BACKGROUND:Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health concern, yet few studies have jointly applied complementary analytic frameworks to assess overall dietary structure. This study aimed to derive a dietary pattern associated with MetS by combining food-based network analysis and reduced rank regression (RRR). METHODS:Participants from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2010-2022) were included. Dietary intake was assessed using three-day 24-hour recalls and household condiment weighing. Food network analysis visualized and compared dietary structures of adults with and without MetS. RRR derived a dietary pattern based on six nutrient response variables (magnesium, zinc, calcium, potassium, insoluble fiber, riboflavin) selected for their biological relevance to MetS. Logistic regression evaluated associations between dietary patterns and MetS. RESULTS:Among 3,884 participants (median age 55.5 years), the non-MetS group showed a denser food network than the MetS group. The first RRR-derived pattern (DP1), explaining 40.15% of the variance in nutrient responses, was characterized by higher intakes of vegetables, fungi and algae, soybean products, dairy and beef/lamb, and lower intakes of alcohol, refined grains, and edible oils. DP1 was inversely associated with MetS (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-0.99). A significant inverse trend across DP1 quintiles was observed, with the highest quintile showing the strongest protective association (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.50-0.88). CONCLUSIONS:A protective dietary pattern for MetS was identified through RRR and contextualized using food network analysis. This nutrient-dense pattern may help prevent MetS, and the integrated approach offers broader structural insight for nutritional epidemiology.

Background:Daily outdoor activity time among school-age children worldwide is on a downward trend. This study updated the daily outdoor activity status of Chinese school-age children and analyzed the factors associated with insufficient outdoor activity among school-age children. Methods:This study utilized baseline data from a sugar-sweetened beverage consumption behavior cohort conducted among primary and secondary schools in Beijing, China. The baseline survey was conducted from October to November 2024, and 3,370 school-age children with complete data related to outdoor activity were included in the analysis. Binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the main factors associated with insufficient outdoor activity among school-age children. Results:The overall prevalence of insufficient outdoor activity was 82.9% among Beijing school-aged children (< 2 h/day).Residential location, grade, weight status, pre-activity beverage consumption patterns, and caregivers' daily outdoor activity duration were closely correlated with inadequate outdoor activity, with notable heterogeneity observed across residential area, gender and grade subgroups. Caregivers' limited outdoor activity participation emerged as the most stable correlate across all stratifications. Conclusion:This study reveals a high prevalence of insufficient outdoor activity among Beijing schoolchildren and identifies distinct population-specific associated factors. The findings provide empirical evidence for developing targeted subgroup interventions and optimizing family-school collaborative strategies to improve outdoor activity levels and promote long-term health among urban school-aged children.

BackgroundTeenagers are in a crucial stage of growth and development. The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) will lead to various health problems such as obesity, dental caries and diabetes, seriously affecting their physical health.ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the consumption of SSB among seventh grade students in Beijing. Utilizing the social ecological model, this study examines the factors influencing consumption at four levels: individual, interpersonal, environmental, and policy.MethodsThis cross-sectional study employed a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method. SSB consumption was defined as consuming sugar-sweetened beverages at least once per week. A combination of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, based on the social ecological model, was used to investigate the characteristics of SSB consumption and its multi-level influencing factors. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were used to analysis.ResultsA total of 1,212 participants were included in the analysis. The prevalence of SSB consumption among seventh grade students in Beijing was 90.6%, with 61.5% consuming these beverages once or more daily. Logistic regression analysis revealed that knowledge of SSB (OR = 1.881, 95% CI [1.082–3.270]), peer influence on purchasing (OR = 1.803, 95% CI [1.167–2.785]), sharing beverages among peers (OR = 1.841, 95% CI [1.199–2.826]), parental support for SSB consumption (OR = 1.629, 95% CI [1.072–2.476]) and parental consumption of SSB (OR = 3.998, 95% CI [2.500–6.395]) were associated with increased SSB consumption among students. Interviews with teachers indicated that the majority do not support SSB consumption among students.ConclusionThe prevalence of SSB consumption among seventh grade students in Beijing is high. The consumption of SSB is closely related to students’ cognition, parents’ attitudes and behaviors, peer behaviors, and health promotion policies. Future initiatives should prioritize enhancing health education to improve students’ nutritional literacy and promoting policies to reduce SSB consumption.

Importance:Adiposity has been reported to be a major contributor to earlier pubertal timing, but most pediatric studies have relied on body mass index (BMI) from single or short-term measurements. Studies tracking growth repeatedly from birth to puberty are needed. Objective:To explore the association of growth trajectory and cumulative exposure to different levels of adiposity (CEA) with pubertal onset across the first decade of life and identify sensitive periods for possible weight intervention. Design, Setting, and Participants:This population-based cohort study included data from 2 birth cohorts: the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), conducted from March 2004 to September 2021, with more than a 10-year follow-up, and the Tianjin Birth Cohort Study (TBCS) in China, conducted from May 2021 to April 2024, with follow-up from December 2010 to April 2024. Data analysis was conducted from April 2023 to November 2025. Participant inclusion required at least 4 anthropometric measures in the LSAC and 9 in the TBCS and completed measures of pubertal onset in both cohorts. Exposures:Prepubertal BMI trajectories, CEA, and rates of BMI increase at each age. Main Outcomes and Measures:Pubertal status and timing were obtained by a parent-reported Pubertal Development Scale. A latent class growth mixed model was used to identify prepubertal BMI trajectories. An interval regression model and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to examine the association of the exposures with the age and risk of pubertal onset. Results:A total of 3354 Australian children (1723 boys [51.37%]) and 1105 Chinese children (563 girls [50.95%]) were included. At the last round, the mean (SD) ages were similar across sexes within each cohort, while children in LSAC (14.83 [0.61] years) were overall older than those in TBCS (10.63 [0.60] years). Girls in BMI trajectory groups characterized as high-level or increasing were younger at pubertal onset (from β = -0.36 [95% CI, -0.66 to -0.07] years to β = -1.51 [95% CI, -2.68 to -0.35] years) and were associated with increased risk of pubertal initiation (from hazard ratio [HR], 1.35 [95% CI, 1.04 to 1.74] to HR, 2.80 [95% CI, 1.69 to 4.63]). A higher CEA and average CEA (both >2) were associated with an earlier age at pubertal onset (from β = -0.04 [95% CI, -0.05 to -0.03] years to β = -0.85 [95% CI, -1.48 to -0.23] years), with a greater effect size after averaging. Consistent results were found in boys of the LSAC but not those of the TBCS. Sensitive ages of 3 to 4 years were identified, at which BMI increase was associated with pubertal timing, with greater effect sizes of pubertal timing (from β = -1.35 [95% CI, -2.00 to -0.71] years to β = -3.41 [95% CI, -4.13 to -2.68] years) and greater risk of pubertal onset (from HR, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.29 to 2.67] to HR, 5.59 [95% CI, 3.73 to 8.37]) than at other ages. Notably, the effect sizes of CEA within this period were greater than that outside it. Conclusions and Relevance:In this cohort study, high-level or increasing prepubertal growth trajectories and greater CEA were associated with earlier and higher risk of pubertal onset. These findings highlight the importance of considering CEA in relation to early pubertal onset and suggest that ages 3 to 4 years may be an important intervention period for earlier pubertal onset monitoring.

Background:Fruit and vegetable juices and related beverages are commonly consumed by school-age children, which often contain high levels of free sugars. This study aimed to investigate the consumption and excessive sugar intake from fruit and vegetable juices and related beverages among children in Beijing, and identify associated factors. Methods:Data were derived from a baseline survey of 3,370 school-age children in Beijing (October-November 2024). Binary logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for high sugar intake. Results:The overall consumption rate of fruit and vegetable juices and related beverages among Beijing school-aged children was 68.4%. Overall, the median daily intake of fruit and vegetable juices and related beverages was 57.14 g (0.00, 150.00 g), with a median free sugar intake of 6.06 g (0.00, 15.90 g),15.4% had excessive intake (≥25 g/day). Associations were observed between excessive sugar intake from fruit and vegetable juices and related beverages and the following factors. Living in outer urban areas (OR = 1.464, 95%CI: 1.140-1.879) or suburban areas (OR = 1.443, 95%CI: 1.126-1.849), attending middle school (OR = 1.936, 95%CI: 1.493-2.511) or high school (OR = 1.423, 95%CI: 1.085-1.868), being overweight (OR = 1.345, 95%CI: 1.046-1.730), having daily outdoor activity of no less than 2 h (OR = 1.348, 95%CI: 1.063-1.711), holding the view that sugar-sweetened beverages pose no health risks (OR = 1.916, 95%CI: 1.561-2.352), and having caregivers who regularly consumed fruit and vegetable juices and related beverages (OR = 1.716, 95%CI: 1.404-2.097) were all correlated with elevated odds of excessive sugar intake. Among consuming children, the median daily intake of juice beverages and related beverages was 107.14 g (57.14, 214.29 g), with a median free sugar intake of 11.36 g (6.06, 22.71 g), 22.5% had excessive intake (≥25 g/day). Further analyses identified the following correlates for excessive sugar intake in this subgroup: residence in outer urban areas (OR = 1.467, 95%CI: 1.138-1.892) or suburban areas (OR = 1.426, 95%CI: 1.108-1.837), male gender (OR = 1.289, 95%CI: 1.046-1.589), middle school attendance (OR = 1.643, 95%CI: 1.254-2.152), overweight status (OR = 1.341, 95%CI: 1.031-1.743), daily outdoor activity of no less than 2 h (OR = 1.297, 95%CI: 1.011-1.664), the perception of sugar sweetened beverages to health as harmless (OR = 1.900, 95%CI: 1.532-2.358), and caregivers' consumption of fruit and vegetable juices and related beverages (OR = 1.261, 95%CI: 1.021-1.556). Conclusion:High consumption of fruit and vegetable juices and related beverages contributed substantially to free sugar overload among Beijing school-aged children. Targeted nutrition education and family-oriented interventions are urgently needed.

Background:Hyperuricemia is linked to various cardiovascular diseases, yet evidence on the association of Life's Essential 8, a newly updated metric for cardiovascular health, with hyperuricemia in the general Chinese population remains scarce. Methods:Data were obtained from 1,519 adults in Beijing as part of the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2022. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to assess the associations of Life's Essential 8 score and its subscales with the risk of hyperuricemia. Stratified analyses by key demographic variables were also performed. Results:The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 13.76%. For every 10-unit increase in Life's Essential 8 score and its subscale of health factor scores, the risk of hyperuricemia decreased by 24% (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.66 ~ 0.87) and 23% (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.70 ~ 0.84), respectively. Participants with high Life's Essential 8 scores had a lower risk of hyperuricemia compared with those with low Life's Essential 8 scores (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14 ~ 0.74), and similar results were found for those with high health factor scores (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.17 ~ 0.49). These associations were more pronounced among participants who had high educational levels and middle-class annual household incomes. Conclusion:Our study revealed a negative association of the Life's Essential 8 score with the risk of hyperuricemia in the general population of Beijing, China, which was also observed for its health factor subscale, highlighting the promise of adherence to the Life's Essential 8 to maintain cardiovascular health and thereby reduce the disease burden of hyperuricemia.

Objective To understand the current salt reduction environment and the sodium content of popular dishes in restaurants and canteens in Beijing,thereby providing a scientific basis for the salt reduction intervention in the future.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 3 083 random diners from 47 restaurants of different scales and 20 canteens in 12 districts of Beijing from May to August 2022 to understand the salt reduction environment and salt reduction services.Two hundred popular dish samples were collected,and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)was employed to measure the sodium content in the dish samples.The chi-square test was performed for inter-group comparisons of the salt reduction environment,while the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test were conducted for inter-group comparisons of sodium content in dishes.Results The proportions of restaurants and canteens with signs related to low salt diet were 53.19%(25/47)and 65.00%(13/20),respectively.The proportions of restaurants and canteens with reading materials for salt reduction were 51.06%(24/47)and 65.00%(13/20),respectively.The proportions of restaurants and canteens offering low-salt dishes were 55.32%(26/47)and 50.00%(10/20),respectively.In the case of food ordering,16.67%(2/12)of waiters in small restaurants actively asked about less salt,which was lower than that(62.07%,18/29)in large restaurants(χ2=7.003,P=0.015).The sodium content of 200 popular dishes ranged from 5.69 mg/100 g to 1 139.05 mg/100 g,with a median of 378.46 mg/100 g.The sodium content of restaurant dishes was higher than that of canteen dishes(Z=-2.032,P=0.042).The sodium content of meat dishes was higher than that of meat and vegetable dishes and vegetable dishes(P<0.001).The sodium content of dishes cooked by stir frying,deep frying,and stewing was higher than that of steamed and boiled dishes(all P<0.05).Among the dishes,22.50%(45/200)had the total sodium content≥2 000 mg(equivalent to 5 g salt).The proportion of total sodium content≥2 000 mg was higher in large restaurants(34.48%,30/87),medium-sized restaurants(33.33%,6/18),meat dishes(28.81%,17/59),stir-fried dishes(27.88%,29/104),and cold dishes(25.00%,5/20).Conclusions Some restaurants and canteens in Beijing lack a supportive environment for salt reduction,and the sodium content of some dishes is still high,especially in restaurants.It is suggested that efforts should be made to strengthen salt reduction intervention in the catering industry and bolster the publicity and education of salt reduction.

Objective: To explore changes in sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) intake from 2002 to 2022 among Beijing adults. Methods: Data were obtained from the Beijing subset of the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2002, 2010–2013, 2015–2017 and 2022). SSB intake was assessed via 12-month Food Frequency Questionnaire. Binary logistic and linear regression were fitted with survey year included as both linear and quadratic terms to examine nonlinear patterns. Results: A total of 7261 adults from four waves were included. After adjustments for demographic characteristics, prevalence of SSB intake exhibited a potential non-monotonic pattern (βlinear > 0, βquadratic < 0; P < 0.05), increasing from 34.6% in 2002 to 56.6% in 2010–2013, and subsequently appeared to stabilize around 44.7% by 2022. An opposite non-linear fluctuation (both βlinear < 0, βquadratic > 0; P < 0.05) was observed for daily SSB intake levels among both the total population and consumers. Estimates decreased from 59.7 mL and 172.6 mL in 2002 to a nadir in 2015–2017 (32.8 mL and 73.5 mL, respectively), and increased to 64.4 mL and 144.0 mL in 2022. Conclusions: Divergent patterns in prevalence and levels of SSB intake may point toward an increased consumption among existing consumers in Beijing.

Excessive sugar intake from beverages has become a growing concern due to its links to various health problems, such as obesity and diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the sugar content in commercial beverages and assess the associated health risks based on WHO guidelines. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 366 samples, where high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the presence of five types of sugars. The average total sugar content was 5.98 ± 3.24g/100mL, with sucrose being the most common sugar detected. Interestingly, 64.2% of the products were labeled as "low sugar," but 50% exceeded the WHO's recommended daily intake of 25g per serving, and 9.8% surpassed 50g. Additionally, beverages with larger volumes (500mL) were more likely to exceed the recommended intake with potentials to increase health risks. These results highlight significant discrepancies between product labeling and actual sugar content.

Background:Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among children and adolescents remains high worldwide. In China, most studies have examined either peer or family influences, but few have assessed their combined effects, particularly for pre-packaged SSBs. Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,317 primary and secondary school students in Beijing between October and November 2024. Students and their caregivers completed paired questionnaires on pre-packaged SSB consumption and potential influencing factors. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between peer and family factors and SSB consumption, adjusting for demographic and behavioral covariates. Results:In the past week, 81.9% of students consumed at least one type of pre-packaged SSB. With the increase of age, the intake of SSBs increased in children. Fruit/vegetable beverages were the most commonly consumed beverages for primary school students, and tea beverages were the most commonly consumed beverages for secondary school students. Peer-influenced purchasing behavior (OR: 1.600,95% CI:1.318-1.941), peer-sharing behavior (OR: 1.373,95% CI:1.106-1.704), household accessibility (OR: 1.305,95% CI:1.085-1.570) and parental supportive attitudes toward SSBs (OR: 2.246,95% CI:1.691-2.981) were associated with high consumption of SSBs. Similar associations were observed for carbonated beverages, tea beverages, milk beverages, and other categories, though effect sizes varied. Conclusion:Peer behaviors and family environments substantially influence pre-packaged SSB consumption among children and adolescents in Beijing. Targeted interventions should include banning SSB sales in school canteens, introducing warning labels on high-sugar beverages, and promoting parental education to reduce home availability.

This study investigates the factors influencing the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among primary and secondary school students in China from the perspective of teachers. A total of 56 teachers participated in face-to-face interviews, including both individual interviews and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using the grounded theory approach with three levels of coding. The analysis yielded 39 subcategories, 15 categories, and five main categories: individual, interpersonal, environmental, societal, and policy levels. The six most frequently mentioned categories were teachers' knowledge and attitudes (128 references), school health education (96 references), drivers of sugary beverage consumption (56 references), students' individual awareness (53 references), the school food environment (40 references), and home-school collaboration (39 references). A core theme was identified: the multilevel factors of students' sugary beverage consumption based on teachers' perspectives. We conclude that school based health education interventions and efforts to enhance home-school collaboration are crucial for reducing sugary beverage consumption among primary and secondary school students.

Background:The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) has significantly increased and is regarded as a potential cause of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. This study explores the association between SSB consumption and overweight/obesity among primary and secondary school students in Beijing in 2024. Methods:A total of 3,402 participants were included in this cross-sectional study conducted from October to November 2024. Binary logistic regression is used to assess the association between SSB consumption and weight/obesity. Results:Approximately 38.5% of the study population were overweight/obese. After adjusting for covariates, SSB consumption was associated with overweight /obesity. Participants with" SSB consumption frequency ≥7 times/week" had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity compared to participants" SSB consumption frequency < once/week" (OR = 1.396, 95%CI = 1.093-1.782). Participants with" SSB consumption quantity ≥500 mL/day" had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity compared to those with "SSB consumption quantity <150 mL/day" (OR = 1.316, 95%CI = 1.093-1.586). Moreover, when subgroup analyses were conducted, the association between SSB consumption and overweight/obesity was more susceptible among females, younger students, and urban residents. Conclusion:The consumption rate of sugar-sweetened beverages among school-age children in Beijing is high. Student sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was significantly associated with overweight/obesity. Therefore, targeted actions and plans should be taken to reduce the consumption of SSB and control childhood obesity.

Background:Unbalanced dietary patterns are a major risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases. Examining trends in population-level dietary structural composition and quality is essential for monitoring nutritional transitions, identifying key dietary risks, and developing targeted public health policies. Methods:This study analyzed dietary trends among Beijing adults using three waves (2010-2022) of data from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS). Dietary intake was assessed through consecutive 3-day 24-h dietary recalls, supplemented by household weighing of cooking oils and condiments. Dietary structural composition was comprehensively analyzed, including the energy contribution of macronutrients and food sources of energy, protein, and fat intake. Population-level dietary quality was evaluated using the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI-22). Trend analyses were performed using the Jonckheere-Terpstra test, while group comparisons utilized chi-square and Mantel-Haenszel tests. Results:A total of 4,520 participants were included. Between 2010 and 2022, carbohydrate contribution to energy intake decreased from 56.1 to 46.7%, whereas fat intake increased from 31.6 to 36.9%. A dietary shift from plant-based to animal-sourced foods was observed, with the latter demonstrating annual increases in their proportional contributions to total energy, protein, and fat intake (p for trend <0.001). DBI-22 assessments revealed persistent imbalances relative to dietary guidelines, with insufficient intake of vegetables, fruits, dairy, aquatic products, and soybeans (median scores: -1.5 to -6) and excessive intake of cereals, meat, eggs, oil, and salt (median scores: 1 to 4.7). Trend analyses indicated a worsening in excessive intake (p = 0.001) alongside a modest improvement in intake deficiency (p = 0.004) over the study period. However, the overall gap between the actual and recommended intake remains unchanged (p = 0.868). Subgroup analyses revealed stable dietary transition trajectories across population strata, with significant interaction effects between area and time observed for both dietary composition and diet quality (p for interaction <0.05), indicating divergent trends between urban and rural residents over time. Conclusion:Between 2010 and 2022, Beijing adults experienced substantial imbalances in dietary structure, characterized by decreasing energy intake from carbohydrates and increasing intake from fat, both diverging further from recommended levels. Dietary deficiencies and excesses coexist, contributing to suboptimal dietary quality compared with national dietary guidelines.

OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among residents aged 18-64 in Beijing and to identify associated influencing factors. METHODS:A cross-section study was conducted from June 1,2024 to May 31, 2025, including 10,409 residents aged 18-64 in Beijing. Logistic regression was applied to examine demographic, behavioral, and knowledge-related factors associated SSB consumption. RESULTS:The overall prevalence of SSB consumption was 38.7%. After adjusting for demographic factors, infrequent checking nutrition labels when purchasing food (ORs ranging from 1.348 to 1.570), infrequent active weight monitoring (ORs ranging from 1.290 to 1.428), dining out/taking out food >1 day/week (ORs ranging from3.495 to6.692), moderate-intensity physical activity less than 300 minutes a week (ORs ranging from 1.237 to 1.326), lack of knowledge about SSB (ORs ranging from 1.240 to 1.361), and awareness of the health risks of SSB (OR=1.198) were the risk factors for SSB consumption. CONCLUSIONS:SSB consumption among Beijing adults remains high. Men, urban residents, and younger adults represent priority groups for intervention. Strengthening nutrition education, improving health literacy, and promoting healthier dietary behaviors are essential strategies to reduce SSB consumption and improve population health.

BACKGROUND:Tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) has been reported to be a more accurate estimate of body fat than body mass index (BMI). This study aims to compare the effectiveness of TMI and BMI in identifying hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), abdominal obesity, and clustered cardio-metabolic risk factors (CMRFs) in 3- to 17-year-old children.METHODS:A total of 1587 children aged 3 to 17 years were included. Logistic regression was used to evaluate correlations between BMI and TMI. Area under the curves (AUCs) were used to compare discriminative capability among indicators. BMI was converted to BMI- z scores, and accuracy was compared by false-positive rate, false-negative rate, and total misclassification rate.RESULTS:Among children aged 3 to 17 years, the mean TMI was 13.57 ± 2.50 kg/m 3 for boys and 13.3 ± 2.33 kg/m 3 for girls. Odds ratios (ORs) of TMI for hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and clustered CMRFs ranged from 1.13 to 3.15, higher than BMI, whose ORs ranged from 1.08 to 2.98. AUCs showed similar ability of TMI (AUC: 0.83) and BMI (AUC: 0.85) in identifying clustered CMRFs. For abdominal obesity and hypertension, the AUC of TMI was 0.92 and 0.64, respectively, which was significantly better than that of BMI, 0.85 and 0.61. AUCs of TMI for dyslipidemia and IFG were 0.58 and 0.49. When 85th and 95th of TMI were set as thresholds, total misclassification rates of TMI for clustered CMRFs ranged from 6.5% to 16.4%, which was not significantly different from that of BMI- z scores standardized according to World Health Organization criteria.CONCLUSIONS:TMI was found to have equal or even better effectiveness in comparison with BMI in identifying hypertension, abdominal obesity, and clustered CMRFs TMI was more stable than BMI in 3- to 17-year-old children, while it failed to identify dyslipidemia and IFG. It is worth considering the use of TMI for screening CMRFs in children and adolescents.

目的 了解中国互联网烟草广告和促销信息监管情况.方法 通过网络爬虫技术,于2021年7-9月采用实时抓取和回顾抓取互联网烟草广告和促销信息,对比分析信息频次、构成比及仍存率.结果 实时抓取84 002条烟草广告和促销信息,回顾抓取发现仍存18 378条,仍存率为21.88％.从平台看,实时抓取微博信息最多(58.34％),回顾抓取发现全网搜索仍存最多(31.76％),烟悦网和小红书仍存率最高(均为100.00％),微博仍存率最低(6.45％).从关键词看,实时抓取"中华烟"最多(42.75％),回顾抓取"电子烟"仍存最多(28.63％),"加热不燃烧"仍存率最高(53.72％),"中华烟"仍存率最低(5.26％).从类别看,实时抓取代理商类信息最多(39.62％),回顾抓取硬广类最多(43.70％),赞助类仍存率最高(53.03％),代理商类仍存率最低(0.47％).结论 当前互联网环境对烟草广告和促销信息管控严格程度较高,但其隐蔽性增强,应引起高度重视.

目的 了解北京市乳母维生素D营养状况,并分析其影响因素.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,抽取北京市产后0～24个月的乳母进行问卷调查,并采集其血样测定血清25-羟基维生素D含量;采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析影响其维生素D水平的因素.结果 北京市乳母血清25(OH)D含量为(19.92±10.26)ng/mL,[M(P25,P75)]为[18.31(13.48,23.63)]ng/mL.乳母维生素 D 不足率为 40.0％,缺乏率为17.3％,不足和缺乏率为57.3％.多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,中心性肥胖(OR=1.652,95％CI:1.132～2.410)、蔬菜摄入量＜300 g/d(OR=1.650,95％CI:1.131～2.408)、接受过母乳喂养知识(OR=1.985,95％CI:1.270～3.103)是乳母维生素D不足的影响因素;第1次生育(OR=1.763,95％CI:1.036～2.998)、水产品摄入量＜2次/周(OR=1.678,95％CI:1.028～2.739)是乳母维生素D缺乏的影响因素.结论 北京市乳母维生素D不足和缺乏情况较为严重,相关部门亟需开展乳母维生素D营养状况动态监测工作,实施科学、及时、有效的干预,预防和减少乳母或婴儿不良健康结局的发生.

PURPOSE. To evaluate the influencing factors of parapapillary beta(BM) and gamma zones incidence in young adolescents and to explore their associations with axial length progression. METHODS. In this prospective cohort study, 976 seventh-grade students from nine secondary schools in Beijing, China, were enrolled and followed up 1 year later. Parapapillary beta(BM) zone was defined as retinal pigment epithelium loss while Bruch's membrane was present. Parapapillary. zone was defined as the absence of retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of beta(BM) and gamma zone incidence. A linear mixed model was used to analyze the associations between parapapillary zones and axial elongation. RESULTS. Of the 976 participants, 139 (14.2%) had only beta(BM) zone, 398 (40.8%) had only gamma zone, and 171 (17.5%) had both. At follow-up, the incidence of beta(BM) zone was 11.5% (76/659), and the incidence of gamma zone was 9.7% (39/404). Optic disc tilt, thinner subfoveal choroid, and longer axial length at baseline showed a higher risk of gamma zone incidence. The absence of gamma zone at baseline showed a faster axial length progression. When the baseline axial length was 25 mm or longer, the beta(BM) zone was also related to the axial elongation. CONCLUSIONS. The gamma zone was associated with axial length progression, and the beta(BM) zone was also associated with the axial length progression when the axial length exceeded 25 mm, which was consistent with the notion that excessive axial length growth not only is the extension of the eyeball but also has its own pathologic changes.

ObjectiveTo provide basic data and reference for the formulation of local standards in Beijing and relevant risk monitoring and evaluation， detailed information of the types， raw materials， and products of local characteristic food in Beijing were comprehensively examined.MethodsBig data mining software and field surveys were conducted to investigate the characteristic food and raw food materials in Beijing.ResultsEighty-six types of common edible wild vegetables were identified in Beijing. The top five were Hemerocallis citrina Baroni， Toona sinensis， Capsella bursa-pastoris， Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz， and Koelreuteria paniculata， but only Hemerocallis citrina Baroni and Toona sinensis were in bulk circulation. The most commonly used characteristic raw materials of Toona sinensis， Macrobranchium nipponense， Chinese prickly ash sprouts， Oncorhynchus mykiss， Cortinellus edudes and so on were identified in 1 760 agritainments in Beijing. Beijing has issued 88 local standards related to food and raw materials， most of which are technical regulations/specifications for the production of food raw materials， and so far no local standards for food safety have been issued in Beijing.ConclusionThere are few unique special foods and special raw materials in Beijing， which are mainly concentrated in catering and homemade dishes， and there is no corresponding local food safety standards. In the future， the focus of the development of local food safety standards can be focused on local special food and production norms made by traditional processes.

健康科普在突发公共卫生事件的管理策略中发挥着重要作用,对于提升公众素养,正向舆论引导、维护社会稳定都具有积极作用.网络媒体作为新兴的"第四媒体",因其特性与优势,在应对突发公共卫生事件健康传播工作中发挥着举足轻重的作用,科学有效的网络传播机制将有助于事件的处置与恢复.疾病预防控制中心(简称:CDC)作为政府公共卫生服务专业机构,在突发公共卫生事件中承担着健康科普传播的重要职责.本文以2020年北京新冠肺炎疫情为例,对北京市CDC应用网络媒体开展健康科普传播的应对机制及策略进行分析,以期对突发公共卫生事件健康传播提供参考.