We report the first measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of J/psi at forward rapidity (1.2 < vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.2) in Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The data were collected by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 and 2016 with integrated luminosity of 14.5 nb(-1). The second Fourier coefficient (v(2)) of the azimuthal distribution of J/psi is determined as a function of the transverse momentum (p(T)) using the event-plane method. The measurements were performed for several selections of collision centrality: 0%-50%, 10%-60%, and 10%-40%. We find that in all cases the values of v(2) (p(T)), which quantify the elliptic flow of J/psi, are consistent with zero. Within uncertainties, the results are consistent with measurements at midrapidity, indicating no significant elliptic flow of the J/psi within the quark-gluon-plasma medium at collision energies of root s(NN) = 200 GeV.

We present the first measurement of the missing energy due to nuclear effects in monoenergetic, muon neutrino charged-current interactions on carbon, originating from K^{+}→μ^{+}ν_{μ} decay at rest (E_{ν_{μ}}=235.5  MeV), performed with the J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at the J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source liquid scintillator based experiment. Toward characterizing the neutrino interaction, ostensibly ν_{μ}n→μ^{-}p or ν_{μ}^{12}C→μ^{-}^{12}N, we define the missing energy as the energy transferred to the nucleus (ω) minus the kinetic energy of the outgoing proton(s), E_{m}≡ω-∑T_{p}, and relate this to visible energy in the detector, E_{m}=E_{ν_{μ}}(235.5  MeV)-m_{μ}(105.7  MeV)+[m_{n}-m_{p}(1.3  MeV)]-E_{vis}. The missing energy, which is naively expected to be zero in the absence of nuclear effects (e.g., nucleon separation energy, Fermi momenta, and final-state interactions), is uniquely sensitive to many aspects of the interaction, and has previously been inaccessible with neutrinos. The shape-only, differential cross section measurement reported, based on a (77±3)% pure double-coincidence kaon decay-at-rest signal (621 total events), provides detailed insight into neutrino-nucleus interactions, allowing even the nuclear orbital shell of the struck nucleon to be inferred. The measurement provides an important benchmark for models and event generators at hundreds of MeV neutrino energies, characterized by the difficult-to-model transition region between neutrino-nucleus and neutrino-nucleon scattering, and relevant for applications in nuclear physics, neutrino oscillation measurements, and Type-II supernova studies.

The jet cross section and jet-substructure observables in p +p collisions at root s =200 GeV were measured by the PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Jets are reconstructed from charged-particle tracks and electromagnetic-calorimeter clusters using the anti-k(t) algorithm with a jet radius of R =0.3 for jets with transverse momentum within 8.0 < p(T) <40.0 GeV/c and pseudorapidity |eta| <0.15. Measurements include the jet cross section, as well as distributions of SoftDrop-groomed momentum fraction (z(g)), charged-particle transverse momentum with respect to jet axis (j(T)), and radial distributions of charged particles within jets (r). Also measured was the distribution of xi =-ln(z), where z is the fraction of the jet momentum carried by the charged particle. The measurements are compared to theoretical next-to and next-to-next-to-leading-order calculations, the pythia and herwig event generators, and to other existing experimental results. Indicated from these measurements is a lower particle multiplicity in jets at RHIC energies when compared to models. Also noted are implications for future jet measurements with sPHENIX at RHIC as well as at the future Electron-Ion Collider.

PHENIX presents a simultaneous measurement of the production of direct γ and π^{0} in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV over a p_{T} range of 7.5 to 18  GeV/c for different event samples selected by event activity, i.e., charged-particle multiplicity detected at forward rapidity. Direct-photon yields are used to empirically estimate the contribution of hard-scattering processes in the different event samples. Using this estimate, the average nuclear-modification factor, R_{dAu,EXP}^{π^{0}}, is 0.925±0.023(stat)±0.15(scale), consistent with unity for minimum-bias (MB) d+Au collisions. For event classes with low and moderate event activity, R_{dAu,EXP}^{π^{0}} is consistent with the MB value within 5% uncertainty. This result confirms that the previously observed enhancement of high-p_{T} π^{0} production found in small-system collisions with low event activity is a result of a bias in interpreting event activity within the Glauber framework. In contrast, for the top 5% of events with the highest event activity, R_{dAu,EXP}^{π^{0}} is suppressed by 20% relative to the MB value with a significance of 4.5σ, which may be due to final-state effects. This suppression corresponds to a p_{T} shift of δp_{T}=0.213±0.055  Gev/c at 9  Gev/c.

JSNS$^2$ searches for short baseline neutrino oscillations with a baseline of 24~meters and a target of 17~tonnes of the Gd-loaded liquid scintillator. The correct algorithm on the event reconstruction of events, which determines the position and energy of neutrino interactions in the detector, are essential for the physics analysis of the data from the experiment. Therefore, the performance of the event reconstruction is carefully checked with calibrations using $^{252}$Cf source. This manuscript describes the methodology and the performance of the event reconstruction.

We present the first forward-rapidity measurements of elliptic anisotropy of open-heavy-flavor muons at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The measurements are based on data samples of Au + Au collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV collected by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 and 2016 with integrated luminosity of 14.5 nb(-1). The measurements are performed in the pseudorapidity range 1.2 < vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2 and cover transverse momenta 1 < p(T) < 4 GeV/c. The elliptic flow of charged hadrons as a function of transverse momentum is also measured in the same kinematic range. We observe significant elliptic flow for both charged hadrons and heavy-flavor muons. The results show clear mass ordering of elliptic flow of light- and heavy-flavor particles. The magnitude of the measured v(2) is comparable to that in the midrapidity region. This indicates that there is no strong longitudinal dependence in the quark-gluon-plasma evolution between midrapidity and the rapidity range of this measurement at root s(NN) = 200 GeV.

The first measurement of HΛ3 and H‾Λ‾3 differential production with respect to transverse momentum and centrality in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV is presented. The HΛ3 has been reconstructed via its two-charged-body decay channel, i.e., HΛ3→3He+π−. A Blast-Wave model fit of the pT-differential spectra of all nuclear species measured by the ALICE collaboration suggests that the HΛ3 kinetic freeze-out surface is consistent with that of other nuclei. The ratio between the integrated yields of HΛ3 and He3 is compared to predictions from the statistical hadronisation model and the coalescence model, with the latter being favoured by the presented measurements.

The J/ψ and ψ(2S) charmonium states, composed of cc̅ quark pairs and known since the 1970s, are widely believed to serve as ideal probes to test quantum chromodynamics in high-energy hadronic interactions. However, there is not yet a complete understanding of the charmonium-production mechanism. Recent measurements of J/ψ production as a function of event charged-particle multiplicity at the collision energies of both the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) show enhanced J/ψ production yields with increasing multiplicity. One potential explanation for this type of dependence is multiparton interactions (MPI). We carry out the first measurements of self-normalized J/ψ yields and the ψ(2S) to J/ψ ratio at both forward and backward rapidities as a function of self-normalized charged-particle multiplicity in p+p collisions at √(s)=200 GeV. In addition, detailed pythia studies tuned to RHIC energies were performed to investigate the MPI impacts. We find that the PHENIX data at RHIC are consistent with recent LHC measurements and can only be described by pythia calculations that include MPI effects. The forward and backward ψ(2S) to J/ψ ratio, which serves as a unique and powerful approach to study final-state effects on charmonium production, is found to be less dependent on the charged-particle multiplicity.

High-momentum two-particle correlations are a useful tool for studying jet-quenching effects in the quark-gluon plasma. Angular correlations between neutral-pion triggers and charged hadrons with transverse momenta in the range 4–12 GeV/c and 0.5–7 GeV/c, respectively, have been measured by the PHENIX experiment in 2014 for Au+Au collisions at √(s__NN)=200 GeV. Suppression is observed in the yield of high-momentum jet fragments opposite the trigger particle, which indicates jet suppression stemming from in-medium partonic energy loss, while enhancement is observed for low-momentum particles. The ratio and differences between the yield in Au+Au collisions and p+p collisions, I_AA and Δ_AA, as a function of the trigger-hadron azimuthal separation, Δϕ, are measured for the first time at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These results better quantify how the yield of low-p_T associated hadrons is enhanced at wide angle, which is crucial for studying energy loss as well as medium-response effects.

The PHENIX experiment measured the centrality dependence of two-pion Bose-Einstein correlation functions in root sNN = 200 GeV Au + Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The data are well represented by Levy-stable source distributions. The extracted source parameters are the correlation-strength parameter lambda, the Levy index of stability a, and the Levy-scale parameter R as a function of transverse mass m(T) and centrality. The lambda(m(T)) parameter is constant at larger values of m(T), but decreases as m(T) decreases. The Levy-scale parameter R(m(T)) decreases with mT and exhibits proportionality to the length scale of the nuclear overlap region. The Levy exponent alpha(m(T)) is independent of m(T) within uncertainties in each investigated centrality bin, but shows a clear centrality dependence. At all centralities, the Levy exponent a is significantly different from that of Gaussian ( alpha= 2) or Cauchy ( alpha = 1) source distributions. Comparisons to the predictions of Monte-Carlo simulations of resonance-decay chains show that, in all but the most peripheral centrality class (50%-60%), the obtained results are inconsistent with the measurements, unless a significant reduction of the in-medium mass of the eta meson is included. In each centrality class, the best value of the in-medium eta mass is compared to the mass of the. meson, as well as to several theoretical predictions that consider restoration of U-A(1) symmetry in hot hadronic matter.

JSNS$^2$ (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment that is searching for sterile neutrinos via the observation of $\bar{\nu}_{\mu} \rightarrow \bar{\nu}_e$ appearance oscillations using neutrinos with muon decay-at-rest. For this search, rejecting cosmic-ray-induced neutron events by Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) is essential because the JSNS$^2$ detector is located above ground, on the third floor of the building. We have achieved 95$\%$ rejection of neutron events while keeping 90$\%$ of signal, electron-like events using a data driven likelihood method.

The two-particle momentum correlation functions between charm mesons (D*± and D±) and charged light-flavor mesons (π± and K±) in all charge combinations are measured for the first time by the ALICE Collaboration in high-multiplicity proton–proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of s=13 TeV. For DK and D*K pairs, the experimental results are in agreement with theoretical predictions of the residual strong interaction based on quantum chromodynamics calculations on the lattice and chiral effective field theory. In the case of Dπ and D*π pairs, tension between the calculations including strong interactions and the measurement is observed. For all particle pairs, the data can be adequately described by Coulomb interaction only, indicating a shallow interaction between charm and light-flavor mesons. Finally, the scattering lengths governing the residual strong interaction of the Dπ and D*π systems are determined by fitting the experimental correlation functions with a model that employs a Gaussian potential. The extracted values are small and compatible with zero. © 2024 CERN, for the ALICE Collaboration 2024 CERN

JSNS$^2$ (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment which searches for sterile neutrinos via the observation of $\bar{\nu}_{\mu} \to \bar{\nu}_{e}$ appearance oscillations using muon decay-at-rest neutrinos. The data taking of JSNS$^2$ have been performed from 2021. In this manuscript, a study of the accidental background is presented. The rate of the accidental background is (9.29$\pm 0.39) \times 10^{-8}$ / spill with 0.75 MW beam power and comparable to the number of searching signals.

Beam Drift Chamber (BDC) is designed to reconstruct the trajectories of incident rare isotope beams provided by RAON (Rare isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiments) into the experimental target of LAMPS (Large Acceptance Multi-Purpose Spectrometer). To conduct the performance test of the BDC, the prototype BDC (pBDC) is manufactured and evaluated with the high energy ion beams from HIMAC (Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba) facility in Japan. Two kinds of ion beams, 100 MeV proton, and 200 MeV/u 12C, have been utilized for this evaluation, and the track reconstruction efficiency and position resolution have been measured as the function of applied high voltage. This paper introduces the construction details and presents the track reconstruction efficiency and position resolution of pBDC.

The CMS detector, including its muon system, has been operating at the CERN LHC in increasingly challenging conditions for about 15 years. The muon detector was designed to provide excellent triggering and track reconstruction for muons produced in proton–proton collisons at an instantaneous luminosity ( ℒ ) of 1 × 10^34 cm ^-2 s ^-1 . During the Run 2 data-taking period (2015–2018), the LHC achieved an instantaneous luminosity of twice its design value, resulting in larger background rates and making the efficient detection of muons more difficult. While some backgrounds result from natural radioactivity, cosmic rays, and interactions of the circulating protons with residual gas in the beam pipe, the dominant source of background hits in the muon system arises from proton–proton interactions themselves. Charged hadrons leaving the calorimeters produce energy deposits in the muon chambers. In addition, high-energy particles interacting in the hadron calorimeter and forward shielding elements generate thermal neutrons, which leak out of the calorimeter and shielding structures, filling the CMS cavern. We describe the method used to measure the background rates in the various muon subsystems. These rates, in conjunction with simulations, can be used to estimate the expected backgrounds in the High-Luminosity LHC. This machine will run for at least 10 years starting in 2029 reaching an instantaneous luminosity of ℒ = 5 ×10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 and increasing ultimately to ℒ = 7.5 ×10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 . These background estimates have been a key ingredient for the planning and design of the muon detector upgrade.

AbstractThe first measurement of the multiplicity dependence of intra-jet properties of leading charged-particle jets in proton–proton (pp) collisions is reported. The mean charged-particle multiplicity and jet fragmentation distributions are measured in minimum-bias and high-multiplicity pp collisions at center-of-mass energy $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 13 TeV using the ALICE detector. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles produced in the midrapidity region ($$|\eta | < 0.9$$ | η | < 0.9 ) using the sequential recombination anti-$$k_{\textrm{T}}$$ k T algorithm with jet resolution parameters R = 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 for the transverse momentum ($$p_\textrm{T}$$ p T ) interval 5–110 GeV/c. The high-multiplicity events are selected by the forward V0 scintillator detectors. The mean charged-particle multiplicity inside the leading jet cone rises monotonically with increasing jet $$p_\textrm{T}$$ p T in qualitative agreement with previous measurements at lower energies. The distributions of jet fragmentation function variables $$z^{\textrm{ch}}$$ z ch and $$\xi ^{\textrm{ch}}$$ ξ ch are measured for different jet-$$p_\textrm{T}$$ p T intervals. Jet-$$p_\textrm{T}$$ p T independent fragmentation of leading jets is observed for wider jets except at high- and low-$$z^{\textrm{ch}}$$ z ch values. The observed “hump-backed plateau” structure in the $$\xi ^{\textrm{ch}}$$ ξ ch distribution indicates suppression of low-$$p_\textrm{T}$$ p T particles. In high-multiplicity events, an enhancement of the fragmentation probability of low-$$z^{\textrm{ch}}$$ z ch particles accompanied by a suppression of high-$$z^{\textrm{ch}}$$ z ch particles is observed compared to minimum-bias events. This behavior becomes more prominent for low-$$p_\textrm{T}$$ p T jets with larger jet radius. The results are compared with predictions of QCD-inspired event generators, PYTHIA 8 with Monash 2013 tune and EPOS LHC. It is found that PYTHIA 8 qualitatively reproduces the jet modification in high-multiplicity events except at high jet $$p_\textrm{T}$$ p T . These measurements provide important constraints to models of jet fragmentation.

The dependence of f(0)(980) production on the final-state charged-particle multiplicity in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV is reported. The production of f(0)(980) is measured with the ALICE detector via the f(0)(980) -> pi(+)pi(-) decay channel in a midrapidity region of -0.5 < y < 0. Particle yield ratios of f(0)(980) to pi and K*(892)(0) are found to be decreasing with increasing charged-particle multiplicity. The magnitude of the suppression of the f(0)(980)/pi and f(0)( 980)/K*(892)(0) yield ratios is found to be dependent on the transverse momentum p(T), suggesting different mechanisms responsible for the measured effects. Furthermore, the nuclear modification factor Q(pPb) of f(0)(980) is measured in various multiplicity ranges. The Q(pPb) shows a strong suppression of the f(0)(980) production in the p(T) region up to about 4 GeV/c. The results on the particle yield ratios and Q(pPb) for f(0)(980) may help to understand the late hadronic phase in p-Pb collisions and the nature of the internal structure of f(0)(980) particle.

The first measurements of femtoscopic correlations with the particle pair combinations pi +/- K-S(0) in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are reported by the ALICE experiment. Using the femtoscopic approach, it is shown that it is possible to study the elusive K-0*(700) particle that has been considered a tetraquark candidate for over forty years. Source and final-state interaction parameters are extracted by fitting a model assuming a Gaussian source to the experimentally measured two-particle correlation functions. The final-state interaction in the pi +/- K-S(0) system is modeled through a resonant scattering amplitude, defined in terms of a mass and a coupling parameter, The extracted mass and Breit-Wigner width, derived from the coupling parameter, of the final-state interaction are found to be consistent with previous measurements of the K-0*(700). The small value and increase of the correlation strength with increasing source size support the hypothesis that the K-0*(700) is a four-quark state, i.e. a tetraquark state of the form (q(1), (q(2)) over bar, q(3), (q(3)) over bar) in which q(1), q(2) and q(3) indicate the flavor of the valence quarks of the pi and K-S(0). This latter trend is also confirmed via a simple geometric model that assumes a tetraquark structure of the K-0*(700) resonance.

K+K- pairs may be produced in photonuclear collisions, either from the decays of photoproduced phi(1020) mesons or directly as nonresonant K+K- pairs. Measurements of K+K- photoproduction probe the couplings between the phi(1020) and charged kaons with photons and nuclear targets. The kaon-proton scattering occurs at energies far above those available elsewhere. We present the first measurement of coherent photoproduction of K+K- pairs on lead ions in ultraperipheral collisions using the ALICE detector, including the first investigation of direct K+K- production. There is significant KthornK- production at low transverse momentum, consistent with coherent photoproduction on lead targets. In the mass range 1.1 < M-KK < 1.4 GeV=c(2) above the phi(1020) resonance, for rapidity vertical bar y(KK)vertical bar < 0.8 and p(T,) (KK) < 0.1 GeV/c, the measured coherent photoproduction cross section is d sigma=dy = 3.37 +/- 0.61 (stat) +/- 0.15(syst) mb. The center-of-mass energy per nucleon of the photon-nucleus (Pb) systemW(gamma Pb,n) ranges from 33 to 188 GeV, far higher than previous measurements on heavy-nucleus targets. The cross section is larger than expected for phi(1020) photoproduction alone. The mass spectrum is fit to a cocktail consisting of phi (1020) decays, direct K+K- photoproduction, and interference between the two. The confidence regions for the amplitude and relative phase angle for direct K+K- photoproduction are presented.

This Letter presents the measurement of near-side associated per-trigger yields, denoted ridge yields, from the analysis of angular correlations of charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV. Long-range ridge yields are extracted for pairs of charged particles with a pseudorapidity difference of 1.4<|Δη|<1.8 and a transverse momentum of 1<p_{T}<2  GeV/c, as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity measured at midrapidity. This Letter extends the measurements of the ridge yield to the low multiplicity region, where in hadronic collisions it is typically conjectured that a strongly interacting medium is unlikely to be formed. The precision of the new low multiplicity results allows for the first direct quantitative comparison with the results obtained in e^{+}e^{-} collisions at sqrt[s]=91  GeV and sqrt[s]=183-209  GeV, where initial-state effects such as preequilibrium dynamics and collision geometry are not expected to play a role. In the multiplicity range 8≲⟨N_{ch}⟩≲24 where the e^{+}e^{-} results have good precision, the measured ridge yields in pp collisions are substantially larger than the limits set in e^{+}e^{-} annihilations. Consequently, the findings presented in this Letter suggest that the processes involved in e^{+}e^{-} annihilations do not contribute significantly to the emergence of long-range correlations in pp collisions.