WeatherEarly View Book review Book review. Jesuit Meteorologists – Forgotten Men. The Case of Marc Dechevrens Jim Galvin, Jim Galvin [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-6563-9284 Search for more papers by this author Jim Galvin, Jim Galvin [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0001-6563-9284 Search for more papers by this author First published: 16 March 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.4386Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

April 2021 brought exceptional weather to the British Isles. It was characterised by sunny and unusually dry conditions with minimum temperatures much lower than normal. There was drought in many southern areas and late snows were a feature, especially in the north. This paper summarises the climate of April in Ireland, Great Britain and the Crown Dependencies of Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man using data from both official (state-run or state-maintained) stations, supplemented by data from amateur sites, notably those of the Climatological Observers Link. The weather in early spring 2021 affected the growth of many crops and this is also briefly discussed.

W ea th er – Ju ly 2 01 8, V ol . 7 3, N o. 7 India in the same year, Bandu, which affected the Yemeni island of Socotra then coastal Somalia in 2010 (Galvin, Weather Image, 2010, Weather, 65: 195), followed by Phet later that season on the Omani coast, show that storms are now a significant hazard around the Arabian Sea in the pre-monsoon period. This compares with the period between 1992 and 2006, when no named tropical storms reached these desert coasts in May or June. Jim Galvin

This study examines the nocturnal wind systems of radiation nights on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus using the network of weather stations in and around the Troodos Mountains, which rise to more than 1900m. These observations are supplemented by a series from the southern slopes of the mountains. Results indicate the typical development, depth and effects of these winds along the south coast of the island. The generation of these winds, their character and the forecasting challenges they present are also discussed, with an emphasis on the southward flow observed at the Royal Air Force (RAF) Akrotiri. The offshore winds are a combination of katabatic drainage, largely formed within incised valleys, with a land breeze. They bring cool dry air to the coast. The drainage winds commence above approximate to 1200m and deepen to a depth of approximate to 75m in the Kouris valley, becoming shallower as they move away from the valley mouth. The valley winds fan out' as they approach sea level to reach 20km or more from the coast.

WeatherVolume 69, Issue 11 p. 307-309 Special Issue Article The development, track and destruction of Typhoon Haiyan J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin Met Office, ExeterCorrespondence to: J. F. P. Galvin, jim.galvin@metoffice.gov.ukSearch for more papers by this author J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin Met Office, ExeterCorrespondence to: J. F. P. Galvin, jim.galvin@metoffice.gov.ukSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 October 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.2458Citations: 4Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume69, Issue11Special Issue: The weather of 2013November 2014Pages 307-309 RelatedInformation

Last year's weather included some very notable significant events. In this issue, we describe a varied selection of these events, following on from an RMetS National Meeting held at the Met Office headquarters in Exeter in February 2014, as described by Rebekah Sherwin on p. 306. However, although all the weather events described in this issue had significant effects, causing damage and, often, loss of life, the events might not be the ones most people remember about last year. In Britain, perhaps the most significant weather across the United Kingdom was the wet and windy December, but this will be described in the Winter of 2013–2014 Special Issue to be published in February 2015. On p. 302, Helen Roberts gives an overview of many of the significant weather events in all continents of the world. The effects of rainfall come through strongly, and precipitation caused the most loss of both life and property in all parts of the world. The cool spring in the UK was reflected in reports of snow patches and snow accumulation on high ground in Scotland, England and Wales in previous issues of Weather (Cameron, 2013; Cameron et al., 2014). The arrival of dust from the Sahara Desert was seen unusually often through the year and, in some areas, into the beginning of this year. Although there were several events in Britain, many parts of Eastern Europe experienced heavy dust loads and their effects are likely to have caused an increase in admissions to hospital. On p. 309, György Varga, Csaba Cserháti, Janos Kovacs, Jozsef Szeberenyi and Balazs Bradak show that the frequency of these events was related to the predominance of southerly winds into the Carpathian Basin. Although this basin is noted for its loess deposits as a result of incursions of Saharan air, four dust events in 2013 were very intense. Dan Suri and Andy Page (p. 314) describe the development of the summer thunderstorm that brought rainfall accumulations in excess of 100mm in barely more than an hour in Nottinghamshire on 23 July. This was clearly an exceptional event for the UK, approaching the limit of the amount of moisture that can be held in a cumulonimbus cloud over England. The effects of this storm were observed by Jim Rothwell, as described on p. 321. An event less well-known in Britain was the serious flooding along the west coast of Mexico in September. Adrián Pedrozo-Acuña, José Breña-Naranjo and Ramón Domínguez-Mora describe the weather that led up to these floods on p. 295. The floods took many lives and many thousands were left homeless, but this received little attention in the media. It is important that floods such as this are examined by meteorologists, hydrologists and climatologists. A storm named after St Jude brought disruption to Western Europe on 28 October. Michael de Villiers and David White examine the forecasts of this storm, which brought some of the strongest winds of the year in the region, as well as disruption of aircraft movements, on p. 288. Typhoon Haiyan (Figure 1) was a particularly notable storm in the western Pacific Ocean and is likely to be the event most -remembered across the world, not only by the public but by experts in tropical weather. This storm, although a very similar size to Hurricane Katrina, which moved across the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana in July 2005, had deeper convective clouds, so held more precipitable water. The development, track and effects of Typhoon Haiyan are described on p. 307. The effects of extreme weather events have come to prominence world-wide, in part because of the development of citizen observations, the increase in the ability of observation systems to detect severe weather, and improved global communications systems. However, we are all likely to see changes in extreme weather as a result of the increased energy stored due to the higher temperatures of the atmosphere and the oceans in our warming world. Although there has been speculation, in particular in daily newspapers, that these events, especially the heavier rain and, perhaps, the related exceptionally low pressure of Typhoon Haiyan, are indicators of climate change, few such events have yet been attributed to anthropogenic effects on the atmosphere. Attribution of extreme weather events to climate change will require increased high-resolution modelling. The effects of floods come to prominence in part because of the development of citizen observations, an increase in the ability of observation systems to detect severe weather and improved global communications systems. But the absence of a direct link does not mean that the severe weather of 2013 is unrelated to a warming world. We are all likely to see changes in extreme weather as a result of the increasing energy stored as the higher temperatures of the atmosphere and the oceans.

Suspended dust is commonly observed in the eastern Mediterranean and, in this generally unpolluted area, is the most common source of reductions in visibility. Its main origins include the northern Sahara desert and the Euphrates valley, although the Empty Quarter of Saudi Arabia is also an occasional source. However, near sea level over Cyprus horizontal visibility is rarely reduced below 10km; when it falls to a more significant level, the effects can be very marked. This paper discusses a notable event that occurred between 23 and 26 January 2009, as well as describing the effects of suspended dust.

WeatherVolume 65, Issue 7 p. 195-195 Research Article Advancing monsoon Jim Galvin, Corresponding Author Jim Galvin galvin47@cytanet.com.cy Akrotiri, CyprusAkrotiri, CyprusSearch for more papers by this author Jim Galvin, Corresponding Author Jim Galvin galvin47@cytanet.com.cy Akrotiri, CyprusAkrotiri, CyprusSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 June 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.631Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume65, Issue7July 2010Pages 195-195 RelatedInformation

WeatherVolume 65, Issue 8 p. 219-227 Research Article Two easterly waves in West Africa in summer 2009 J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin jim.galvin@metoffice.gov.uk Met Office, RAF AkrotiriMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB.Search for more papers by this author J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin jim.galvin@metoffice.gov.uk Met Office, RAF AkrotiriMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB.Search for more papers by this author First published: 02 August 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.605Citations: 9Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume65, Issue8August 2010Pages 219-227 RelatedInformation

WeatherVolume 65, Issue 3 p. 59-64 Research Article From Observations to Forecasts – Part 4. Air masses – a view from space J.F.P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J.F.P. Galvin [email protected] Met Office, RAF AkrotiriMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UKSearch for more papers by this author J.F.P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J.F.P. Galvin [email protected] Met Office, RAF AkrotiriMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 February 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.452Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Abercromby R. 1883. On certain types of British weather. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 9: 1– 25. Collier CG. 2003. On the formation of stratiform and convective cloud. Weather 58: 62– 68. Davies T, Kelly PM, Osborn T. 1997. Explaining the climate of the British Isles, in Climate of the British Isles. M Hulme, E Barrow (eds). pp 11– 32. Galvin JFP. 2003. Weather image: North Sea stratus. Weather 58: 131– 132. Kelly PM, Jones P, Briffa K. 1997. Classifying the winds and weather, in Climate of the British Isles. M Hulme, E Barrow (eds). pp 153– 172. Lamb HH. 1972. British Isles weather types and a register of the daily sequence of circulation patterns 1861–1971. Meteorol. Off. Geophys. Mem. No. 116. HMSO: London. Mansfield DA. 1988. An investigation into stratus distribution over the United Kingdom, Meteorol. Mag. 117: 236– 245. Miles MK. 1962. Fronts. Weather 17: Schools Supplement No.12, 45– 48. Overton AK, Galvin JFP. 2005. Readers' forum: precipitation from various clouds. Weather 60: 357– 358. Pedgley DE. 1962. A course in elementary meteorology (Meteorological Office): 9:3. HMSO: London. Pike WS. 2001. Meteorologist's profile – Frank Emerson Lumb. Weather 56: 42– 48. Young MV. 1994. Back to basics: Depressions and anticyclones: Part 2 – Life cycles and weather characteristics. Weather 49: 362– 370. Citing Literature Volume65, Issue3March 2010Pages 59-64 ReferencesRelatedInformation

WeatherVolume 64, Issue 2 p. 32-38 Research Article The weather and climate of the tropics: Part 8 – Mesoscale weather systems J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin jim.galvin@metoffice.gov.uk Met Office, ExeterMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB.Search for more papers by this author J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin jim.galvin@metoffice.gov.uk Met Office, ExeterMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB.Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.229Citations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume64, Issue2February 2009Pages 32-38 RelatedInformation

WeatherVolume 64, Issue 5 p. 135-137 Research Article Another case of showers with mountain waves J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin [email protected] Newton Abbot, DevonMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK.Search for more papers by this author J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin [email protected] Newton Abbot, DevonMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK.Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 April 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.363AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References Galvin JFP. 2004. Lee slope katabatic winds on the Philippine island of Mindanao. Weather 59: 127– 131. Galvin JFP. 2006. The hot spell of July 2005 in south-east Devon. Weather 61: 185– 192. Galvin JFP. 2008a. The weather and climate of the tropics, Part 3. Synopticscale weather systems. Weather 63: 16– 21. Galvin JFP. 2008b. The weather and climate of the tropics, Part 4. Forecasting clouds and significant weather. Weather 63: 31– 36. Shutts GJ. 1997. Operational lee wave forecasting. Meteorol. Appl. 4: 23– 35. WMO. 1960. The airflow over mountains. Report of a working group of the Commission for Aerology. WMO Tech. Note No. 34. WMO: Geneva. Volume64, Issue5May 2009Pages 135-137 ReferencesRelatedInformation

This final part of the series contains a brief overview of agriculture in the tropics, as well as its effects, noting the increasing human population in all tropical climate zones. In many places, humans have altered the distribution of plant and animal species, in almost all areas using plants and animals for food or labour. These changes, in turn, change the climate as the appearance and, therefore, the characteristics of the environment alter significantly.

Over the north and centre of the Sahara desert, almost all precipitation occurs in the winter months, associated with deep cold air masses extending south across the Mediterranean. Although there is a southward progression of cold air, the scant precipitation from these systems is generally non-frontal, falling from convective cloud developing from relatively warm air near the surface into cold air aloft. However, because the air over the desert surface is very dry to a great depth, precipitation may not reach the ground and, where it does, small quantities are the norm. Over high ground, which provides uplift additional to that from free convection, sufficient rain may fall to support desert communities, in particular where precipitation may be stored in the rocks and is released slowly for those living around and on the uplands.

WeatherVolume 64, Issue 8 p. 220-220 Research Article A mesoscale convective cloud line in the eastern Mediterranean J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin [email protected] Met Office, RAF AkrotiriMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK.Search for more papers by this author J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin [email protected] Met Office, RAF AkrotiriMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK.Search for more papers by this author First published: 30 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.442Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume64, Issue8August 2009Pages 220-220 RelatedInformation

WeatherVolume 64, Issue 6 p. 155-155 Research Article American tornadoes J. F. P. Galvin, J. F. P. Galvin jim.galvin@metoffice.gov.uk Search for more papers by this author J. F. P. Galvin, J. F. P. Galvin jim.galvin@metoffice.gov.uk Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 May 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.448AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume64, Issue6June 2009Pages 155-155 RelatedInformation

On 3 December 2003, a notable untrapped lee wave1 could be seen streaming north and northeast from the Alps (Figure 1). The airflow across the Alps was stable with a temperature inversion at 4000m (Figure 2), associated with an anticyclone centred over southwest European Russia. The stratocumulus and altocumulus below this level can be seen south of the Alps in Figure 1. However, the effect of the Alps was to lift the air to form a single stable wave, revealed by the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals as a plume of altocumulus and cirrus more than 1000km in length. The altocumulus was apparently a remnant of the cloud south of the Alps with a base near 3500m, although below this level an ‘incomplete’ föhn can be seen2 (Figure 3). The cirrus (appearing pink in Figure 1) formed in a comparatively moist layer between 7800m and the tropopause around 11 000m. The conditions were typical for the formation of an untrapped lee wave: wind speed Untrapped lee wave over the Alps

WeatherVolume 64, Issue 9 p. 246-249 Research Article A variation on the theme of the sea breeze J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin [email protected] Met Office, RAF AkrotiriMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK.Search for more papers by this author J. F. P. Galvin, Corresponding Author J. F. P. Galvin [email protected] Met Office, RAF AkrotiriMet Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK.Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 August 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.443AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume64, Issue9September 2009Pages 246-249 RelatedInformation

WeatherVolume 64, Issue 5 p. 138-138 Letters A plea for cirrocumulus J. F. P. Galvin, J. F. P. Galvin RAF AkrotiriSearch for more papers by this author J. F. P. Galvin, J. F. P. Galvin RAF AkrotiriSearch for more papers by this author First published: 27 April 2009 https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.402AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References Meteorological Office. 1994. Handbook of aviation meteorology, 3rd edition. HMSO: London. Met Office. 2006. Cloud types for observers:reading the sky. Met Office: Exeter. Pedgley DE. 2008. Some thoughts on fallstreak holes. Weather. 63: 356–360. World Meteorological Organization. 1956. International cloud atlas. Abridged atlas. WMO: Geneva. Zobel RF, Cornford SG. 1966. Cloud tops over Malaya during the south-west Monsoon season Meteorol. Mag. 95: 65–68. Volume64, Issue5May 2009Pages 138-138 ReferencesRelatedInformation