Malcolm Kerr Muir’s death after a short illness, on 10 November 2019 at the age of 72, aborted his vigorous post-retirement career, devoted to the enhancement of ophthalmic care in low-income countries. Malcolm was very modest: quiet about his achievements and self-effacing in his story-telling. However, a lack of self-advertisement should not deny him recognition for his considerable contribution to ophthalmology. He was gifted in many fields, and a perfectionist in all he did. He was an insightful physician and an outstanding ophthalmic surgeon. His medicine and ophthalmology were approached through intense observation and a precise understanding of physiology and pathology. He had a gift for recognising technologies that might enhance the practice of ophthalmology, and this has changed our discipline. His determination that the benefits of medicine should be available to those with poor resources and greatest need has benefited countless patients in developing countries. Malcolm was the third of four children, born into a warm, happy household during the coldest winter of the century. He remembered the thrill of skiing to school, when his father’s work took the family to Canada, and the companionship of walking with his father in the Lake District. He would later develop an encyclopaedic knowledge of its peaks and valleys, completing all the Wainwright walks. The notion that he could become a doctor was implanted when his mother was unwell; he decided to look after her, although the only ‘medicine’ at his disposal was tea and biscuits. At Rugby school, he threw himself into music (trumpet and piano) and all sports, and was selected for the school hockey and cricket teams. He told of his one appearance at Lord’s, during which he tripped over the boundary rope on his way both to and from the crease, scoring only 3 runs while there (he …

Differentiated Instruction Enhances PedagogyThe participants populating our schools are becoming more diverse. They are coming fromdifferent cultures and have different learning styles. They also have different interests anddifferent levels of maturity. As technical teachers, we frequently teach a blend of theoretical andapplied engineering topics. Our goal is provide our students with the skills and knowledge theyneed to safely and accurately accomplish their jobs to high standards of quality in a cost effectivemanner.“Acknowledging that students learn at different speeds and that they differ in their ability tothink abstractly or understand complex ideas is like acknowledging that students at any given agearen’t all the same height: It is not a statement of worth, but of reality” (Tomlinson).A one-size-fits-all teaching method lacks the flexibility needed to challenge and encouragelearning in today’s effective teaching programs. Differentiated instruction, often referred to asuniversal design, is a teaching and learning style that is the result of neuroscience research onhow the human brain processes and retains new information (Rose and Meyer).Key concepts of differentiated instruction that will be addressed in this presentationinclude: Proactively use a variety of active teaching and learning techniques. More qualitative than quantitative. Merely assigning more or less work based on a learner’s ability is typically ineffective. Rooted in assessment. Evaluation is no longer predominately something that happens at the end of a chapter to determine “who got it”. Assessment routinely takes place to determine the particular needs of individuals. A teaching style that provides multiple approaches to content, process, and product. Content is the input, what students learn; Process is how student make sense of the ideas and information; and Product is the output, how students demonstrate what they have learned. Student centered. Learning is most effective when experiences are engaging, relevant, and interesting. A blend of whole-class, group, and individual instruction.In a differentiated classroom and laboratory, the teacher proactively plans and carries out variedapproaches to content, process, and product in anticipation and response to student differences inreadiness, interest, and learning needs. During the past twenty years, my teaching responsibilitieshave been focused on fluid power, programmable logic controllers, electro-mechanical systems,and robotics curriculums. In addition to lectures, all of these areas include a significantlaboratory component, both of which have benefitted from implementing active learningstrategies.This next phase of this presentation will provides participants with insights into some of the“tools” and “methods” utilized in developing an active teaching environment.Topics included in the “Learning” section include: 1) Focusing on Learning and Not Teaching;2) Problem Based Learning; 3) Facilitating Group Learning (Promoting Accountability, LinkingAssignments, and Stimulating the Idea Exchange); 4) Changing Learning Behavior Outside theClassroom; and 5) Preparing to Teach. Topics included in the “Teaching” section include: 1)The Seven “Good Practices” for Teachers; 2) Teaching with Hospitality; 3) The Importance ofListening; and 4) Assessment Via the Minute Paper.The presented techniques are not cumbersome or extremely involved. In fact they are fun andvery straightforward. The purpose of this discussion is to learn more about these practical andhelpful teaching ideas that can easily be implemented into your classes and laboratories.Examples and brief case studies are utilized to increase clarity and understanding.

Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer with one in four developing non-curable metastatic disease. Initial treatment responses to hormonal therapies are transient and further management options lie between (1) further hormone therapy or (2) a non-hormonal approach involving additional chemotherapy or molecular radiotherapy (radium-223). There is no clear rationale for choosing between these mechanistically different treatment approaches. The biology of hormone resistance is driven through abnormal androgen receptor activity and we can assay this through a blood test measuring androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) expression in circulating tumour cells. Despite increasing evidence supporting AR-V7’s role as a prognostic marker, the clinical utility of such measures remains unknown in helping personalise treatment decisions. Methods and design The VARIANT feasibility trial is a pragmatic design, to be run over 18 months with participants randomised into the intervention arm receiving biomarker (AR-V7) guided clinical treatment and participants randomised into the control arm with conventional standard management (no biomarker guidance). AR-V7 positive participants (likely to be insensitive to further hormone treatment) will receive chemotherapy or in other cases radium-223 (where routinely available). Seventy male ≥18 years old participants with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer clinically indicated to proceed to further hormone therapy or chemotherapy, will be recruited from three National Health Service Trusts based in England, Scotland and Wales. The feasibility primary outcome is willingness of patients to be randomised and clinicians to recruit to a biomarker-based treatment strategy, with trial data informing the basis of a definitive and appropriately powered randomised control trial. Ethics and dissemination Formal ethics review was undertaken with a favourable opinion, through Wales NRES Committee 2 18/WA/0419. Findings to be disseminated through patient and professional organisations that have expressed their support, media outlets and peer-reviewed journal publication. Trial registration number ISRCTN10246848; pre-results

Word-retrieval deficits are common in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The impairment seems to be linked to deficits in word search, rather than to problems with task-switching, or other functions of the supervisory attentional system. Preliminary results on such tasks are described and discussed. Word-search deficits linked to fluency impairments are then reported, followed by presentation of task-switching experiments in which subjects must, for example, produce words alternately from the two categories. Control measures were taken to pinpoint the cognitive locus of the PD fluency deficit. Rapid speaking rate was measured for over-learned sequences, that is, so-called "automatic speech". The finding of a verbal fluency by picture-naming correlation in PD is the first step toward fractionation of the fluency task in the service of PD deficit analysis. The verbal fluency task has largely remained unfractionated in its employment within cognitive neuropsychology.

While patients rely on in-person interaction with their clinicians to know more about their care, frequent in-person interactions with clinicians are rarely available to patients due to time constraints. Limited in-person interactions can result in passivity and frustration for patients and can negatively impact the quality of patient satisfaction. Research is needed to understand the basic needs of patients during their hospital stay and provide design guidelines that empower patients with clear information. We conducted a field study to identify significant issues that cause patients to remain passive communicators and prioritize patients’ needs in inpatient settings. Findings from this field study with patients and clinicians guided us to develop design considerations for a prototype tabletbased application. We then designed a prototype which aims to maximize the available time by fostering valuable communication between clinicians and patients. In this paper, we present major findings from the field study and introduce features of a prototype tablet-based application for hospitalized patients.

Reviewed by: Reading Robin Hood: Content, Form and Reception in the Outlaw Myth by Stephen Knight John Marshall stephen knight, Reading Robin Hood: Content, Form and Reception in the Outlaw Myth. Manchester Medieval Literature and Culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015. Pp. x, 285. isbn: 978–0–7190–9526–9. $100. In somer when the shawes be sheynAnd leves be large and longHit is full mery in feyre foresteTo here the foulys song. [End Page 141] The early ballads and poems of Robin Hood invariably open with a setting that is both localizing and figurative of a forest through which sunlight streams; an energy that both illuminates and casts long shadows. This image of simultaneous revelation and concealment has caught the imagination of many film-makers seeking a defining ‘establishment shot.’ It is, then, neither a surprise nor a coincidence that the choice of cover for Stephen Knight’s latest book on Robin Hood should be a version of this powerful image taken from an illustration by N.C. Wyeth. Knight has probably done more than anyone to shine the light of serious critical understanding on the Robin Hood material for scholars, students, and enthusiasts alike. His first book on Robin Hood was, by his own admission, a descriptive account of the cultural history of the outlaw (Robin Hood: A Complete Study of the English Outlaw [Oxford: Blackwell, 1994]). His second traced the transformation in production and reception of the myth as it responded to historical shifts in social and political pressures (Robin Hood: A Mythic Biography [Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003]). This new book ventures much deeper into the forest. It traverses three ambitious and rarely trodden routes: to ‘treat the Robin Hood material with the scholarship and the measured, even plodding, tread of analysis that has long been natural to more prestigious literature’ (7); to see the Robin Hood myth formation in the rhizomatic or linear structure advanced by Deleuze and Guattari; and to deal extensively with some unfinished business. The third of these concerns highlights a publishing problem that unwittingly constrains the dissemination of Robin Hood studies. As Knight observes early on in the book, the ‘small-scale, incoherent ways’ (2) in which the material that has been preserved fit uneasily in a curriculum that privileges periodization and canonical specialization—a problem exacerbated by an academic conservatism that is too often subject orientated and media limited. A knock-on effect is the editorial fashion for collections of individual essays drawn from conference proceedings, with word length limits of about 7,500 words, rather than single-authored books. Knight has taken the opportunity, offered by the publication of this book, to explore in greater depth those areas of conference papers that have outgrown their original parameters. To non-specialist readers, this might give the book a somewhat ad-hoc appearance. Although, obviously, each chapter relates to Robin Hood and is essentially in chronological order, the chapters are, for reasons that become clear in the final essay, largely self-contained. The self-imposed collection embraces the relationship between orality and literacy in the early poems and ballads, the cross fertilization between English and Scottish versions of the outlaw myth, the ways in which the formulation of the Gest may—or may not—have responded to the story of Fulk Fitz Warren, a much needed re-examination of the broadside ballads, the Robin Hood of the Romantic poems and novels and of nineteenth-century fiction (which Knight knows better than anyone), and the invention and transformations of Maid Marian. While the preceding chapters explore in meticulous detail aspects of the Robin Hood material, both known and obscure, the final chapter is in many ways the most radical. It is exemplary in being reflective and provocative. In pursuing the rhizomatic Robin Hood, Knight distances his hero from the pattern and ideological implications of other myths and the framework of canonical literature. He demonstrates that [End Page 142] Robin Hood lacks the kind of structural inheritance and authority that validate and confer approved status on figures such as King Arthur. In some respects the chapter on ‘Rhizomatic Robin Hood’ would be as welcome at the beginning of the book...

Section A: is Neglect? P. Halligan, J. Marshall, The Nature and Natural History of Neglect. G. Valler, The Anatomical Basis of Spatial Hemineglect in Humans. Section B: Neuropsychological Processes Underlying Neglect. G. Gainotti, The Role of Spontaneous Eye Movements in Orienting Attention and in Unilateral Neglect. G. Rizzolatti, A. Berti, Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Neglect. M. Kinsbourne, Orientational Bias Model of Unilateral Neglect: Evidence from Attentional Gradients within Hemispace. M.J. Farah, M.A. Wallace, S.P. Vecera, What and Where in Visual Attention: Evidence from the Neglect Syndrome. G.W. Humphries, M.J. Riddoch, Interactive Attentional Systems and Unilateral Visual Neglect. I. Robertson, The Relationship between Lateralised and Non-Lateralised Attentional Deficits in Unilateral Left Neglect. L.C. Robertson, M. Eglin, Attentional Search in Unilateral Visual Neglect. E. Ladevas, Shifts of Attention in Patients with Visual Neglect. R. Werth, Shifts and Omissions in Spatial Reference in Unilateral Neglect. A.W. Ellis, A.W. Young, B.M. Flude, Neglect and Visual Language. J. Marshall, P. Halligan, I. Robertson, A Critical Review of Contemporary Theories. Section C: Rehabilitation of Neglect. L. Diller, The Behavioural Management of Neglect. I. Robertson, P. Halligan, J. Marshall, Prospects for the Rehabilitation of Unilateral Neglect.

The microenvironment in DCIS is complex and the myoepithelial cell, which forms the major barrier between the epithelial and stromal compartments, may play a key role in disease progression. We previously have shown that myoepithelial cells in DCIS display an altered phenotype, with up-regulation of the integrin &agr;v&bgr;6, switching myoepithelial function from tumour suppressor to tumour promoter. This study investigates the relationship between myoepithelial phenotype and the peri-ductal inflammatory infiltrate, and the influence this has on myoepithelial integrity. Immunohistochemistry on DCIS with myoepithelial cells positive or negative for &agr;v&bgr;6 was performed for CD68 (macrophages), Arginase (M2 pro-tumour macrophages), MHCII (M1 anti-tumour macrophages), and Foxp3, CD69 and CD4 to detect regulatory T cells. Significantly higher levels of CD4 + ve and FOXP3 + ve cells were detected around &bgr;6 + ve DCIS ducts compared to &bgr;6-ve ducts (n = 130; P = 0.0001). &bgr;6–ve DCIS ducts were associated with extensive MHCII + ve cells infiltration compared to &bgr;6 + ve ducts (P = 0.0001), and fewer arginase + ve cells (P = 0.0015), indicating a change from M1 to M2-type macrophages around &bgr;6 + ve DCIS. Since Treg cells produce TRAIL that can induce apoptosis, we investigated the hypothesis that &agr;v&bgr;6-positive myoepithelial ells may be more susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, leading to loss of the myoepithelial barrier. &bgr;6 + ve and &bgr;6-ve myoepithelial cells were exposed to TRAIL, and this demonstrated TRAIL enhanced apoptosis, measured by cleaved PARP, in &bgr;6 + ve cells. Furthermore these cells showed loss of the anti-apoptotic protein Galectin 7, and knockdown of Galectin-7 in normal &bgr;6-ve myoepithelial cells rendered them more susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In DCIS tissues, an inverse relationship between &agr;v&bgr;6 and Galectin-7 in myoepithelial ells was demonstrated. These data suggest that &agr;v&bgr;6 expression by DCIS myoepithelial cells is related to enhanced Treg cell infiltration, and these myoepithelial cells are more susceptible to TRAIL-induced apopotosis, in part through loss of Galectin-7. These changes may play a key role in breaking down the myoepithelial barrier in DCIS.

On the basis of double dissociations in clinical symptoms of patients with unilateral visuospatial neglect, neuropsychological research distinguishes between different spatial domains (near vs. far) and different spatial reference frames (egocentric vs. allocentric). In this fMRI study, we investigated the neural interaction between spatial domains and spatial reference frames by constructing a virtual three-dimensional world and asking participants to perform either allocentric or egocentric judgments on an object located in either near or far space. Our results suggest that the parietal-occipital junction (POJ) not only shows a preference for near-space processing but is also involved in the neural interaction between spatial domains and spatial reference frames. Two dissociable streams of visual processing exist in the human brain: a ventral perception-related stream and a dorsal action-related stream. Consistent with the perception-action model, both far-space processing and allocentric judgments draw upon the ventral stream whereas both near-space processing and egocentric judgments draw upon the dorsal stream. POJ showed higher neural activity during allocentric judgments (ventral) in near space (dorsal) and egocentric judgments (dorsal) in far space (ventral) as compared with egocentric judgments (dorsal) in near space (dorsal) and allocentric judgments (ventral) in far space (ventral). Because representations in the dorsal and ventral streams need to interact during allocentric judgments (ventral) in near space (dorsal) and egocentric judgments (dorsal) in far space (ventral), our results imply that POJ is involved in the neural interaction between the two streams. Further evidence for the suggested role of POJ as a neural interface between the dorsal and ventral streams is provided by functional connectivity analysis.

Funding sources may influence the focus and conduct of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We undertook a systematic review to examine differences between industry-funded and non-industry-funded (including mixed funding) RCTs.