Pneumocephalus is the pathologic collection of air in the intracranial cavity. In sufficient volumes, it can contribute to symptoms ranging from headaches to death. For conservative treatment, oxygen use is commonplace. Although this is an accepted tenet of clinical practice, it is not necessarily founded on robust trials. An electronic search of databases EMBASE and MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library was undertaken as per the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Three articles were included. Although the modes of oxygen delivery were heterogenous (non-rebreather versus endotracheal versus hyperbaric chamber), all studies concluded favorably on the use of oxygen therapy for increased reabsorption of pneumocephalus.

With the continuous development of nanomedicine, scholars have reported many studies on the application of nanocarriers to improve the efficiency of tumor diagnosis and treatment. We designed magnetic nanoparticles combined with liposomes to carry DHA (DHA-MAG-NL) nanoparticles to improve the biocompatibility of DHA, protect DHA activity, and increase DHA blood concentration. To study the inhibitory effect of magnetic dihydroartemisinin nano-liposomes on the proliferation of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma CAL-27 cell line and laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cell line In Vitro. The effect of DHA-Mag-NL concentration gradient on the proliferation of Hep-2 and Cal-27 cells at different intervention times was detected by MTT assay. The effects of DHA concentration of 40 μM on the cell cycle and apoptosis of Hep-2 and Cal-27 were analyzed by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis showed that DHA-Mag-NL had a weak inhibitory effect on Cal-27 cells. The apoptosis-promoting effect of DHA-Mag-NL on Cal-27 tumor cells was weaker than that of DHA for 24 h. We concluded that DHA-Mag-NL can inhibit the proliferation of Hep-2 and Cal-27 tumor cells and promote apoptosis, which is dependent on drug dose and intervention time.

Trichophyton rubrum is a pathogenic fungus infecting human skin, hairs and nails. These substrates are colonized only by very few fungal species. In this review, we summarise the nutritional requirements of fungal species, with a focus on T. rubrum, and compare them with nutrients available in the keratinized tissues. The outer layers of the human skin are low in most nutrients required for fungal growth, the basis of nutritional immunity. Carbohydrate availability is low and protein, in the form of keratin, is used for energy and carbon by the fungus. In addition to the nitrogen derived from keratin, the skin is rich in phosphorus, sulfur, potassium and chloride. The concentration of trace elements is very low, especially in the outermost layer of the skin, and magnesium, iron and zinc are likely the most relevant limiting elements for T. rubrum. We point to the evolutionary adaption of the fungus to the human skin. T. rubrum has a sophisticated system for the digestion and utilization of extracellular protein and a relative low demand for micronutrients.

Objectives Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the main therapeutic drug for cholestasis, but its use in children is controversial. We conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid in children with cholestasis. Methods We searched Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP from the establishment of databases to July 2022. Eligible studies included Chinese or English randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy and safety of no UDCA (placebo or blank control) and UDCA in children with cholestasis. This study had been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022354052). Results A total of 32 RCTs proved eligible, which included 2153 patients. The results of meta-analysis showed that UDCA could improve symptoms of children with cholestasis (risk ratio 1.24, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.29; moderate quality of evidence), and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and total bile acid (low quality of evidence). For some children with specific cholestasis, UDCA could also effectively drop serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis) and γ-glutamyl transferase (infantile hepatitis syndrome, parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis). The most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of UDCA in children were gastrointestinal adverse reactions, with an incidence of 10.63% (67/630). There was no significant difference in the incidence of ADRs between UDCA and placebo/blank control groups (risk difference 0.03, 95%CI -0.01 to 0.06; moderate quality of evidence), and among children taking different UDCA doses (P = 0.27). Conclusion The available short-term evidence showed that UDCA was effective and safe for children with cholestasis. Clinicians should use UDCA with caution (start with a low dose) until the long-term effect is further explored in future larger RCTs.

While recent developments in electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have enabled a bridge between the brain and external devices with relatively high communication speed, there is still room for improvement. Notably, the phenomenon of "BCI illiteracy," which refers to the 15%-30% of people who struggle to type or control devices using BCI, remains unsolved, limiting the practical application of BCI systems. The EEG-based BCIs performance is constrained by the low-quality scalp EEG signals due to the attenuation and distortion of the skull. To address these limitations, this study proposes a hybrid BCI system combining EEG with magnetoencephalogram (MEG), a neuroimaging technology not influenced by the volume conduction effect, to boost BCI performance by enhancing signal quality. Comparative experiments involving 22 subjects showed that the steady-state visual evoked response (SSVER) from MEG has a wider range of effective bandwidth and higher signal-to-noise ratio than EEG. Moreover, differences in the spectral and spatiotemporal characteristics of MEG and EEG explain better performance. Simultaneous MEG-EEG recording experiments suggested that the hybrid MEG-EEG BCI achieved a significantly higher information transfer rate than either modality alone (hybrid: 312 +/- 17 bits/min, MEG: 272 +/- 17 bits/min, EEG: 240 +/- 27 bits/min). Moreover, the 40-target classification ac-curacy of "BCI illiterate" increased from 50% to 95% with the help of MEG. These results highlight the meth-odological advantages of a hybrid MEG-EEG BCI, suggesting a promising paradigm for implementing high-speed BCIs.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), also known as "forever chemicals," are manmade chemicals that have been increasingly detected in various geological settings since the early 2000s. The soil and subsurface environments are the geological media commonly affected by PFAS. We conducted a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed articles published from 2010 through 2022 concerning the fate and transport of PFAS in subsurface environments. This review is organized into different subsections, covering the basics of PFAS properties and how they affect the occurrence, fate, and transport of PFAS, the fundamental processes affecting subsurface transport and fate of PFAS, and mathematical models for describing and predicting PFAS transport behaviors. Mechanisms governing PFAS transport in the subsurface environment, including the sorption of PFAS at the air-water interface, solid-water interface, and nonaqueous phase liquids-water interface, were explored in detail. Challenges and future research priorities are identified to better mitigate the global challenges of PFAS contamination.

Large-size program temperature controller was used to carry out the slow cook-off test study of PBT, Bu-NENA, PBT/Bu-NENA mixture and PBT/Bu-NENA propellant in the range of gram and kilogram scale. The comprehensive performance of PBT/Bu-NENA propellant was carried out evaluation, including energy performance, mechanical performance, and low vulnerability performance (including fast cook-off test, slow cook-off test, shaped charge jet impact test and bullet impact test). The test results show that the slow cook-off response temperature of gram-weigh PBT, Bu-NENA and PBT/Bu-NENA mixture are 178.5 degrees C, 142.3 degrees C, and 139.0 degrees C, respectively, while that of kilogram-weigh PBT/Bu-NENA propellant is 121.9 degrees C. Analysis believes that high volatility of Bu-NENA plasticizers the main reason for the response temperature to drop from 139.0 degrees C to 121.9 degrees C. The PBT/Bu-NENA propellant has low vulnerability characteristics. Among them, the shaped charge jet impact test has the highest degree, which is an explosive reaction, and the sympathetic detonation test has the lowest response degree, which is below the burning. The theoretical special impulse of the PBT/Bu-NENA propellant is greater than 267 s,the density is greater than 1.80 g/cm(3), the glass transition temperature (T-g) is less than -66 degrees C, and the mechanical properties in the range of -60 degrees C similar to +70 degrees C are excellent.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as “forever chemicals”, are manmade chemicals that have been increasingly detected in various geological media since the early 2000s. The soil...

Topdressing accounts for approximately 40% of the total nitrogen (N) application of winter wheat on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in China. However, N use efficiency of topdressing is low due to the inadaptable topdressing method used by local farmers. To improve the N use efficiency of winter wheat, an optimization method for topdressing (THP) is proposed that uses unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing to accurately acquire the growth status and an improved model for growth potential estimation and optimization of N fertilizer amount for topdressing (NFT). The method was validated and compared with three other methods by a field experiment: the conventional local farmer’s method (TLF), a nitrogen fertilization optimization algorithm (NFOA) proposed by Raun and Lukina (TRL) and a simplification introduced by Li and Zhang (TLZ). It shows that when insufficient basal fertilizer was provided, the proposed method provided as much NFT as the TLF method, i.e., 25.05% or 11.88% more than the TRL and TLZ methods and increased the yields by 4.62% or 2.27%, respectively; and when sufficient basal fertilizer was provided, the THP method followed the TRL and TLZ methods to reduce NFT but maintained as much yield as the TLF method with a decrease of NFT by 4.20%. The results prove that THP could enhance crop production under insufficient N preceding conditions by prescribing more fertilizer and increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by lowering the fertilizer amount when enough basal fertilizer is provided.

Increasing frequency of wildfire in humid hardwood forests make it necessary to understand the occurrence and origin of soil water repellency in these systems, as wildfire-induced soil water repellency has been observed to severely impact many biophysical processes in other forest types. In this project, we studied two sites in the Appalachian Mountains, United States, (at Mount Pleasant Wildlife Refuge, Virginia, and Chimney Rock State Park, North Carolina) where wildfires occurred in late 2016. In each site, burned and unburned soils were evaluated for actual (in the field) and potential (in the laboratory) water repellency using the water drop penetration time method. In addition, samples were analyzed for organic carbon content (measured using C/N analyzer), hydrophobic functional groups (using Fourier transform infrared, FTIR), and their rank correlations (rs) based on multiple samples collected one year after the fires. We found that soil water repellency was substantial greater in burned soils in the first months after the fire, and persisted for the entire year in the more severely burned soils. We also determined that potential water repellency was much greater than actual water repellency, and that organic carbon content and hydrophobic functional groups were significantly correlated to potential water repellency (p < 0.0001). Correlations were stronger at Mount Pleasant (0.77 < rs <0.91) than at Chimney Rock (0.06 < rs < 0.70). For actual water repellency only had significant correlations with soil organic content at Mount Pleasant (p < 0.0001), and with hydrophobic functional groups (p < 0.0001) at both sites except the unburned soils at Chimney Rock. However, these correlations were weaker than with potential water repellency, likely due to the influence of soil water content. Altogether, this study provides new insight into the influence of soil organic matter and its composition on post-wildfire soil water repellency.

Soil water repellency induced by wildfires can alter hydraulic properties and hydrologic processes; however, the persistence and vertical position (i.e., depth) of water-repellent layers can vary between systems and fires, with limited understanding of how those variations affect infiltration processes. This study occurred in two forested locations in the south-central Appalachian Mountains that experienced wildfires in late 2016: Mount Pleasant Wildfire Refuge, Virginia, and Chimney Rock State Park, North Carolina. In each location, sites were selected to represent unburned conditions and low to moderate burn intensities. At each site, we measured the soil water repellency at the surface (ash layer or O horizon) and ~2 cm below the surface (A horizon) using the water drop penetration time method (n = 10-14). Soil water content was also measured over the upper 10 cm of the soil (n = 10), and infiltration tests were conducted using a tension infiltrometer (n = 6-8). The results showed that soil repellency was highest in the surface layer at the Mount Pleasant location and was highest in the subsurface layer at the Chimney Rock location. Soil water content was lower in unburned soil than in burned soil, especially for measurements taken immediately postfire, with soil water content negatively correlated with water repellency. Water repellency in the surface layer significantly reduced relative infiltration rates (estimated as differences between initial and steady-state rates), whereas subsurface water repellency did not affect relative infiltration. As a result, water repellency persisted longer in sites with surface as opposed to subsurface water repellency. Finally, differences between burned and unburned sites showed that although the wildfires increased the occurrence of water repellency, they did not alter the underlying relationship between relative infiltration and water repellency of the surface soil.

It is not well understood if wildfires induce soil water repellency in broadleaf deciduous forests, such as those endemic to the Blue Ridge Mountains of the eastern United States. In 2016, widespread wildfires provided an opportunity to study soil water repellency in this region. We selected sites in four locations with low to moderate burn severities, along with unburned controls. We estimated soil water repellency using water drop penetration time measurements from the surface (i.e. ash or organic) layer to ~5cm within the underlying mineral layer. Two months after the fires, water repellency was detected in all locations and was greater in more severely burned sites. One location had the greatest water repellency in surface ash (frequency of occurrence: 68–74%), whereas the other locations showed greatest repellency at the ash–mineral interface (40–96%). Unburned soils rarely showed repellency (0–18%). Burned soils also exhibited water repellency 1 year post fire. The study results suggest that combustion of non-resinous foliage within litter layers can cause water repellency in deciduous forests, meaning that this condition is not exclusive to coniferous and dryland forests. The duration of impact depends on fire severity, and may enhance overland flow and sediment transport in affected landscapes.

As soils become dry, water primarily exists as vapor that adsorbs to and desorbs from particle surfaces. The drying process also often enhances soil water repellency, yet the effects of repellency on soil water vapor sorption and exchange are not well understood. The objective of this study was to quantify the water vapor sorption dynamics of two minerals (Ca2+ saturated kaolinite and montmorillonite), in which water repellency was induced using two organic agents: cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (~4% by mass) and stearic acid (0.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 35% by mass). Samples were then analyzed for water vapor sorption isotherms, solid‐water contact angles, organic carbon content, mineral surface morphology, hydrophobic functional groups (using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), zeta potential, and particle size distributions. The results showed that the water repellent treatments altered particle surface potentials and decreased surface areas relative to the controls. As a result, those samples adsorbed significantly less water and had less hysteresis between adsorption and desorption isotherms than the nontreated controls (p < 0.05). Differences in water adsorption were most pronounced for water activities >0.6, where hydrophobic compounds may have inhibited water vapor condensation, even at low concentrations. In contrast, solid‐water contact angles were small in montmorillonite treatments with <10% stearic acid, suggesting that low levels of hydrophobic compounds may have greater effect on vapor sorption compared to liquid water imbibition. Altogether, these results imply that repellency may reduce water retention in dry soils and enhance water vapor losses.

Background and objectives Chronic pain in predialysis CKD is not fully understood. This study examined chronic pain in CKD and its relationship with analgesic usage. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Data include baseline visits from 308 patients with CKD enrolled between 2011 and 2013 in the Safe Kidney Care cohort study in Baltimore, Maryland. The Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale measured chronic pain severity. Analgesic prescriptions and over-the-counter purchases were recorded up to 30 days before visits, and were classified as a drug-related problem (DRP) based on an analgesic’s nephrotoxicity and dose appropriateness at participants’ eGFR. Participants were sorted by pain frequency and severity and categorized into ordinal groups. Analgesic use and the rate of analgesics with a DRP were reported across pain groups. Multivariate regression determined the factors associated with chronic pain and assessed the relationship between chronic pain and analgesic usage. Results There were 187 (60.7%) participants who reported chronic pain. Factors associated with pain severity included arthritis, taking ≥12 medications, and lower physical function. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was reported by seven participants (5.8%) with no chronic pain. Mild and severe chronic pain were associated with analgesics with a DRP, with odds ratios of 3.04 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.12 to 8.29) and 5.46 (95% CI, 1.85 to 16.10), respectively. The adjusted rate of analgesics with a DRP per participant increased from the group with none to severe chronic pain, with rates of 0.07 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.13), 0.12 (95% CI, 0.07 to 0.20) and 0.16 (95% CI, 0.09 to 0.27), respectively. Conclusions Chronic pain is common in CKD with a significant relationship between the severity of pain and both proper and improper analgesic usage. Screening for chronic pain may help in understanding the role of DRPs in the delivery of safe CKD care.