The imaging plane's illumination nonuniformity is an important parameter for wide FOV and short-focus optical imaging system. But now the imaging plane's illumination nonuniformity measurement device can not meet the requirements of wide FOV, high uniformity and wide dynamic range. A new device combined with assymmetric double-hemisphere technology was set up. It was composed of the special integrating sphere, CCD camera, precision displacement mechanism, image acquisition, and testing software. The CCD was pre-calibrated and the testing software realized a auto-correction, image acquisition, display and the illumination nonuniformity calulation. The light source was calibrated by the national standard color temperature lamp. The device can provide a Lambert object surface. The advantages of the device were that the FOV was as largely as 100, and a wide illumination range of (10-3 similar to 103)Lx was achieved. An optimal simulation of assymmetric double-hemisphere was calculated by LightTools,it was proved that the illuminace nonuniformity at the outlet was better than 1.7%.Finally, the illumination nonuniformity of the integrating sphere and a wide FOV and short-focus lens were respectively measured. The results show that, the illumination uniformity of the integrating sphere is less than or equal to 1.49%,and the imaging plane's illumination nonuniformity of the lens is 10.24%.

This paper presents a new flow to handle fixed-outline floorplanning for mixed size modules. It consists of two stages, which include global distribution stage and legalization stage. The methodology is very flexible, which can be integrated into other methods or be extended to handle other constraints such as routability or thermal issue. The global distribution stage aims to obtain better wirelength while distributing modules over a fixed outline. Once a good result can be obtained in the first stage, the legalization stage only needs to obtain a feasible solution by maintaining the good result. The legalization is performed by curve merging in a slicing tree, which is obtained by the partition based approach. Two functions are proposed to divide a circuit and the associated placement region into two parts. Although the fixed-outline floorplanning with mixed size modules is very difficult, our method still can obtain better results. The experimental results show that our method can averagely reduce wirelength by 22.5% and 4.7% than PATOMA [1] and DeFer [2] in mixed size benchmarks.

In this paper, one approach of angle measurement of optical wedge used dual-frequency laser interferometer is referred. The asymmetry of the optical corner cubes in reflector housing is analyzed which has a notable effect on the uncertainty of the measurement result. The asymmetry is constituted by two components: Delta h, the height difference between optical corner cubes, and Delta alpha, the non-parallelism between two front surfaces of optical corner cubes. At last the influence of this error is obtained, and a precision compensation model for angle measurement is established.

Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference(MRTD) is an important technical parameter to estimate the infrared thermal imager.The traditional measurement method based on the testers′ subjective judging has poor reproducibility.To solve this problem,an objective evaluation method based on Artificial Neural Network(ANN) was developed.Two image features were put forward in the paper.Instead of human eyes,large numbers of image data were acquired by digital CCD and transferred to ANN.Then the ANN was trained by BP-Neural-Networks-based LM algorithm.The judging ability of well trained ANN was similar to the visual system of human eyes.The feasibility of the proposed method was proved through Matlab model and the developed software.And the test results show good accuracy and repeatability of the proposed method.It agrees well with the subjective one under the same test environment.The software system and equipment based on the proposed method had been successfully used in some test cases and greatly improved the test efficiency and accuracy.

A fast signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) digital test method for a CCD camera is presented in this study. The proposed method employs the conventionally used differential operations of two sequential images to determine the noise. However, the technique focuses on two features to improve the SNR evaluation: the noise is separated from the differential image by a specially designed digital high-pass filter that does not affect the noise intensity; and the additional quantization noise introduced into the digital image by the frame grabber is corrected for in the final calculation. The method can produce an objective measurement that offers high repeatability. The results obtained are consistent with those produced by industry standard instruments.

spectral longitudinal mode character of short coherence solid laser is analyzed with complex coherence degree.The relation between optical path difference and complex coherence degree with multi-longitudinal modes is deduced.Comparing narrow line width laser and normal wider line solid laser in simulation, the complex coherence degree of solid laser decreases more quickly with wider line width and more longitudinal modes.An experimental short coherence solid laser for interferometry is built.The coherence length is measured.The result is in agreement with the foregoing analysis.

A device of optical tweezers array based on double-plate shearing interference and its application to separating polystyrene particles are studied. The technique is hopeful to be a novel method of particle separation, such as cells. Firstly, the classical optical tweezers theory is modified to set up theoretical model of optical tweezers array system. The parameters of the model are discussed and simulated by Matlab software to provide the theoretical foundation for the following device design. And an optical tweezers array is set up based on the parameters. With adjusting the angle between two interference fields, a two-dimensional optical tweezers array which has different distribution characters can be obtained. By applying the system to particle trapping, 6μm polystyrene particles are trapped successfully, which proves the rationality and feasibility of the design.

In the industrial and network monitoring field, there are several protocols such as Pelco D/P used for remote operation and widely applied to control the pan/tilt/zoom (PTZ) camera systems. But for universal CCD camera, a lot of incompatible communication protocols have be developed by different manufacturers. To extend these cameras' application in remote monitoring field and improving its compatibility with controlling terminal, it's necessary to design a reliable protocols conversion module. This paper aimed at realizing the conversion and recognize of different protocols for CCD camera. Protocol conversion principle and algorithm are analyzed to implement instruction transformation for any camera protocols. An example is demonstrated by converting Protocol Pelco D/P into Protocol 54G30 using Micro Controller Unit (MCU). High performance hardware and rapid software algorithm was designed for high efficient conversion process. By means of serial communication assistant, Video Server and PTZ controlling keyboard, the stability and reliability of this module were finally validated.

Optical tweezers have been a valuable research tool since their invention in the 1980s. One of the most important developments in optical tweezers in recent years is the creation of two-dimensional arrays of optical traps. In this paper, a method based on interference is discussed to form gradient laser fields, which may cause the spatial modulation of particle concentration. The parameters related to the optical tweezers array are discussed in detail and simulated by the Matlab software to show the influence of important parameters on the distribution of particle concentration. The spatial redistribution of particles in a laser interference field can also be predicted according to the theoretical analysis.

A series of nickel(ii) complexes of the type [R-PNP]Ni(ER') ([R-PNP](-) = [N(o-C(6)H(4)PR(2))(2)](-); R = Ph, (i)Pr, Cy; E = NH, O, S; R' = Ph, (t)Bu) featuring unsupported, covalently bound pi-donor ligands have been prepared and characterized. The metathetical reactions of [R-PNP]NiCl (R = Ph, (i)Pr, Cy) with LiNHPh, NaOPh, or NaSPh, respectively, produced the corresponding anilide [R-PNP]Ni(NHPh), phenolate [R-PNP]Ni(OPh), and thiophenolate [R-PNP]Ni(SPh) derivatives. Treatment of [Ph-PNP]NiCl with either LiNH(t)Bu or NaO(t)Bu generated tert-butyl amide [Ph-PNP]Ni(NH(t)Bu) and tert-butoxide [Ph-PNP]Ni(O(t)Bu), respectively. In contrast, attempts to prepare analogous tert-butyl amide and tert-butoxide complexes of [(i)Pr-PNP](-) or [Cy-PNP](-) were not successful. Protonolysis studies of these nickel(ii)-heteroatom complexes revealed the basic reactivity of these pi-donor ligands. The basicity follows the order NH(t)Bu > O(t)Bu > NHPh > OPh > SPh. In addition to solution NMR spectroscopic data for all new compounds, X-ray structures of [(i)Pr-PNP]Ni(NHPh) and [(i)Pr-PNP]Ni(OPh) are presented.

Due to the phasing effects, the measurements of Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) for Staring array thermal imagers often get abnormal results when the targets approaching system Nyquist frequency (fn). To simulate the relations between MRTD values and four-bar targets' frequencies, this paper introduces the concept of best contrast. Clearly, the MRTD results are inversely proportional to the best contrasts under optimum phases, higher contrast corresponding to a lower MRTD. On the other hand, with the spatial frequencies increasing, the target's opening area shrinking and leads the effective infrared eradiation decreasing, this means the MRTD results are inversely proportional to the opening area of the target. Based on these two assumptions, and through numerical simulations, this paper depicts the tendency chart of MRTD under optimum phases to the four-bar targets' spatial frequencies. The tendency chart adequately explains the hump curve happens at frequencies between 0.6fn and fn. From the simulations, the maximum of MRTD values can be predicted at the frequency of 0.89fn. The tendency chart illustrated by numerical simulation is consistent with the MRTD results get in laboratory. While in Dynamic Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (DMRTD) testing, moving the four-bar targets introduces temporal effects not present in static MRTD test. Simulation reveals that DMRTD test can get more realistic shape of the curve between 0.6fn and fn, the characteristic hump in the static MRTD curve between 0.6fn and fn is not seen.

In biological scientific research,separating biological macromolecules or cells in liquid is always a challenging job.Optical tweezers have been a valuable research tool since their invention in the 1980s.As the development trend of the laser manipulation,two-dimensional optical tweezers array is one of the most important developments in optical tweezers.The developments of optical tweezers arrays are discussed.Their applications in biological scientific research and further developments are also analyzed.

In order to meet the measurement requirements of image sensors’ uniformity of the CCD system with a large-field angle, the design for the form and structure of the integrating sphere, with 600–800mm and hyper-uniform luminance double hemisphere is presented. LightTools software is used for simulation. The simulation result indicates that the compact structure of the integrating sphere with asymmetric double hemisphere renders both the design values and systematic performance parameters superior to those of the common integrating sphere. The integrating sphere system designed is manufactured and its optical parameters are tested. The test result indicates that at the outlet of the integrating sphere, the variation of illuminance is less than 2.3%, and the variation of luminance on the inner surface is less than 4.4%. Hence, it is concluded that this system can be widely utilized in measuring image sensors’ uniformity of the photoelectric imaging system with a large-field angle.

An absolute measurement method of spherical lens with Fiber Point Diffraction Interferometer (FPDI) was developed. To achieve a high accuracy, several key techniques are discussed such as: short coherence length laser, interferogram collecting, experiment set up, and reconstruction of wave front. Through these techniques an experiment system has been built. The 5-step phase shifting interferograms are collected. The wave front is fitted by Zernike polynomials and reconstructed. The repeated measurement result has a good performance compared to a Zygo GPI interferometer.

This work studied the feasibility of using a solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber for sampling and analysis of gaseous formaldehyde as well as particulate-bound formaldehyde from burning Chinese incense. The SPME fiber with PDMS/DVB coating were partially coated with o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA), and used for sampling formaldehyde. The sampling rate for formaldehyde and its dependence on temperature, relative humidity and sampling time were observed. The same PFBHA treated fibers were, in parallel, exposed to incense burning smoke with pre-filtration and without pre- filtration for 0.5-1 min. The NIOSH method 2541 using an XAD-2 tube at a flow rate of 0.1 Lpm was also applied for sampling simultaneously. The results demonstrate that commercially available PDMS/DVB fibers partially coated with PFBHA are capable of sampling the gas phase of formaldehyde as well as particulate-bound formaldehyde. The determined level of formaldehyde was close to the result obtained by the NIOSH method 2541. However, a reduction of the fiber's formaldehyde loading capacity in the aerosol sampling in comparison with gas sampling was noticed. This indicates that the particulate characteristics, and their bound chemicals other than formaldehyde may influence the maximum loading capacity of formaldehyde, and some characteristic particulates in high concentrations may even deteriorate the fiber coating.

An advanced fiber point diffraction interferometer (FPDI) is built for measuring spherical mirror surface and spherical lens wave front aberration with high precision. This new interferometer is based on point diffraction technique. Using short coherence length laser as light source, the perfect spherical wave diffracts from fiber point resource as reference wave. And the spherical wave is interfered with object wave to achieve higher accuracy. A phase shifting point diffraction interferometer with one single-mode-optical-fiber is built for measuring concave spherical mirror surface. A concave spherical mirror is measured by the experimental facility. The interferograms are collected by CCD and analyzed by computer. The PV values and RMS values of resulted surface error are compared with the result acquired by digital wave front interferometer. The measured surface is fitted and represented by Zernike polynomials. The results compared with Zygo GPI interferometer are proximately the same. Finally the differences between them are discussed in detail. To measure the aberration of spherical lens, a two single-mode-optical-fibers point diffraction interferometer is built by adding another single mode optical fiber. A convex lens is measured. The interferograms is presented.

We present a computational simulation of multiple optical tweezers based on double parallel interference. This method belongs to the interferometric optical tweezers, and we study the system model including the parameters such as the distribution of light intensity, concentration modulation, and viscous drag coefficient and so on. An intensity gradient is also produced strong enough to counteract the scattering force, resulting in a stable 3D confinement of the particle.

The influence of testing map on distortion measurement and calibration is extensively studied. A so called 'one target distortion testing method' is presented for distortion measurement and calibration. The distorted image of the self-designed and fabricated 'integrated spot array target board' is recorded. The position of distorted points is determined by image processing, and compared with the ideal points position. The position relation between distorted points and ideal points is established by polynomial model. The position of ideal points is obtained by ideal imaging. Then polynomial coefficients of the model are computed from the least squares method. While corresponding the distorted points to ideal points, the whole CCD camera system's distortion is calibrated. The integrated spot array target board consists of gray spots and black interval belts, and makes it convenient to mark the spots in sequence and correspond the distorted points to the ideal points. The distortion of wide-angle CCD camera system with focal length of 2.6 mm is repeatedly measured and calibrated, and the calibrating precision is within 0.3%.

One approach of angle measurement used dual-frequency laser interferometer is referred.The asymmetry of the optical corner cubes in reflector housing is analyzed which has a notable effect on the uncertainty of the measurement result.The asymmetry is constituted by two components: Δh,the height difference between optical corner cubes,and Δα,the non-parallelism between two front surface of optical corner cubes.The influence of this errors is obtained,and a precision compensation model for angle measurement is established.

An image processing method used to Porro reticle discrimination in measuring the focal length of lens is introduced.It is based on the method of CCD digital image processing.The Canny edge detection method is used to identify the reticle image,and then the centroids of all lines are calculated.The line pairs with the largest space interval is searched and selected to get a high accuracy of focal length measurement with small relative standard deviation.The precision of the results is analyzed and validated.Good robustness and measurement uncertainty of 8.5×10-4 are showed.It provides a feasible approach to realize the objective measurement of the focal length of lens based on image processing.