why? The first involves circles of inclusion such as stockholders/shareholders, stakeholders, civil society, and spoilers, but also the matter of representation of the absents - past and future - and their interests and criteria. Research on these aspects of inclusion has led to other topics awaiting study, such as land ownership and holy lands, inclusion tactics, ethnicity, lustration, social media, spokespersons, public opinion, and the matter of time, all open questions that require attention for clear analysis and sound action.

The breakdown of established order, norms, institutions, regimes, and systems of governance, capped by the Ukrainian War, marks the of end the established assumptions for conflict management and resolution. Useful past research has examined the sovereignty/self-determination conflict, the responsibility to protect (R2P), and the legitimate use of force. Geopolitics, status recovery, turning moments in world order (1948, 1962, 2022), regime rebuilding, popular insurrections, regional orders, subsidiarity, and quantitative research are offered as topics for further study.

Innumerable conflicts have been prevented: the challenge is to find out how and apply. Early prevention involves moment, perception, readiness, and action, and then way of halting escalation, activating norms such as R2P, avoiding exclusion, inculcating public service, dealing with urban overcrowding and ethnic segregation. At the same time, it is important to study and implement measures of protection where prevention fails.

Conflict, or incompatibility of positions, is the basis of politics, economics, and science; it is inevitable and can even be positive, as it moves from passive to active through escalation and may be durable and only temporarily managed or even resolved. Conflicts over identity and those over possession including territory and boundaries have undergone much study but important old and new questions remain. Conflict activation, escalation, entrapment, and ceasefire have been studies as an opening to more work; hybrid, ethnic, ideological, and territorial conflict also invite more work.

Beyond social and political groups and institutions, conflict management and resolution need to develop its focus in individual human relations. Work on the negotiator as an individual, attitudes toward genocide, and R2P ha focused on individuals, but more work is needed on the psychology of conflict management, conflict behavior, the political entrepreneur and the rebel’s dilemma, mediator/dealmaker personality, reconciliation, recuperative justice, and education.

Mediation covered half the conflicts over the last half of the previous century and much fewer in the first two decades of the next. Mediation often involves ripening but also usually helping parties find an outcome. Studies have involved mediation’s norms, tactics, persuasion, power, numbers and coordination, and support. Beside continuing these topics, new work is called for on Peace Processes, mandates and support, subjects’ characteristics, training, and preparation all are opportunities for practices-oriented and conceptual research.

Rethinking and revising the established knowledge and practice of conflict resolution and management, this innovative book brings together complementary perspectives to consider what novel approaches to conflict need to be invented after the collapse of the World Order.

Rethinking and revising the established knowledge and practice of conflict resolution and management, this innovative book brings together complementary perspectives to consider what novel approaches to conflict need to be invented after the collapse of the World Order.

Conflict over justice is the basis of negotiation, as the parties search for an outcome that is just enough, both to be preferable to their initial, but unilaterally unreachable, priorities and to the alternative of continued conflict. They do this in preparation for negotiating the exchange or division of items contested between them; the parties come to an agreement on the notion of justice that will govern this disposition. If they do not, the negotiations will not be able to proceed to a conclusion. Conflicting notions of justice act as a substantive veto on agreement and must be coordinated and accepted as the first stage of negotiation. The resulting notion of justice constitutes a formula, general principles defining the nature of the process, including the nature of the problem and the terms of trade. Ten historical cases are considered.

Post World War II Realism was accompanied by studies of crisis, peaceful change, peace studies, and the quintology: conflict prevention, protection, management, resolution and transformation. Rethinking begins with a presentation of the evolution of negotiation studies, including game theory, and involving the process of diagnosis, formulation, details and implementation, and the modes of concession (divide), compensation (exchange) and construction (reframing). Ripeness (MHS, MEO) and the tools of ZOPA and BATNA. Multilateral negotiations are also discussed.