The object of research is the innovation, industrial and entrepreneurial policy of the EU and Ukraine in 2016–2024, assessed by key performance indicators. The problem lies in the lack of mechanisms for integrating European practices adapted to Ukrainian conditions, which limits investment potential, the development of innovation ecosystems, acceleration of structural modernization and growth of competitiveness in the context of post-war recovery. The essence of the results obtained is to identify significant differences between the EU and Ukraine in seven indicators of innovation policy, as well as to establish the factors that most affect high-tech exports. For the EU, a close relationship between R&D funding, business participation, human capital development and commercialization of innovations has been confirmed. In Ukraine, science-industry cooperation and the human resource potential of business research have become decisive, while the impact of R&D funding is weak and unstable. Regression modeling showed that in the EU the key drivers are corporate R&D, human capital and scientific-industrial cooperation, while in Ukraine – institutional and personnel factors. These results are explained by differences in institutional maturity, quality of innovation management, efficiency of commercialization of developments and integration of science into production. The EU has comprehensive and targeted support instruments that ensure a direct link between innovation spending and economic results. In Ukraine, however, there is fragmentation of measures, declarative nature of reforms and low conversion of costs into high-tech exports. The results obtained can be used to adjust national innovation development strategies, form post-war recovery programs, increase the role of private R&D, human capital development and intensify cooperation between science and business at all levels.

In recent years, significant progress has been made in risk management. Moreover, along with risk management, new concepts have been introduced: risk management, risk economics, risk engineering, risk administration and risk production; a new, basic, general and professional criterion for dividing risks (into economic, engineering, administrative and production) has been established; the interpretation of the elements of risk content has been clarified: certainty and uncertainty, in particular, their minimum and maximum values. However, most scientists consider the idea of the existence of such two forms of them — complete certainty and complete uncertainty — to be erroneous. Eliminating illusory management practices is necessary to increase the effectiveness of organizational decisions. In conditions of complete certainty, managers may mistakenly believe that all processes are predictable, which leads to excessive bureaucratization. In conditions of complete uncertainty, the illusion of control contributes to making impulsive decisions without relying on analytics and scenarios of events. The elimination of such illusions allows to form adaptive strategies and respond more effectively to changes in the external environment. Therefore, this section has proven the absence of complete certainty and complete uncertainty both outside and inside the risk. For the first time, the widespread idea of the existence of complete certainty and complete uncertainty has been refuted. The results obtained will deepen our understanding of the essence and content of risk, risk management and risk governance in general, and will increase the efficiency of managing enterprises and organizations in the face of risks by eliminating unnecessary activity in the face of non-existent so-called “complete certainty” and “complete uncertainty”. Such results will allow to concentrate attention and resources on the real subject of risk management — only on risk.

The article assesses the prospects for the development of entrepreneurial activity in the EU and Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. A methodical approach for the analysis of the development of entrepreneurial activity in the EU countries and Ukraine in the context of the digitalization of the economy has been formed, which consists of three stages. Attention is drawn to the fact that the WDCR, NRI, GII indices combine mainly institutional, economic and technological indicators that reflect the development of regulatory and legal research base, use of ICT in business, information security. The EGDI index has a more social orientation and reflects socio-economic integration - it is designed to assess the level of development of the information society. An analysis of the dynamics of changes in entrepreneurial activity in EU countries and Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization of the economy was carried out. It was established that despite the lower level of development of digitalization in Ukraine compared to the EU countries, the development trends both in the EU as a whole and in Ukraine clearly coincide. The impact of the digital component on the development of entrepreneurial activity in EU countries and Ukraine was modeled using correlation-regression analysis. It was noted that the level of digitalization does not affect the speed of the legislative body's reaction to eliminate the deterioration of the conditions of business activity, and the establishment of index indicators only according to the adopted normative legal acts does not take into account the effectiveness of the implementation of legislative changes in the field of business activity. It was concluded that among the three variables, the e-government development index has the greatest influence on the development of entrepreneurial activity. Belgium, Croatia, Italy, Slovakia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Hungary have the greatest direct relationship between the development of entrepreneurial activity, the digital government development index, and digital competitiveness.

This article examines the problem of social entrepreneurship education in higher education. Along with traditional entrepreneurs, it is of particular importance to create social entrepreneurs through collaboration between academia, social enterprises and business. The development of social entrepreneurship in higher education institutions in Bulgaria faces a number of problems, as well as prospects for its development. The purpose of this article is to identify the problems and outline the prospects for social entrepreneurship in higher education in Bulgaria. By undertaking the necessary activities in the direction of increasing social awareness, sustainability and social responsibility, universities can train socially oriented entrepreneurs to contribute their knowledge and abilities to the development and well-being of our country. The main research methods involved in the development are content analysis, method of analysis and synthesis, method of observation, intuitive and systematic approach.

The article assesses the prospects for the development of entrepreneurial activity in the EU and Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. A methodical approach for the analysis of the development of entrepreneurial activity in the EU countries and Ukraine in the context of the digitalization of the economy has been formed, which consists of three stages. Attention is drawn to the fact that the WDCR, NRI, GII indices combine mainly institutional, economic and technological indicators that reflect the development of regulatory and legal research base, use of ICT in business, information security. The EGDI index has a more social orientation and reflects socio-economic integration - it is designed to assess the level of development of the information society. An analysis of the dynamics of changes in entrepreneurial activity in EU countries and Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization of the economy was carried out. It was established that despite the lower level of development of digitalization in Ukraine compared to the EU countries, the development trends both in the EU as a whole and in Ukraine clearly coincide. The impact of the digital component on the development of entrepreneurial activity in EU countries and Ukraine was modeled using correlation-regression analysis. It was noted that the level of digitalization does not affect the speed of the legislative body's reaction to eliminate the deterioration of the conditions of business activity, and the establishment of index indicators only according to the adopted normative legal acts does not take into account the effectiveness of the implementation of legislative changes in the field of business activity. It was concluded that among the three variables, the e-government development index has the greatest influence on the development of entrepreneurial activity. Belgium, Croatia, Italy, Slovakia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Hungary have the greatest direct relationship between the development of entrepreneurial activity, the digital government development index, and digital competitiveness.

The article is aimed at assessing the current state of development of the green economy of China and providing recommendations for the development of the economy of such kind. As a result of the study, the definition of the «green economy» was analyzed, information was collected on the origins and development of the conception of the green economy, which covers economic, environmental, and social factors. The place of the People’s Republic of China among the selected countries (Canada, the USA, Germany, Japan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine) according to certain indicators of the green economy, in particular: CO2 emissions, the use of renewable energy sources, research and development costs, air pollution called PM2.5, total greenhouse gas emissions were substantiated. The article also compares the indicators of the green economy in the PRC with the average for all countries of the world. Recommendations for further development of the green economy in the PRC are provided, in particular, it concerns: increasing the volume of construction of environmental protection infrastructure and improving the environmental protection system; increasing investment in education and focusing on human capital; strengthening financial support for the green economy; improvement of the mechanism of patenting inventions and transformation of scientific and technological achievements; combination of the economic and the green development; deepening reforms and opening up to improve the quality of foreign investment. Prospects for further research in this direction are the assessment of the green economy of the PRC in the regional context on the basis of entropy along with systematization of existing indicators, as well as the construction of an own system of indices to assess the level of development of the green economy. Based on the calculated results of the assessment, it would be advisable to provide appropriate policy recommendations for each region of China in order to further develop the green economy.

In the current context of the development of the world economy, one of the main priorities of the country’s economic development is the intensification of investment processes, because they have a positive impact on economic growth and efficient functioning of a country’s economy. The modern investment market is full of competition among countries in order to attract investment. The main indicator influencing the amount of funds raised in the country’s economy is the country’s investment climate. Also, in modern conditions the concept of “green” economy is actively promoted. Therefore, today the assessment of the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the implementation of the “green” economy is a very important and relevant issue. Finding ways to improve the investment climate in Ukraine is another topical issue. The main objective of this study is to assess the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine under conditions of realization of the “green” economy. The research uses general scientific methods of cognition: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, methods of qualitative and quantitative economic and statistical analysis, graphic method. Among the methods of economic-mathematical modelling, correlation analysis, trend analysis and correlationregression analysis were used. It was established that the study of the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the “green” economy is based on objective international ratings that have a transparent calculation methodology. These international ratings are constantly updated and cover most countries of the world. So, the proposed method makes it possible to conduct an analysis of the investment climate and the “environmental friendliness” of the country’s economy according to world indices, to determine which countries are leaders and which are outsiders according to the selected indices and indicators, to study the place of Ukraine according to these indicators, and to conduct a trend analysis, to model the degree of close relationship between indices and factors of the investment climate on the basis of correlation analysis, as well as to develop recommendations for improving the investment climate of the EU countries and Ukraine in the conditions of implementation of the “green” economy

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL ECONOMIES The chapter accounts for the problem of identification and leveling breaks in the innovative development of socio-economic systems in example of Ukraine in the face of new challenges for the state in the process of developing relations with the EU. The aim of the paper is to assess the level of innovation competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy and determine the most important factors for leveling breaks in its innovative development in the conditions of association with the EU. The analysis of world rankings has shown that the innovative development of Ukraine determines comparative factor advantages in coverage of higher education, availability of scientific staff, and quality of research institutions, but low state support, lack of stability, and problems in institutional development hamper the country’s innovative potential. Cluster analysis showed that Ukraine is in the same cluster as Poland. Bulgaria and Romania, which have not yet fully consistent with the level of technological competitiveness of EU leaders. Among the strengths of Ukraine is the development of human resources and labor effect. The correlation analysis between the components of the Global Innovation Index and the factors of increasing Ukraine’s competitiveness indicates a moderate link between the development of clusters, the ratio of expenditures on R&D to GDP, and the export of ICT services. In order to level breaks in the innovative development of Ukraine it’s necessary: to increase both foreign investments and state financing; improvement of regulatory acts, reduction of corruption, institutional improvement; support of technologies through of regional cluster programs or “smart specialization”; integration into the European Research Area. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ How to Cite: Matyushenko, I., Ryeznikov, V., Tofaniuk, O., Khanova, O., Grygorova-Berenda, L., Zaitseva, A. (2022). Leveling breaks in the innovative development of socio-economic systems. Innovative development of national economies. Kharkiv: PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER, 71–102. doi: https://doi.org/10.15587/978-617-7319-64-0.ch3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Collective monograph contains the results of scientific research on topical issues of development of innovation systems at the National level. The problems posed are considered in various aspects, so the results of the research are of practical interest, and their use can contribute to the formation of a policy for the development of regional economies. Section 1 presents the results of a study of the formation processes and features of the functioning of the National Innovation System (NIS), its main components and the links between them. In particular, investment and innovation systems (IIS) are studied as key institutions of the NIS, characterized by a pronounced system-forming function. A block diagram of the National Innovation System has been developed, which includes four main institutional subsystems and subsystems of specific links, which, in fact, ensure the functioning of both institutional subsystems and the entire NIS. The algorithm of their functioning is defined on the basis of its representation by means of a system of inequalities of criterion conditions. Section 2 analyzes the impact of nanoeconomics on the macroeconomics of an individual state based on the characteristics of the nature of nanoeconomics, its tangible and intangible forms, regularities, and evolution. The system of households as cells of individual consumption is characterized and it is shown that the structure of the national economy as part of the service sector, industry and the agro-industrial complex forms an entrepreneurial sector with active individuals. A close relationship has been established between the indicators of the development of nanoeconomics of the macroeconomic situation in a particular country and the relevance of the individual systemic factor for the development of national economic systems has been proved. Section 3 discusses the problem of identifying and leveling the breaks in the innovative development of socio-economic systems on the example of Ukraine in the face of new challenges for the state in the process of developing relations with the EU. An assessment of the level of innovative competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy is made and the most important factors for leveling interruptions in its innovative development in the conditions of association with the EU are identified. Recommendations are given for scheduling breaks in the innovative development of Ukraine. Among them: increased foreign investment and public funding; improvement of legal acts, reduction of corruption, institutional improvement; technology support through regional cluster programs or "smart specialization"; integration into the European Research Area. In Section 4, within the framework of the study of an innovative model of regional management of freshwater resources, environmental priorities, innovative investment dominants, targets and a model of environmentally balanced management of freshwater resources at the regional level are identified. This provides a more objective and balanced assessment of possible schemes and tools for managing the territory's freshwater resources. The conceptual approach presented in the paper is a rather flexible tool with a free choice of elements of analysis depending on the goals and objects of management. The monograph is intended for scientists who study the problems of innovative development of socio-economic systems of national economies either at the level of theoretical approaches, or at the level of practical implementation of measures aimed at determining priority areas for innovative development. It can be useful for practitioners in the field of state regulation, specialists and managers of various levels of industry, agro-industrial complex, services, etc., who solve practical issues of increasing the competitiveness of National Economies. The monograph can also be useful to graduate students and masters of universities in the relevant educational and scientific profile.

The aim of the study is to assess the technological competitiveness of the leading countries and Ukraine as well as the formation of an innovation and investment mechanism to improve it. The article presents the scheme of research of technological competitiveness of the leading countries and Ukraine on the basis of qualitative and economic-statistical analysis, analysis of comparative advantages, grouping method and correlation-regression analysis. Analysis of foreign trade in high-tech products showed that the studied countries occupy more than half of this market. The studied countries take an active part in international economic relations since they have rather high export quotas but the ratio of the export of high-tech goods to GDP is very low. The analysis of comparative advantages showed that Ukraine has the greatest preference for the export of aerospace products, Germany for pharmaceuticals, China for office equipment, the United States for instrument making, and only China for telecommunications. It was determined that France, China, and South Korea have the highest level of innovation in national exports, and Ukraine and the Russian Federation have the lowest.

It is proposed using certain indicators to assess the sustainable development of the EU countries and Ukraine: for the economic measuring - the global competitiveness index, the global innovation index and the index of economic freedom; for the social measuring - the social progress index, the human development index, quality of life index; for the environmental measuring - environmental performance index. The analysis of each selected indices of the EU countries and Ukraine is carried out. The methodology for calculating the ratio of the economic, social and environmental components of sustainable development for each EU country and Ukraine is presented. Attention is focused on the significant regional diversification of sustainable development and its components in the EU countries and Ukraine; the highest, middle and lowest levels of sustainable development of counties are identified. Impact: the methodology for the study of sustainable development, proposed by the authors on the example of the EU countries and Ukraine, is based on objective international ratings that have a transparent calculation methodology. These international ratings are constantly updated and cover most of the countries of the world. Therefore, the proposed methodology makes it possible to identify countries with the highest level of economic, social and environmental development; calculate the index of sustainable development of any country in the world.

Research background: The article explicates the approach of assessing the factors of innovation cooperation of Ukraine and Scandinavian countries in the face of the new industrial revolution. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to assess the current state of cooperation between Ukraine and Scandinavian countries and define the most critical factors for its further development in the new industrial revolution. Methods: The article presents the research scheme of cooperation between Ukraine and Scandinavian countries based on qualitative and economic-statistical analysis, comparative advantages analysis, correlation-regression analysis. Findings & value added: As a result of the research, it was revealed that the main directions of innovation cooperation between Ukraine and Scandinavian countries are investment projects, technical assistance initiatives, experience and technologies transfer. The cooperation is mainly implemented in energy, information technologies, education, science and high-tech trade. Based on the eco-nomic-diplomatic component analysis, a forecast and the dynamics of trade turnover of Ukraine and Scandinavian countries are presented, including the critical for Ukrainian economy time-frame of 2013-2014. It has been revealed that economic diplomacy plays a vital role in establishing and expanding trade relations. To deepen the innovation cooperation between Ukraine and Scandinavian countries, the authors see the need for: (1) expanding spheres of cooperation through joint projects in infrastructure, energy, aerospace and pharmaceutical industries, and the production of components for automobiles; (2) conducting joint research on biotechnology and nanotechnology; (3) signing of agreements in order to establish partnerships between the universities of Scandinavian countries and Ukraine; (4) the introduction of state support for the aerospace industry, the creation of scientific and production clusters in this field; (5) further development and diversification of the Ukrainian IT services market and interaction with Scandinavian countries in this field.

Ways to improve the efficiency of the functioning of complete logistic supply chain (CLSC) in the framework of the concept of Industry 4.0 are described.It is shown that the key features of Industry 4.0, namely the integration of production and network communications, the formation of direct links of production chains from ordering a product to receiving it by the consumer as soon as possible with maximum process efficiency, determine the inadequate effectiveness of traditional means for information supporting on the functioning of CLSCs.It is proposed to modernize the mathematical and information support of CLSC by supplementing the currently used AnyLogic modeling environment with artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering.The technology of multi-agent systems (MAS) has been used as such a tool.The use of MAS technology will provide the opportunity to adequately present in the AnyLogic environment the dynamics of CLSC functioning, taking into account a large number of heterogeneous, time-varying factors that directly affect the efficiency of CLSC functioning.

Purpose – the purpose of article should assess the main factors affecting the development of trade in high-tech products of Ukraine in the context of association with the EU and the spread of a new industrial revolution. Research methodology – the scheme of research of trade of high-tech products of Ukraine from the EU on the basis of qualitative and quantitative economic-statistical analysis, analysis of comparative advantages and correlation-regression analysis. Findings – the results of the analysis show that the main factors determining the low presence of Ukraine in the world market of high-tech products are the outdated structure of production, a low level of R&D costs, and a decrease in the innovative activity of Ukrainian enterprises. The article presents the author’s recommendations on improving the effectiveness of foreign trade in high-tech products of Ukraine in the EU market. Research limitations – the absence of a state development strategy for the production of hightech products does not make it possible to accurately determine indicators of scientific research of the potential of Ukraine. Practical implications – correlation-regression analysis results can be used in the private and state sectors of the economy of Ukraine. Originality/Value – the original combination of schemes and methods allowed us to identify new critical places for export development in the context of the association of Ukraine with the EU.

The signing of the Association Agreement in 2014 provides for the development of innovation cooperation between Ukraine and the EU, so it is appropriate to analyze the development of innovation in Ukraine since the signing to assess the effectiveness of the agreement and identify weaknesses and strengths of Ukraine as an innovator and make appropriate recommendations. The object of the research of the article is the innovative development of country and accordingly the subject is the current state of the innovative development of Ukraine in the conditions of implementation of the Association agreement with Europen Union. The goal of the research is to determine the level of innovation development in Ukraine, highlight the main advantages and disadvantages and provide appropriate recommendations for improving the conditions of innovation development in the country in the framework of the Association Agreement. To achieve the goal of the the research analysis of the dynamics of indicators that characterize the level of innovation development in the country since the signing of the Agreement was conducted. The database is international rankings such as the Global Innovation Index, the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the Global Competitiveness Index and the EU Innovation Scoreboard. Results: based on the analysis of the dynamics of indicators of the level of innovation development in Ukraine, weaknesses that prevent Ukraine from realizing its innovation potential are identified and a correlation coefficient to assess the relationship between GDP per capita and the level of innovation development is calculated. Conclusions: despite the current Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, which should stimulate the development of technology in Ukraine, the level of innovative development in the country still remains low and lags far behind the level of EU states. Thus, Ukraine does not take full advantage of the Association Agreement. The given recommendations for increasing the level of innovation development in Ukraine based on european experience should help develop a strategy for the creation and implementation of innovations, find ways to increase the competitiveness of the Ukraine’s economy by implementation its innovation potential.

The article is devoted to the topic of Ukraine’s readiness for innovations in industry 4.0. The article also discusses the concept of the 4th industrial revolution. The proposed methodology for assessing readiness for innovations is based on the annual ranking of The Global Innovation Index of Cornell University, the French Business School and Research Institute (INSEAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and official EU statistics. An analysis was carried out of Ukraine’s readiness for innovation in comparison with EU countries in the area of "The Conditions for Creating Innovative Potential, Level of Innovation Potential, Conditions for Realization of Innovative Potential, Realization of Innovative Potential". A cluster analysis of countries regarding the level of preparedness for innovation based on the indicators was also made. The strengths and weaknesses of Ukraine as an innovative country are highlighted, practical recommendations are also given for improving the level of innovative development in the country.

The article summarizes the main findings regarding a study on global problems, with an emphasis on global energy problems and possible solutions. To find solutions to global problems, the conditions of the new industrial revolution were taken into account, the features of technological development of economies in countries worldwide were investigated and, namely the essence of economic paradigms aimed at solving global problems was determined. Convergence of NBIC-technologies as a key factor of the new industrial revolution were characterized, and the process of converging knowledge, technologies and society as a mechanism for solving global problems was studied. Trends in the development of scientific and technical, innovative activities in Ukraine and countries worldwide were determined. In particular, the main directions for development of converging and advanced production technologies that are most promising for developed countries, developing countries and Ukraine are presented.