Renewable energy sources are key to achieve the transition toward clean energy system. Among them, the geothermal energy has a production whose effectiveness requires sufficient understanding of the temperature distribution and fluid circulation at depth, as well as of the lithological and petrophysical properties of the crust. The focus of this paper is twofold: first, we summarize the main advances in the development of new methodologies and numerical codes to characterize the properties of the thermal lithosphere in terms of its, temperature, density and composition; second, based on the compilation of available thermal modelling results, we present the depth of the thermal Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) of the Iberian Peninsula and the temperature distribution at crustal depths of 5, 10, and 20 km, in addition to at Moho level. At 5 km depth, the temperature is above 110 °C with local anomalies (> 130 °C) located in the Iberian Massif and Cenozoic volcanic provinces. A similar pattern is observed at 10 and 20 km depth, where temperatures are above 190 °C and 350 °C, respectively. At 20 km depth, anomalies above > 500 °C, delineate the SE and NE Cenozoic volcanic provinces. At Moho depths, temperature ranges from 450 to 800 °C with hot regions mainly located along the Iberian Massif and the SE and NE volcanic provinces. The compiled results do not show any lithospheric anomaly that could give rise to high temperatures at shallow depths, but they do show an acceptable exploitation potential at intermediate depths. With regard to the direct use of district and greenhouse heating and for industrial processes, the potential is great throughout the Peninsula, the main challenges being the availability of groundwater and drilling costs.

<p>Joint interpretation of multidisciplinary geophysical data is the best way to reduce ambiguity in subsurface exploration. The combination of seismic velocity and electrical<br />resistivity has proven to be an excellent geological characterization strategy, however, the integration of these geophysical parameters is a complex process. In this work, we use unsupervised clustering to jointly interpret three geophysical datasets (P wave velocity, S wave velocity, and electrical resistivity). The target is a cross-section across the Alhama de Murcia Fault (FAM), which is one of the main active faults in the Iberian Peninsula. In our approach, we first join the three datasets into a common multiparametric grid. Then, in order to find data clusters that can be correlated with known lithologies in the area, we investigated the performance of three unsupervised machine learning algorithms: one hierarchical, one centroid-based, and one model-based. The latter proved to be the most efficient for clustering our highly mixed data and providing geological meaning. The three classes obtained correlated well with the lithological units present in the area and, from their relationship, it was possible to deduce structural elements not yet well understood, providing new perspectives in the characterization of the Alhama de Murcia fault zone. Research supported by grants: VECTOR EU project ID 101058483, and SIT4ME -EITRawMaterials.</p>

Since 1963, the International Heat Flow Commission has been fostering the compilation of the Global Heat Flow Database to provide reliable heat-flow data. Over time, techniques and methodologies evolved, calling for a reorganization of the database structure and for a reassessment of stored heat-flow data. Here, we provide the results of a collaborative, community-driven approach to set-up a new, quality-approved global heat-flow database. We present background information on how heat-flow is determined and how this important thermal parameter could be systematically evaluated. The latter requires appropriate documentation of metadata to allow the application of a consistent evaluation scheme. The knowledge of basic data (name and coordinates of the site, depth range of temperature measurements, etc.), details on temperature and thermal-conductivity data and possible perturbing effects need to be given. The proposed heat-flow quality evaluation scheme can discriminate between different quality aspects affecting heat flow: numerical uncertainties, methodological uncertainties, and environmental effects. The resulting quality codes allow the evaluation of every stored heat-flow data entry. If mandatory basic data are missing, the entry is marked accordingly. In cases where more than one heat-flow determination is presented for one specific site, and all of them are considered for the site, the poorest evaluation score is inherited to the site level. The required data and the proposed scheme are presented in this paper. Due to the requirements of the newly developed evaluation scheme, the database structure as presented in 2021 has been updated and is available in the appendix of this paper. The new quality scheme will allow a comprehensible evaluation of the stored heat-flow data for the first time.

Through a five-year Coordination and Support Action, the new #GSEU (Geological Service for Europe) project, EuroGeoSurveys, and 48 partner organizations from 36 European countries (including both national and regional Geological Survey Organisations - GSO, and associated partners) will deliver a plan for a sustainable Geological Service for Europe to be implemented beyond the 2027 project end. The project will directly support the vision of European Green Deal, focusing on our Earth and what lies within its subsurface, i.e. water, energy, raw materials, and all areas that require subsurface data and expertise. The GSEU’s key objective is to develop and make permanently available pan-European geological data on the already existing European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI) and related information services for the sustainable and safe use of our subsurface and its resources. The project is structured in 9 Working Packages (WP). Its ‘WP3 Geothermal energy & underground storage inventory’ will deliver the named online GIS ‘Pan-European Atlas for Sustainable Geo-Energy Capacities (SGEC)’, a future harmonized and generalized distribution of maps and databases of already known assessed capacity and resource potential, mainly from previous European projects, and supported with additional national and regional information from GSOs, including standardized qualitative and quantitative attributes. This will consider information on geothermal energy resources and subsurface storage capacities for sustainable energy carriers (hydrogen, heat and cold) and sequestration of CO2. This contribution will present the main objectives, methods and expected results with the publication of the future atlas.

The critical zone (CZ) represents the most-shallow subsurface, where the bio-, hydro-, and geospheres interact with anthropogenic activity. To characterize the thickness and lateral variations of the CZ, here we focus on the Eastern Betic Shear Zone (EBSZ), one of the most tectonically active regions in the Iberian Peninsula. Within the EBSZ, the Guadalentín Depression is a highly populated area with intensive agricultural activity, where the characterization of the CZ would provide valuable assets for land use management and seismic hazard assessments. To achieve this, we have conducted an interdisciplinary geophysical study along the eastern border of the Guadalentín Depression to characterize the CZ and the architecture of the shallow subsurface. The datasets used include Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), first-arrival travel time seismic tomography, and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW). The geophysical datasets combined help to constrain the high-resolution structure of the subsurface and image active fault systems along four transects. The resulting geophysical models have allowed us to interpret the first ~150 m of the subsurface and has revealed: (i) the variable thickness of the CZ; (ii) the CZ relationship between the fault zone and topographic slope; and (iii) the differences in CZ thickness associated with the geological units. Our results provide a method for studying the shallow subsurface of active faults, complementing previous geological models based on paleo-seismological trenches, and can be used to improve the CZ assessment of tectonically active regions.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVViewpointNEXTToward Energy-Independence and Net-Zero: The Inevitability of Subsurface Storage in EuropeJohannes M. Miocic*Johannes M. MiocicEnergy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands*[email protected]More by Johannes M. Miocic, Juan AlcaldeJuan AlcaldeGeosciences Barcelona, GEO3BCN-CSIC, 08028 Barcelona, SpainMore by Juan Alcaldehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9806-5600, Niklas HeinemannNiklas HeinemannSchool of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, United KingdomMore by Niklas Heinemann, Ignacio MarzanIgnacio MarzanSpanish Geological Survey, IGME-CSIC, 28003 Madrid, SpainMore by Ignacio Marzan, and Suzanne HangxSuzanne HangxDepartment of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The NetherlandsMore by Suzanne HangxCite this: ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 8, 2486–2489Publication Date (Web):July 8, 2022Publication History Received7 June 2022Accepted29 June 2022Published online8 July 2022Published inissue 12 August 2022https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01303https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01303article-commentaryACS PublicationsCopyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under CC-BY 4.0. License Summary*You are free to share (copy and redistribute) this article in any medium or format and to adapt (remix, transform, and build upon) the material for any purpose, even commercially within the parameters below:Creative Commons (CC): This is a Creative Commons license.Attribution (BY): Credit must be given to the creator.View full license*DisclaimerThis summary highlights only some of the key features and terms of the actual license. It is not a license and has no legal value. Carefully review the actual license before using these materials. This publication is Open Access under the license indicated. Learn MoreArticle Views2168Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Energy,Energy storage,Geothermal energy,Lipids,Natural resources Get e-Alerts

Soil instability is a major hazard facing the mining industry in its role of supplying the indispensable mineral resources that our societal challenges require. Aiming to demonstrate the monitoring potential of radar satellites in the mining sector, we analyze the deformation field in the Riotinto mine, Spain. We propose a new method for combining ascending and descending results into a common dataset that provides better resolution. We project the LOS measurements resulting from both geometries to a common reference system without applying any type of geometric restriction. As a projection system, we use the vertical direction in flat areas and the slope in steep topographies. We then identify and remove outliers and artifacts from the joint dataset to finally obtain a deformation map that combines the two acquisition perspectives. The results in the Atalaya pit are consistent with GNSS measurements. The movements observed in the rock dumps were unknown before this study. We demonstrate the great potential of the Sentinel-1 satellite as a complementary tool for monitoring systems in mining environments and we call for its use to be standardized to guarantee a safe and sustainable supply of mineral resources necessary for a just technological transition.

Many countries have assigned an indispensable role for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in their national climate change mitigation pathways. However, CCS deployment has stalled in most countries with only limited commercial projects realised mainly in hydrocarbon-rich countries for enhanced oil recovery. If the Paris Agreement is to be met, then this progress must be replicated widely, including hydrocarbon-limited countries. In this study, we present a novel source-to-sink assessment methodology based on a hubs and clusters approach to identify favourable regions for CCS deployment and attract renewed public and political interest in viable deployment pathways. Here, we apply this methodology to Spain, where fifteen emission hubs from both the power and the hard-to-abate industrial sectors are identified as potential CO2 sources. A priority storage structure and two reserves for each hub are selected based on screening and ranking processes using a multi-criteria decision-making method. The priority source-to-sink clusters are identified indicating four potential development regions, with the North-Western and North-Eastern Spain recognised as priority regions due to resilience provided by different types of CO2 sources and geological structures. Up to 68.7 Mt CO2 per year, comprising around 21% of Spanish emissions can be connected to clusters linked to feasible storage. CCS, especially in the hard-to-abate sector, and in combination with other low-carbon energies (e.g., blue hydrogen and bioenergy), remains a significant and unavoidable contributor to the Paris Agreement’s mid-century net-zero target. This study shows that the hubs and clusters approach can facilitate CCS deployment in Spain and other hydrocarbon-limited countries.

PreviousNext You have accessSixth International Conference on Engineering Geophysics, Virtual, 25–28 October 2021Geodetic observation in geodynamics and engineering: Some examplesAuthors: José FernándezAntonio G. CamachoJuan F. PrietoJoaquín EscayoMimmo PalanoIgnacio MarzánJosé FernándezCiudad Universitaria, MadridSearch for more papers by this author, Antonio G. CamachoCiudad Universitaria, MadridSearch for more papers by this author, Juan F. PrietoUniversidad Politécnica de MadridSearch for more papers by this author, Joaquín EscayoCiudad Universitaria, MadridSearch for more papers by this author, Mimmo PalanoIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaSearch for more papers by this author, and Ignacio MarzánIGMESearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1190/iceg2021-026.1 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract In recent decades, there has been a great increment in the quality and quantity of geodetic data from a variety of terrestrial, aerial, and spatial sources covering displacement and gravity. The development of space geodetic techniques has played a key role in this advance in geodesy and led to a explosive increase in the spatial and temporal coverage and in the number of applications, while permitting the observation of terrestrial areas that are remote and hard to access using more classical ground-based methods. This has made it possible—for example—to detect deformations and variations in gravity associated with large earthquakes, or volcanoes that have not yet been studied systematically, and to monitor other natural or anthropogenic hazards. These advances have also been applied in other fields, particularly engineering, to allow more accurate measurement when executing and subsequently monitoring large-scale engineering projects, making it easier to keep track of deformations and detect pathologies in infrastructures and constructions. All these new capabilities highlight a clear need for new approaches to analysis, modeling, and interpretation. The quantitative combination of geodetic data with non-geodetic observations (e.g., seismicity, gas emissions, atmospheric measurements) using these new approaches is especially important. The abundant availability of data from a variety of sources also enables studies to be conducted on a very local scale (only a few hundred square meters), on a regional scale, and even on a global scale. We summarize some of these aspects and show some study examples of Geodetic observation and modeling to geodynamics and engineering: volcanic activity (Mt Etna, Sicily, Italy), earthquakes (2014 Mw 6.0 Napa Valley, California, earthquake), overexploitation of aquifers (Lorca area, Spain), dam stability (Siles, Spain), mining (Riotinto, Spain), and gravimetric crustal structure which can be used for prospecting. Keywords: modeling, interpretation, engineering, crustal structure, miningPermalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/iceg2021-026.1FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Sixth International Conference on Engineering Geophysics, Virtual, 25–28 October 2021ISSN (online):2159-6832Copyright: 2021 Pages: 341 publication data© 2021 Published in electronic format with permission by the Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 24 Dec 2021 CITATION INFORMATION José Fernández, Antonio G. Camacho, Juan F. Prieto, Joaquín Escayo, Mimmo Palano, and Ignacio Marzán, (2021), "Geodetic observation in geodynamics and engineering: Some examples," SEG Global Meeting Abstracts : 95-95. https://doi.org/10.1190/iceg2021-026.1 Plain-Language Summary Keywordsmodelinginterpretationengineeringcrustal structureminingPDF DownloadLoading ...

Earth Observation (EO) data can become an essential tool in the transformation of a raw materials sector that aims to reconfigure its model of operation. The high demand for the mineral resources necessary for the transition to a carbon neutral and circular economy conflicts with the increasing difficulties of finding new deposits. As the sector heads towards embracing circularity and reducing the environmental impacts, a clear focus has been set on developing appropriate tools to boost the efficiency of mineral resource management, both technologically and economically. In this scenario, the Sentinel satellites of the European Copernicus program come into play. Despite being satellites considered medium resolution, they provide great temporal and spatial coverage in a continuous record, which makes them tools with great potential for the raw materials sector. However, the lack of applications in the raw materials sector suggests that these technological advances have remained underrated by sectoral actors. The RawMatCop program was designed to bridge this gap. This program, co-funded by the European Commission and EIT RawMaterials, aims to develop applications and promote the use of Copernicus data in the raw materials sector to contribute to a safe and sustainable supply of mineral resources. The presented applications can be grouped into three categories covering the whole mining cycle from exploration to exploitation and post-mining. Two of the presented case studies cover the study of primary sources including exploration of Iron Oxide Copper Gold mineralisations to identify high-potential mining areas and mapping of informal gold mining and its environmental impacts. Another project focused on secondary sources tackled data applications for grade mapping and sample optimisation in mining residues. And the forth project focused on monitoring ground stability related to mining activity. The results demonstrate the high cost-effectiveness of Sentinel 1 and 2 in extending ground-based measurements to larger areas, especially when these are hard-to-reach areas. Finally, the presented projects examine the industrial and social impacts of technological innovations, as well as contribute to the achievement of prominent European Union policy objectives and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

The nature of the crust beneath central Iberia was estimated by a wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction transect, ALCUDIA-WA, which sampled the southern half of the Variscan Central Iberian Zone, covered in the north by the Cenozoic Tajo Basin. The shot gathers recorded by vertical component sensors revealed well defined P- and S-wave phases. These arrivals were modeled by an iterative forward approach providing 2D crustal models showing variations in the velocity distribution with upper crustal P- and S-wave velocities increasing northwards. The lower crust P-wave velocities are homogeneous along the profile while the S-wave velocities slightly increase northwards. The Moho is placed at 32 km depth in the southern edge of the profile, deepening northward down to 35 km beneath the Tajo Basin. The Poisson's ratio, calculated from P- and S-wave velocities, varies along the profile at upper crustal depths. The highest values are located below the Mora and Pedmches batholiths. These resulting physical properties can serve to constrain the crustal composition by comparing them with laboratory measurements on rock samples. Our results suggest that the upper crust in the southern and central segments of the ALCUDIA profile is made up of low-grade metasedimentary rocks, while the northern segment is dominated by igneous rocks, in agreement with the surface geology. Separated by a sharp boundary located between 12 km (south) and 18 km (north) depth, the lower crust is more homogeneous and shows low Poisson' ratios compatible with a rather felsic composition. However, outstanding lamination described in coincident vertical incidence data indicates some degree of intercalation with mafic components.

An optimal strategy for building realistic geological models must combine different geophysical techniques, each with its advantages and limitations. However, dealing with multiple geophysical datasets to derive a geological interpretation is not straightforward since geophysical parameters are not always functionally related. In this work, we propose an innovative approach consisting of using machine learning techniques to jointly interpret three geophysical datasets (a pseudo-3D resistivity model, a 3D velocity model, and 4 well-logs). These datasets, among others, were acquired to characterize the suitability of an evaporitic sequence for hosting a temporary storage facility of hazardous radioactive waste, which was planned in Villar de Cañas (Spain). Our strategy consisted of integrating both models in a single 3D bi-parametric grid that nested the velocity and resistivity values in each node. We then used a supervised learning algorithm to lithologically classify each node according to a training set based on the borehole data, which acts as ground truth. The training set is composed of classifiers that lithologically label resistivity-velocity pairs. However, the very shallow nodes lack classifiers due to the poor well-log coverage at the top part of the evaporitic sequence. To fill this gap, we computed an unsupervised cluster analysis that provided new classes to complete the training set. Finally, the supervised classification was applied, providing a new 3D lithology model that is far more consistent with the geology than the models derived from each parameter independently. The 3D model also revealed geological features previously unknown, notably the existence of an inactive fault. The proposed method can be applied to integrate and jointly interpret any kind of multidisciplinary datasets in a wide range of geoscientific problems, including natural resource exploration, geological storage, environmental monitoring, civil engineering practice, and hazard assessment.

Seismic reflection data (normal incidence and wide angle) are unique assets for solid Earth sciences as they provide critical information about the physical properties and structure of the lithosphere as well as about the shallow subsurface for exploration purposes. The resolution of these seismic data is highly appreciated; however they are logistically complex and expensive to acquire, and their geographical coverage is limited. Therefore, it is essential to make the most of the data that have already been acquired. The collation and dissemination of seismic open-access data are then key to promote accurate and innovative research and to enhance new interpretations of legacy data. This work presents the Seismic DAta REpository (SeisDARE), which is, to our knowledge, one of the first comprehensive open-access online databases that stores seismic data registered with a permanent identifier (DOI). The datasets included here are openly accessible online and guarantee the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) principles of data management, granting the inclusion of each dataset in a statistics referencing database so its impact can be measured. SeisDARE includes seismic data acquired in the last 4 decades in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. These areas have attracted the attention of international researchers in the fields of geology and geophysics due to the exceptional outcrops of the Variscan and Alpine orogens and wide foreland basins, the crustal structure of the offshore margins that resulted from a complex plate kinematic evolution, and the vast quantities of natural resources contained within. This database has been built thanks to a network of national and international institutions, promoting a multidisciplinary research and is open for international data exchange and collaborations. As part of this international collaboration, and as a model for inclusion of other global seismic datasets, SeisDARE also hosts seismic data acquired in Hardeman County, Texas (USA), within the COCORP project (Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling). SeisDARE aims to make easily accessible old and recently acquired seismic data and to establish a framework for future seismic data management plans. SeisDARE is freely available at https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/101879 (a detailed list of the datasets can be found in Table 1), bringing endless research and teaching opportunities to the scientific, industrial, and educational communities.

Seismic reflection data (normal incidence and wide-angle) are unique assets for Solid Earth Science. They provide critical information about the physical properties and structure of the lithosphere...

The region of Taiwan is undergoing active, oblique arc-continent colision between the Luzon Arc on the Philippine Sea Plate and the continental margin of Eurasia. The Fold-and-Thrust Belt (FTB) in Taiwan passes southwards into a submarine accretionary wedge at the Manila subduction zone. The aim of this contribution is to examine how an on land FTB changes into a marine accretionary prism in the context of an oblique arc-continent collision. The Miocene pre-orogenic sediments of the continental margin are widespread in the FTB ca. 23° latitude while the offshore wedge is built up dominantly by Pliocene to recent syn-orogenic sediments. In the transition area from the marine accretionary wedge ca. 21° latitude to the on land FTB, the thrust wedge is climbing up the slope of the Eurasian continental margin. The deformation front is at sea floor depth of ca. 4 km in the south to less than 1 km as it reaches the coast line. Here we use the island surface geology, marine reflection seismic profiles, and seismic tomography models to construct contour maps of the basal thrust and the depth to the Moho across a transition area from near 23° to near 21° latitude. In this zone, the deformation front draws a convex curvature as the wedge widens from ca. 50 in the north and south, to more than 130 km near 22° latitude. The basal thrust surface shows a scoop shape as its dip changes from southeast near the coast line to east southward. The basal thrust reaches over 7 km deep beneath the rear of the FTB before ramping into de basement and merging into the Chaochou fault at 10 km depth. Offshore, it shows a gentler dip from 7 km to c. 10 km depth before getting steeper towards the east below the Hengchung Ridge. The basal cuts laterally along-strike through the margin’s sedimentary cover to incorporate thicker Miocene pre-orogenic sediments onto its hanging wall as it passes from the offshore wedge to the on land FTB. In the offshore area, the Moho (we use a Vp proxy of 7.5 km/s extracted from the seismic tomography) shallows southeastward, from near 25 km depth below the shelf slope break to less than 17 km depth below the offshore wedge near 21.5° latitude before it starts to deep east towards beneath the Taiwan coast. The Moho dips northeast from near 25 km depth below the coast near Kaohsiung, to near 40 depth below the rear of the FTB at 23.5°, latitude. This complex morphology of the Moho may be related to the changes in crustal thickness and the obliquity of the collision. Because of this, crustal thickening is less pronounced beneath southern Taiwan where the thinner part of the margin is colliding with the arc. This research is part of project PGC2018-094227-B-I00 funded by the Spanish Research Agency from the Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities of Spain.

In order to tackle the ever-increasing demand of raw materials, the European Institute of Technology (EIT) promotes research and innovation solutions for safe and sustainable mineral exploration through its Raw Materials Programme. The SIT4ME project (“Seismic Imaging Techniques for Mineral Exploration”) has been funded as part of this program to develop efficient techniques in seismic acquisition and imaging methods for mineral exploration in crystalline environments. Within SIT4ME, a multidisciplinary data acquisition experiment (i.e. 3D-3C active and passive source seismic datasets) took place in November 2009 in Sotiel-Coronada (Iberian Pyrite Belt, SW Spain). The aim of this experiment was to image a 300-500 m depth pyrite-rich massive sulfide orebody interbedded with felsic volcanic rocks and shales. The seismic dataset involves the recording of 875 vibration points in 653 seismic receivers, distributed in a 3D mesh around the target and six 2D crooked lines. Conventional processing workflow (such as static corrections, surface-consistent deconvolution, amplitude equalization, frequency filtering, and velocity analysis) was combined with more advance methods (e.g. ground roll attenuation or post-stack coherency filtering) to obtain robust images of the subsurface of the target area. The processing workflow has been applied to four 2D seismic sections, one in the North-South and three in the East-West directions, distributed across the study area. The preliminary imaging results show coherent reflective packages down to two seconds two-way traveltime (TWT). The North-South line contains a north-dipping ~400 m long highly reflective zone in the center at 130 ms TWT. The east-west profiles show a slightly folded structure (antiform and synform) which is evident down to 0.25 s TWT. Towards the north, the seismic lines become parallel to subsurface structures and therefore the track of these structures is lost. Current work involves the incorporation of well-log data to improve the quality and resolution of the interpretations. The next processing steps will involve pre-stack depth migration, P-wave travel-time tomography and a combined analysis of controlled source imaging and ambient noise interferometry data. The SIT4ME project has been funded by EIT Raw Materials (17024).