贫困与反贫困是我国面临的重大理论问题与实践课题.中国坚持政府主导推动减贫事业,在实践中不断推进精准扶贫理论、组织和制度等方面的创新,走出了一条中国特色的精准扶贫道路,为全球减贫事业做出了巨大贡献.文章深入剖析了川西北高原藏区精准扶贫面临收入贫困与多维贫困统筹、精准识别、稳定脱贫问题、资源开发与环境保护矛盾等实践困境,提出了解决川西北高原藏区贫困问题应采取的对策主要是建立扶贫产业收益分享机制、构建精准扶贫大数据与救助机制、统筹扶贫规划与稳妥推进脱贫攻坚,以实现高原藏区稳定脱贫.川西北高原藏区实施精准扶贫战略、推进脱贫攻坚进程,对于推动民族地区经济社会跨越发展,具有十分重要的意义.

从城镇化内涵出发,在人口-经济-社会-空间视角下选取相关指标构建基于基尼系数的城乡建设用地总量优化配置模型,得到四川省2020年城乡建设用地总量优化配置方案.研究表明,优化方案与现行规划方案相比基尼系数由0.311下降到0.295,公平性显著提升.根据城乡建设用地面积增减幅度将21个地市(州)划分为4种类型,并针对不同类型区域提出优化建议.

Under the concept of ecological civilization construction,how to realize the coordinated development of the New-type urbanization and ecological environment has become a major problem need to be solved urgently.This paper selected Sichuan Province in rapid urbanization as the research object,analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of New-type urbanization and ecological footprint in 2005-2015 by the model of gravity coupling model.The results showed that:①The level of New-type urbanization and ecological footprint both showed a sustaining growth,but the spatial and temporal differences between them were obvious.The New-type urbanization level presented a Circle layered distribution pattern,high in the middle of the basin and reducing from inside to outside.The ecological footprint level presented a symmetrical distribution pattern,Pan (zhihua) Cheng(du) Mian(yang) as the axis,low in the northwest half and high in the southeast half;②The gravity center of New-type urbanization continued moving northward,slighdy and regularly.While the gravity center of ecological footprint shifted southward and then retreated to the north,dramatically but unregularly;③The spatial overlap of the New-type urbanization and ecological footprint presented a fluctuation of separation and approaching,the change consistency was from opposite to convergence,and the spatial coupling trend was significant.

[Objective] Evaluating urban land use efficiency and cultivated land use efficiency of ChengduChongqing urban agglomeration,to promote the common development of new urbanization and agricultural modernization.[Methods] Taking Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration as a research object,the paper built up an evaluation system of urban land use efficiency and cultivated land use efficiency.Super SBM model,gravity center model and coupled coordination model were used to analyze the spatial-temporal pattern and coupling coordination degree of the two.[Results] From 2005 to 2014,urban land use efficiency followed a fluctuating ascending trend and the efficiency center of gravity shifted vertically to the south.The cultivated land use efficiency presented a V type as a whole.Gravity center changed greatly in the horizontal direction to the east.The coupling type and coordination degree with respect to the utilization efficiency of coupling coordination of urban land and cultivated land showed a shape like spindle.There was great number of high-coupling & medium coordination cities in the research object.Cities along Nanchong-Luzhou changed greatly in terms of coordination type.[Conclusion] The coupling degree of urban land use efficiency of ChengduChongqing urban agglomeration is relatively high and has a positive development trend.

Urbanization is the most significant changes in today,has been paid widespread attention,and it is particularly important to have a comprehensive and objective evaluation about urbanization.This paper uses AHP method and entropy value method combined to determine the weights,taking the 21 cities of Sichuan province as the study areas,and studies the urbanization levels and spatial and temporal evolution in Sichuan province from 2003 to 2013 by center of gravity model and Arc GIS software.The results show that each districts of Sichuan province's urbanization level has achieved a certain degree of ascension since 2003,However,there is a great difference in the level of each city,and presents a trend of gradually widening.The gravity center moving distance and spatial fluctuations of the urbanization level in Sichuan province are relatively small,shift to the northeast.There is a strong positive correlation between the level of urbanization in Sichuan province,but the trend of agglomeration isweaking,has a tendency to random distribution.The urbanization level of traditional agriculture areas in northeast of Sichuan province and three regions are generally low,it is essential to change the way of development.

Information of fractional vegetation cover(FVC) of Chengdu Plain,China and its surrounding area during 2007-2013 were extracted and analyzed based on Landsat TM/OLI data,DEM,geomorphology data and GIS technology following the dimidiate pixel model.The differentiation characteristics of the spatial and temporal dynamic patterns of FVC,vegetation damage caused by the Wen chuan Earthquake,and vegetation restoration were also quantitatively studied based on data of the elevation,slope,aspect,and geomorphology.Results show as in the following 4 aspects.(1) Vegetation coverage had becone generally good during the study period.There were variations in levels of FVC,and the FVC in nearly half of the areas above medium and high levels.The overall spatial pattern shows reducing FVC from the Longmen Mountains to central plains region.The changing trend of FVC is increase first and then decrease with increasing elevation rendering.(2)The area of vegetation damage caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake is 6.91 × 105 hm2.FVC is mainly distributed at elevations of 324～ 800 m,where the FVC decreased with increasing elevation.The vegetation coverage is distributed in the area where the slope is lower than 20°.It is mainly distributed on the eastern,southern,gentle,western slopes,and hilly area.(3)After five years of natural regeneration,4.88 × 105 hm2 of the destroyed areas were recovered.The recovered vegetation area occurred mainly across elevation ranges of 324～1 000 m,on slopes of＜30°,and gentle,southern,eastern,and western aspects,hill regions,mountain area of high ups and downs.(4) Elevation,slope,and geomorphology have significantly larger effects than aspects of vegetation damage or restoration,and provide very useful information for decision-making and policy-planning in Chengdu plain and its surrounding area,after the Wenchuan Earthquake.

[Objective] Land use was studied based on landscape ecological security pattern to provide a scientific basis for relieving the contradiction between the increasing population and limited land,and for economic development and ecological protection.[Methods] Mianzhu City of Sichuan Province which located in the transition zone from Chengdu plain and Longmen mountain was took as a case study,where the land use change and its terrain factors response were extracted and analyzed from 1995 to 2015,based on remote sensing imagery,technology of remote sensing and GIS.To achieve the goal of ecological land protection,terrain and land cover types were selected as resistance factors,the minimum cumulative resistance model was applied to landscape ecological security pattern based on GIS spatial analysis method.Upon the spatial overlay analysis of land use status and landscape ecology security patterns in Mianzhu City by GIS,land resources in different levels of landscape security were divided.[Results] Land resources of landscape security included priority,appropriate,limited,prohibited development,having acreages of 7 218.39,17 974.75,21 545.39,77 791.46 hm2,respectively.The corresponding planning of land resources development and utilization was put forward based on the analysis of characteristics of each type land use in study area.The results can provide effective methods and means for regional ecological safety and reasonable development and utilization of land resources.[Conclusion] The land use planning whereon proposed by different ecological security level based on the theory of landscape ecological pattern and the corresponding method are conducive to regional ecological security protection and sustainable utilization of land resources.

土地利用变化的碳排放研究对了解人类活动对生态环境的扰动程度及其机理、制定有效的碳排放政策具有重要意义.采用1990—2010年能源消费数据、遥感与GIS提取的土地利用数据,通过构建土地利用碳排放模型,对20 a来成都平原及其周边区域土地利用的碳排放进行了定量分析.结果表明:(1)土地利用变化的碳排放增加3269.37×104 t,增长率达137%,呈显著增加趋势.(2)建设用地和林地分别为区域最大的碳源与碳汇.建设用地的碳排放增加3271.55×104t,增长率达139.01%,林地的碳汇减少1.30×104t,减少率达3.12%,但仍占碳汇的99%以上.(3)土地利用的碳排放存在明显区域差异.中部、北部和南部冲积平原(成都市及其第二圈层、绵阳市辖区、绵竹市、乐山市辖区)碳排放大,平原周边区域邻近川西高原山地碳排放小.(4)土地利用结构与碳排放存在一定的相互关系,趋高的碳源、碳汇比导致土地利用的碳源效应远大于碳汇效应.因此,研究区减排的重点应该在保持或增加现有的林地的同时,主要以降低建设用地的碳排放、碳足迹为主.

土地利用变化的碳排放与碳足迹研究对了解人类活动对生态环境的扰动程度及其机理、制定有效的碳排放政策具有重要意义.采用1990-2010年四川省能源消费数据和土地利用数据,通过构建碳排放模型、碳足迹及其压力指数模型,对研究区20年来土地利用的碳排放及碳足迹进行了定量分析.结果表明:(1)土地利用变化的碳排放和能源消费碳的足迹呈显著增加趋势.碳排放增加5407.839× 104 t,增长率达143％;能源消费的碳足迹增加1566.622× 104 hm2,四川全省的生态赤字达1563.598×104 hm2.(2)建设用地和林地分别为四川省最大的碳源与碳汇.20年间建设用地的碳排放增加5407.072× 104t,增长率达126.27％,占碳排放总量的88％以上;林地的碳汇减少10.351×104 t,但仍占四川省碳汇的96％以上.(3)土地利用碳排放、碳足迹和生态赤字存在明显区域差异.成都平原区碳排放、碳足迹压力最大,生态赤字严重,西部高山高原区和盆周山区碳排放、碳足迹最小,未出现生态赤字;成都、德阳、资阳和内江等地的碳排放、碳足迹压力最大,生态赤字最严重,甘孜、阿坝等地的碳排放、碳足迹最小,未出现生态赤字.(4)土地利用结构与碳排放、碳足迹存在一定的相互关系,趋高的碳源、碳汇比导致土地利用的碳源效应远大于碳汇效应.因此,四川省减排的重点应该在保持或增加现有的林地的同时,主要以降低建设用地的碳排放、碳足迹为主.

植被覆盖度是衡量地表植被状况和指示生态环境变化的一个重要指标。基于像元二分模型,利用Landsat5/8遥感影像和DEM数据,对岷江汶川-都江堰段植被覆盖动态变化进行了监测,并结合高程、坡度和坡向数据,分析了汶川地震前后植被受损与恢复的空间动态格局变化。研究表明:植被覆盖总体良好,大部分区域的植被覆盖度均在中、高度以上,空间格局上呈现由汶川县东部、都江堰市西北部的龙门山区向两侧减少的总体趋势;地震造成植被受损面积达63808.7 hm~2,且集中分布于海拔567—4331 m、坡度26—51°的范围以及东坡、北坡、南坡和西坡;震后5a,植被恢复面积17786.47 hm~2,主要分布在海拔576—2180 m与3256—3793 m、坡度小于9°和26—51°以及东坡、东南坡和和南坡;高程和坡度对植被损毁与恢复的影响明显高于坡向。

基于四川省36年的耕地数据，采用改进的灰色马尔科夫预测模型对总耕地面积和耕地压力指数进行分析与预测。结果表明：（1）研究期内，四川省耕地总面积及人均面积均呈现下降趋势，但是由于粮食单产和复种指数的提高，最小人均耕地面积呈波浪式递减趋势；（2）耕地压力指数总体呈上升趋势，说明实际人均耕地面积的减速低于最小人均耕地面积的减速；（3）灰色马尔科夫模型预测比单一灰色预测模型的预测精度提高了1．14％，可见其对中长期具有波动性的数据预测拟合度更高；（4）随着二胎政策出台，将面临更大的人口压力，未来10年四川省耕地面积仍有下降趋势，耕地压力指数呈波动上升趋势。

Cultivated lands are among the most fundamental resources for the existence and development of mankind. Scientific analysis of the spatial distribution patterns and evolutionary characteristics of cultivated lands is highly useful in the protection and resource optimization of cultivated lands. Working on such research project, this paper extracted cultivated land data from the 2005, 2009 and 2013 land use data of the Longquanyi District of Chengdu, China, and calculated the kernel density, concentration index of cultivated land and conducted spatial autocorrelation analysis by using GIS platform. The results suggested that: 1) the evolution of cultivated lands in 2005-2013 in the study area was driven by aggregation. Spatially, cultivated land densities in the northwestern and northern regions were higher than those in the southern and central regions. Regions with higher cultivated land density apparently expanded from northwest to southwest, while regions with lower cultivated land density sporadically expanded from urban to rural area. 2) For distribution of cultivated lands, feature land density in the north was generally higher than that in the south. The distribution of cultivated lands was relatively concentrated, with more concentrated years in terms of the time series, but with more significant variation in the spatial differentiations among the regions. 3) There was a significant spatial autocorrelation for global distribution, with strengthening heterogeneity for local distribution of cultivated lands in the study area. Spatial units with higher proportion of cultivated lands was concentrated in the northern and northwestern regions and reduced westwards from year to year. The units with lower proportions of cultivated lands were more distributed at built-up areas and suburbs surrounding the urban centers, with two stages of expansion and contraction. Because of urban expansion and rural land consolidation in 2005-2013, there were hot spots and cold spots in different localities of the distributed cultivated lands. This study provided the theoretical methods and references for determining the dynamic evolution of regional cultivated lands and developing relevant policies for protection and resource optimization of cultivated lands.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">基于成都崇州市耕地实地采样数据和修正的IBIS模型测算数据,对耕地生产有机质、调节大气、涵养水源、土壤保持和净化环境等五种自然生态服务价值进行测算,并与已有相关研究成果进行对比分析。结果表明:1研究区耕地不同类型的生态服务价值量存在较大差异,由高到低依次为:土壤保持、调节大气、涵养水源、生产有机质、净化环境;2研究区单位面积耕地生态价值量为29959.5元/hm2,其中土壤保持价值的贡献率最大,占36.35%;3与已有研究结果对比分析,由于耕地生态价值内涵界定和测算方法的差异,单位面积耕地生态价值测算结果存在一定差异。研究结果对于科学合理地确定耕地保护的补偿标准和补偿机制构建具有一定的参考指导作用。</span>

基于纹理特征的神经网络模型分别对西藏林芝地区鲁朗河流域的4期TM影像进行了地类信息提取及动态变化分析.研究表明:模型的训练值、验证值和测试值的精度都达到了0.9,总体回归系数为0.93,地类分类精度可达到86.07％,可满足生产工作的需要.1987-1999年间鲁朗河流域混交林面积有所减少,而针叶林面积有所增加;1999-2008年间,混交林面积有所增加,但林地面积呈减少趋势.2008-2011年间,灌木、草地、流石滩及冰雪区均呈逐年增长趋势,林地面积有所降低.

农村居民点作为农村人口重要空间聚集区,其空间布局、演变特征受历史、自然、社会、经济、传统文化等多重因素的影响.科学识别农村居民点的时空分布形态,并揭示其内在的变化规律和驱动因素,对促进农村居民点科学规划、提高农村土地资源空间布局优化均具有重要意义.利用都江堰市2005和2012年两期遥感影像提取农村居民点、城镇、道路、河流等矢量数据,借助RS、GIS空间分析技术,定量研究都江堰市农村居民点时空变化过程、格局和特征,并引入空间自回归模型深入分析不同环境因素对农村居民点空间布局的影响程度.研究结果表明:(1)都江堰市农村居民点的空间分布密度存在显著的空间正相关性,即密度值较高或较低的地区在空间上呈现显著的聚集状态,但局部的空间异质性在增强;(2)密度的高值集群主要集中分布在都江堰市东南部沙西线沿线以及南部成青快速通道一线,并且有进一步沿道路延线纵深扩张的趋势,而密度的低值集群由于受地形的影响,在空间分布上变化不大,主要位于龙门山沿线的乡镇;(3)2005～2012年,地形位指数每增加1％,农村居民点的空间密度减少0.505％,而距城镇、河流和道路的距离每增加1％,农村居民点的空间密度分别增加0.124％、0.144％、0.006％;(4)不同环境因素对农村居民点空间分布的影响程度大小为:地形影响＞城镇辐射影响＞河流影响＞道路影响,并且随着时间的推移,各环境因素的影响程度都在不断地增强.该研究以期为今后同类研究提供一定的方法借鉴,为农村居民点动态变化监测、农村土地节约集约利用、新农村规划等提供理论方法和技术应用支撑.

以地级市为空间尺度，利用GIS和GeoDa软件，采取探索性空间数据分析方法（ESDA）对1998—2012年四川省市域人均耕地面积的空间格局特征、变化及空间关联性进行分析。结果表明，1998—2012年四川省市域人均耕地面积呈逐年下降趋势，其中雅安市、成都市降幅最大；人均耕地面积在空间关联性上呈空间正相关，相关系数较小，人均耕地面积高或低的市趋于相邻，且呈不同程度集聚，但集聚程度不高，总体空间差异逐年增大；由Moran散点图和LISA聚类图分析得出，落入LL和HH象限市域数量远大于LH和HL象限，显著性区域很少，反映出人均耕地面积空间分布的异质性，呈现空间离散分布格局。

为了揭示成都市在城市发展过程中产生的变化,该文以成都市多时相、多源空间数据为基础,采用RS与GIS技术提取城市扩展信息,基于空间叠置和缓冲分析技术、运用城市扩展模型对1978年-2010年成都市城市扩展的时空分异特征与城市扩展的驱动力进行分析.结果表明:1978年-2010年,成都市城市扩展呈快速增长的态势,呈“紧凑型圈层式”扩展模式,中心城区扩展主要方向是西北、西和西南;1978年-2002年和2002年-2010年两时段城市扩展时空差异显著;经济发展和城市化发展是成都市城市扩张的主要驱动力.

[Objective]The most serious problem associated with the cultivated land protection project in China is the long-term neglect of ecological value and social value existing within cultivated land. The value loss along with the cultivated land&nbsp;conversion is much beyond the economic value estimated with traditional perspective. Based on such understanding, this research is considering the deficiency of theory for understanding cultivated land conversion, and the insufficiency of comprehensive research on the scientific questions associated with cultivated land protection/conversion, such as the value constitute, the system, and the research method, are the core problems when studying cultivated land loss and conversion. Such questions are the basic theoretic issues that must be understood. To realize quantitative evaluation and simulation of value loss happening with cultivated land conversion, this paper established a value evaluation method and model for cultivated land, so as to provide a theoretical and practical reference for cultivated land protection and compensation policy.[Method]Based on the value classification method for cultivated land resources, income capitalization approach, equivalent replacement method, and market value method were applied to establishing a comprehensive evaluation model incorporating resource economic value, social value, and ecological service value. The economic value of cultivated land resource is based on through income capitalization approach, by which a serious of yield variance weights indices for different crops are modified. The social value is estimated by equivalent replacement method, in which the basic security value is replaced by the correction parameter of urban endowment insurance, the wage level for farmers’ employment is replaced by the productivity effect of agricultural labor, and the social stability value is replaced by the regional food supply-and-demand difference parameter. Finally, based on the amendment of unit ecological equivalence factor, the economical service value of cultivated land resource is calculated by market value method, through which the correlation between the economic value of ecological service equivalence factor and the food average yield per unit area is considered.[Result]The evaluation model objectively restored the monetization value for cultivated land resources. The entire approach is scientific and also feasible. Besides, the model is regional-cross for the evaluation and simulation functions can be applied to different areas-it possesses favorable universality and applicability. The evaluation results by such model also showed that for Sichuan province the cultivated land protection value in 2010 was 1 million and 22.85 thousand yuan per hm2 , of which the economic value, social value and ecological service value account for 5.74%, 64.17%and 30.09% respectively. (3) Taking 2010 as the basic analysis year, the total cultivated land protection value for the entire Sichuan province in 2010 was 825 trillion and 55.2 billion yuan, and the value loss happening with the non-agriculture conversion was 43.612 billion yuan, which accounts for 2.5%of Sichuan’s GDP.[Conclusion]According to the response mode at micro level for different interest agents associated with cultivated land conversion, the function by the central government should not exclude from the compensation for value loss caused by cultivated land conversion (protection). The central government should accept the responsibility of ecological service value and social stability value for cultivated land protection, based on which a security fund will be created to support the cultivated land protectors. Meanwhile the local governments and enterprises should take the responsibility of value compensation for cultivated land value loss. There is a regional difference in cultivated land resource value. So, it is an important technical issue for construct a value assessment and amendment system for cultivated land resource in future work. Such evaluation methods and the results derived from such research could be applied to practical evaluation of value loss for cultivated land conversion. The research results could supply a theoretical foundation to create a security fund as the central government’s responsibility. Such results also will offer technical supports for framing a concrete compensation standard. Furthermore, this research will provide a new perspective for constituting the compensation mechanism of cultivated land conversion, and promote the upgrade of cultivated land protection from the traditional mode and the establishment of a new compensation mechanism for cultivated land protection.

Most studies on the relationship between urban land price and land intensive use are based on qualitative research,but quantitative research date is scarce. The fact shows that higher land price is associated with higher land intensive use. Conversely when the land intensive use is up to a certain extent,it will reduce the land use prices. In recent years,people pay more attention to residential land price than commercial and industrial property prices. This article focuses on the correlation of the residential land prices and the urban land intensive use. Considering a concrete area and 100 sample data in the first half of 2013,and based on the Arc GIS 9. 3and spss 16. 0 software,we construct the model of land price and land intensive use degree. The regression model can express the quantitative relations residential land prices and the urban land intensive use.