The main objective of this study is to leach iron contents of a low-grade iron ore under leaching agent HCl. The effects of HCl concentration, ore quantity, leaching duration and temperature on the leaching efficiency of iron from the ore were investigated. Optimal conditions i.e. 4 g of iron ore, 3.83 M HCl concentration, 110 °C temperature, 70 min of leaching duration with constant stirring of 300 rpm, resulted in a high leaching efficiency (92

ABSTRACT Hybrid nanofluids play a crucial role in enhancing heat transfer efficiency, which is essential for industrial and engineering applications such as microelectronics cooling, energy storage, and biomedical systems. This study numerically investigates the impact of velocity‐slip, Lorentz force, and entropy production on the flow of a hybrid nanofluid ( /EO) through stretchable convergent/divergent porous channels. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and solved using the BVP4c numerical scheme. The results demonstrate that the Hartmann number (Ha) suppresses velocity in convergent channels but enhances it in divergent channels due to Lorentz force effects. Additionally, the Knudsen number (Kn) accelerates fluid motion in converging cases while reducing it in diverging cases, revealing its significant impact on slip conditions. The thermal analysis confirms that hybrid nanofluids exhibit superior heat transfer performance compared to conventional nanofluids, highlighting their potential for high‐performance cooling applications. The study's novelty lies in integrating hybrid nanofluid dynamics with entropy generation analysis under combined effects of velocity‐slip and magnetohydrodynamic forces in converging/diverging geometries. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of heat transfer and entropy minimization in advanced thermal management systems.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious health concern of the 21st century, affecting millions of people globally. The current study employed a novel microbe-mediated method for synthesizing ZnO-based nanobiotics to overcome AMR. An endophyte, Paenibacillus sp. strain IHC2, previously recovered from Indigofera heterantha root, was used as a source of green reductants and stabilizers to synthesize ZnO nanobiotics. These nanobiotics were then characterized using various spectroscopic methods, following which subjected to bioactivity evaluation against clinical drug-resistant bacterial pathogens and parasitic nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed nanobiotic synthesis by showing a spectral peak at 395 nm. FTIR spectrum captured a range of organic functional groups (C–I, C–Br, C = C, C–O, C–H, O = C=O), from bacterial extract attached to the surface of the nanobiotics. The XRD analysis determined a spherical wurtzite morphology with a crystallite average size of 27.12 ± 7.16 nm. SEM images revealed polydispersed spherical nanobiotics and agglomerated morphologies with an average size of about 147.78 ± 34.71 nm. The EDX shows strong peaks at 1 eV and 8.7 eV for Zinc (65.53

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that leads to neuronal excitability and provoke various forms of cellular reorganization in the brain. In this study, we investigate the anti-convulsant and neuroprotective effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and vitamin C against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced generalized seizures. Epileptic seizures were induced in adult rats using systemic intraperitoneal injections of PTZ (50 mg/kg) for 7 days. Animals pretreated with either TQ or vitamin C or in combination attenuated PTZ-induced seizures and mortality in rats as well neurodegeneration in the cells. Compared to PTZ, TQ and vitamin C significantly prolonged the onset of seizures (p > 0.05) as well decrease the high-grade seizures. Analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings revealed that TQ or vitamin C supplementation significantly reduced polyspike and epileptiform discharges. Epileptic seizures caused a decline in expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid B1 receptor (GABAB1R) (p > 0.05), unchanged expression of protein kinase A (PKA), decreased calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) (p > 0.05) and inhibit the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) (p > 0.05) in cortex and hippocampus, respectively, compared with control. Changes in expression of GABAB1R, CaMKII and CREB by PTZ were reversed by TQ and vitamin C supplementation. Moreover, PTZ significantly increased Bax, decreased Bcl-2 expression and finally the activation of caspase-3. TQ and vitamin C pretreatment reversed all these deleterious effects induced by PTZ. TQ and vitamin C showed anticonvulsant effects via activation of GABAB1R/CaMKII/CREB pathway and suggest a potential therapeutic role in epilepsy.

This study investigated the pharmacological potential of Cynoglossum microglochin-mediated ZnONPs against leishmania parasites, MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. An eco-friendly synthesis approach was employed, using an aqueous extract of C. microglochin as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized ZnONPs were characterized via ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ZnONPs were further subjected to evaluation of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antileishmanial and anticancer using different bioassays. Characteristic absorption peaks at 356 nm and 377 nm at pH 7 and pH 8, respectively, confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnONPs. The structural and morphological characterizations revealed predominantly hexagonal-shaped ZnONPs, with an average crystallite size of 47.81 ± 3.5 nm. XPS analysis showed the surface of NPs is composed of carbon (45.1

This study compares the dose- and time-dependent antileishmanial efficacy of chemically synthesized (Ch-FeO-NPs) and green-synthesized (Gr-FeO-NPs) iron oxide nanoparticles using Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract under photodynamic therapy. FTIR and UV-vis confirmed synthesis, while XRD and SEM showed Gr-FeO-NPs were rod-shaped (21.25 nm), and Ch-FeO-NPs were spherical (27.45 nm). In vitro assays against Leishmania tropica promastigotes and intramacrophagic amastigotes showed Gr-FeO-NPs had superior activity, especially with 15 min LED pre-incubation. After 72 h, Gr-FeO-NPs exhibited an IC50 of 0.038 +/- 0.004 mu g/mL against promastigotes, much lower than Ch-FeO-NPs (12.8 +/- 1.61 mu g/mL; p < 0.0001). Without LED, Gr-FeO-NPs remained more effective (IC50 25.77 +/- 1.18 mu g/mL) than Ch-FeO-NPs (36.09 +/- 1.69 mu g/mL). Against amastigotes, Gr-FeO-NPs again outperformed under LED (IC50 0.074 +/- 0.04 mu g/mL vs. 21.68 +/- 0.7 mu g/mL; p < 0.0001). Their enhanced efficacy is linked to greater ROS generation, DNA damage, membrane disruption, and apoptosis. Gr-FeO-NPs were also less cytotoxic to murine macrophages (CC50 423.6 +/- 4.1 mu g/mL) than Ch-FeO-NPs (51.35 +/- 2.5 mu g/mL). At 72 h, Gr-FeO-NPs had a selectivity index (SI) of 2647.3 vs. 1.1 for Ch-FeO-NPs. These results support Gr-FeO-NPs as a potent and biocompatible candidate for leishmaniasis photodynamic therapy.

Transport of heat in combustion engines, burners and consumption of energy via nuclear explosions is remarkably effected by magnetize nanofluid and radiation. Present attempt is relevant to the current Engineering applications; as design of heat exchangers, systems of renewable energy, and Nanotechnology. Therefore, main concern of the study is explored the radiative flux in Micropolar nanofluid flow under the Lorentz force and gravity modulation. The impacts of cross diffusion is also included in flow field. The mathematical model governing the flow are transformed into ODEs via similarity variables. The Keller box approach is utilized for numerical outcomes. A comprehensive analysis of the physical parameters is carried out, and numerical outcomes are displayed in graphical and tabular form. Obtained outcomes are compared with results that have already been published and found a good match. It has been found that temperature profile and concentration profile have a direct relation against Soret and Dufour respectively. Temperature profile and concentration profile has a direct relation against Dufour and Soret effects. Thermal field grows by enhancing radiation, Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameter. Furthermore, the skin friction.increases as the inclination factor grows up, but Nusselt and Sherwood numbers decline.

Nanofluid holds features to improve the thermal efficiency of various technological fluids. These materials have a broad range of industrial and engineering utilizations including energy production, cooling of engines, thermal exchanges, thermal structures, extrusion procedures hybrid power plants, etc. Application in the stated sectors proposed and motivated us to use nanofluids with improved characteristics, especially thermal features. Here magnetized nanofluid flow via swirling and stretchable cylinder embedded in porous space is investigated. Entropy minimization in nanofluid with Lorentz force is explored. Energy expression is subjected to Joule heating, and energy dissipation, and radiation are included for more needed and realistic applications. Endothermic/exothermic reaction with activation energy is further considered. The governing PDEs are transformed employing transformations and then treated using a numerical method. The consequences of various parameters on different aspects are displayed via tables and graphical visualization. Outcomes declares that temperature of nanofluid is higher for exothermic parameter. Furthermore, entropy enhances with increase in magnetic variable.

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropolar nanofluid with stratification is evaluated in this work by integrated numerical computing using the Levenberg Marquardt backpropagation (LMBB) optimization technique, an artificial neural network (ANN) approach. After that, model is condensed to a set of problems with boundary values, which are resolved utilizing the proposed method LMBB algorithm and a numerical technique BVP4c. The LMBB approach is an iterative approach for figuring out the least of a function that is not linear, is distinct as the addition of squares. The outcomes are also cross-checked against those of earlier studies and the MATLAB's BVP4c solver for validation. The mapping of velocity, concentration and temperature profiles from the input to results is another use of neural networking. These results show the accuracy level of the predictions and improvements made by ANN. To generalize a dataset, the BVP4c techniques' performance is utilized to lower error of mean square. Data based on the ratio of training (80 %), validation (10 %) and testing (10 %) is used by the ANN-based LMBB backpropagation optimization technique. Histograms and function fitness are utilized to verify the algorithm's dependability. For fluid dynamics, numerical methods and ANN perform incredibly well together, and this could result in new developments across a wide range of fields. The results of this study may aid in the optimization of fluid systems, leading to higher productivity and efficiency in a range of engineering applications.

Biofilms by E. coli is not only the primary cause of recurrent urinary tract infections, but also lead to medical device-associated infections. Ever increasing antibiotic resistance due to biofilms has sparked a search for plant-based replacements. This study examines anti-biofilm potential of essential oils from lemon (Citrus limon), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and lavender (Lavandula officinalis) against 26 clinical isolates of E. coli. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted by using hydro-distillation and characterized by GC–MS and FT-IR. Biofilms were quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. The extracted essential oils had yields ranging from 1.37 to 1.45 (w/v). The main constituents were limonene (94

Objective This study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic coronary disease. Additionally, secondary endpoints, including adverse events such as major bleeding, minor bleeding, and dyspnea, were assessed to evaluate the overall safety profile of both antiplatelet therapies. Methodology A prospective cohort study was conducted at Kuwait Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan, enrolling 300 patients (150 receiving ticagrelor and 150 receiving clopidogrel) from July 2023 to June 2024. Patient selection was based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, ensuring a homogeneous study population. Randomization was not applied, and treatment allocation was guided by physician discretion and clinical indications. Baseline characteristics, primary clinical outcomes (MACE), and secondary endpoints (major bleeding, minor bleeding, and dyspnea) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests for categorical variables and independent t-tests for continuous variables, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results Ticagrelor significantly reduced the incidence of stent thrombosis compared to clopidogrel (8 (5.0%) vs. 20 (13.3%); p = 0.029, χ² = 4.78), indicating a 62.4% relative risk reduction and suggesting superior thrombotic protection in PCI patients. Although revascularization rates were lower with ticagrelor (10 (7.0%) vs. 18 (12.0%); p = 0.169, χ² = 1.89), the difference was not statistically significant, but the trend suggests a potential clinical benefit in reducing repeat interventions. Major bleeding was higher in ticagrelor users (15 (10.0%) vs. 9 (6.0%); p = 0.287, χ² = 1.13), aligning with its pharmacodynamic profile and underscoring the need for careful risk stratification in bleeding-prone patients. Dyspnea occurred more frequently with ticagrelor (12 (8.0%) vs. 5 (3.3%); p = 0.134, χ² = 2.25), likely due to adenosine-related effects, highlighting the importance of monitoring patients with respiratory conditions. Minor bleeding rates were comparable (21 (14.0%) vs. 15 (10.0%); p = 0.374, χ² = 0.79), indicating no significant difference in less severe bleeding events. Baseline characteristics, including age, BMI, smoking history, diabetes, and hypertension, were statistically similar (p > 0.05), ensuring comparability between the two groups and reinforcing that observed differences in clinical outcomes were treatment-related rather than due to baseline variability. Conclusions Ticagrelor demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing MACE, particularly stent thrombosis, but was associated with higher rates of bleeding and dyspnea. Individualized treatment strategies involve risk stratification, where high ischemic-risk patients benefit most from ticagrelor, while those prone to bleeding may require de-escalation to clopidogrel. Dyspnea and bleeding can impact adherence and quality of life, leading to premature discontinuation. Close monitoring, early symptom recognition, and shared decision-making are essential to optimize therapy, ensuring patients receive maximum benefit while minimizing adverse effects.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) termed CN has gained significant attention as a potential candidate for photocatalytic H-2 evolution owing to its visible-light absorption and adjustable electronic characteristics. However, its performance is confined by the fast charge carrier recombination and limited active sites. Recently, vacancy engineering has been identified as an efficient strategy to alter the electronic structure, optical absorption, and charge carrier separation of CN, thereby boosting its photocatalytic performance. Herein, we employ N-(4-cyanophenyl)-glycine (referred to as NCyPG) as a precursor to derive electron-deficient nitrogen vacancy (N-v) and urea as a CN precursor to construct NvCN-X (X = 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg of NCyPG) photocatalysts via a one-step pyrolysis. The experimental results show that N-v significantly expands optical absorption, enhances charge carrier separation and transport, and provides electron-trapping sites, thus augmenting H-2 evolution from water splitting. The best NvCN-3 photocatalyst culminates in a maximum H-2 evolution rate of 1632.0 mu mol h(-1) g(-1) upon visible light (lambda >= 420 nm) irradiation, which surpasses that of pristine CN (327.5 mu mol h(-1) g(-1)) by nearly 5-fold. Additionally, stability and recycling tests show the outstanding stability of the NvCN-3 photocatalyst over five cycles. This augmented performance is attributed to the small organic molecule-derived N-v engineering strategy, whereas N-v serves as electron-trapping sites that facilitate charge carrier separation, accelerate electron transport toward the platinum (Pt) cocatalyst, and ultimately boost the reduction of protons (H+) while hindering the charge recombination. This study introduces a simple and rational route for vacancy engineering to construct exceptionally effective CN-based photocatalysts for practical applications.

Background Chronic alcohol (ethanol) drinking changes central serotonin and dopamine levels, and thereby the functioning of brain circuits that support cognition and anxiety. Previously, it has been proven that Nigella sativa oil (NSO) improves cognition and reduces anxiety by regulating the neurotransmission but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Methods To address the knowledge gap, an in vivo experiment was done to investigate effects of NSO on behavior and neurotransmission in ethanol drinking Wistar male rats. Specifically, control, NSO treated, ethanol and ethanol + NSO treated groups were tested for changes in anxiety-like behavior, locomotor activity and learning and memory using the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) and light and dark (L&D) box test; open field test (OFT) and Morris water maze (MWM) test, respectively. Brain neurotransmitter concentrations were determined using HPLC-EC. To validate the in vivo findings, we assessed in silico the docking between NSO compounds and proteins using auto dock vina. Key findings Ethanol and NSO reduced weight in the ethanol and ethanol + NSO groups. Food intake, fluid consumption, calorie intake, and growth were similarly affected by ethanol and NSO. In the in behavioral tests, ethanol drinking rats spent less time in the open arms of the EPM and had fewer entries compared to controls, while ethanol + NSO group also showed reduced entries. Similar patterns were observed in the OFT. No differences were found in the L&D box test. In the memory tests, ethanol + NSO treatment increased latency in short-term memory, while ethanol consumption increased latency in retention. Neurochemical analysis revealed that ethanol + NSO treatment increased serotonin levels in the PFC and hippocampus while reducing dopamine levels in the PFC compared to all groups, and in the hippocampus compared to control and NSO groups. The in silico experiment revealed that NSO has nine main active compounds. By molecular docking, we found that all nine compounds showed good binding affinity with our target proteins but the best docking values were obtained with thymoquinone and dithymoquinone. The binding affinity estimations identified the superior binding affinity and efficiency of dithymoquinone over all nine NSO compounds for serotonin, dopamine receptors and MAO-enzymes. Conclusions and significance NSO partially modulated ethanol induced neurobehavioral and neurochemical alterations, improving serotonin levels but not fully reversing behavioral deficits. Further studies are needed to explore its protective potential.

The Jeffery-Hamel flow through convergent/divergent channel is examined in this article. It is assumed that the fluid is viscous and incompressible and flow across the non-parallel walls. Viscous fluid is further taken as an electrically conducting. Impact of Lorentz force is consider to thoroughly examine the fluid movement. Energy dissipation and solar radiation features are addressed for comprehensive analysis of thermal field. Furthermore, shrinking/stretching channels are considered for more practical application. The governing system of partial differential equations can be transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using suitable transformations. The novel IRPSM, which is sami-numerical method, is utilized to work out on the solutions of obtained system of ODEs. This method has capability to accurately predict and successfully solve such non-linear realistic problem. Validation of current method is made with other techniques and shows a reasonable correspondence. Velocity and temperature are graphically visualized for different relevant parameters. Furthermore, the local skin friction coefficient and the rate of heat transfer are examined for numerous parameters. It is observed that increasing thermal radiation parameter leads to a substantial increase in the temperature profile. Additionally, the heat transfer rate is 15 % more in diverging channel when compared with converging channel.

The gyrotactic microbe's addition to the nanofluid provides better thermal conductivity and increased heat transfer, in various systems like micro-mixers for bacteria, microbial fuel cells, and micro-volumes, such as microfluidic devices, biosensor enzymes, and micro-devices in a chip-shaped such as bio-microsystems. They are essential for effective thermal management in electronics, automotive, and aerospace sectors because of their special swirling motion, improving heat dissipation. This attempt discusses thermal issues, reduces energy usage, and greatly increases heat exchanger efficiency, all leading to more efficient and sustainable engineering solutions. Further, this article aims to investigate the incompressible flow of a viscous nanofluid and gyrotactic microbes around an elastic cylinder that swirls when positioned inside a porous medium. A constant directed magnetic field and a constant temperature at the border are considered. Activation energy, exponential heat source, and Joule heating are among the important heat sources that are considered. The production of entropy in a system is optimized. The modeled system of PDEs is converted into ODEs through appropriate variables. The ND-Solve scheme employed in Mathematica tool for numerical simulations to analyze the scientific questions, and plots illustrating how different physical parameters affect different distributions. The drag force, mass microbes, and heat transportations at the swirling cylinder surface are also examined in the form of numerical data. Finding obtained explores that bioconvection Lewis number enhance the entropy and Bejan number. Furthermore, reaction and activation energy variable enhancement show opposite impact on nanomaterial, concentration. Also, exothermic/ endothermic reaction, skin friction is invariant against. The results gained might be beneficial for many applications in science and engineering.