PurposeThis study aims to propose and validate a model for e-Learning success based on students’ experiences in the “new normal.” To achieve this goal, this study focused on answering three research questions: (1) What are the students’ experiential factors that impact e-Learning? (2) How do these experiential factors affect e-Learning success? (3) In what ways does a multimethod provide a comprehensive perspective and an in-depth understanding of students’ e-Learning experiences in the new normal?Design/methodology/approachThis study applied a mixed-methods sequential approach using exploratory, confirmatory and complementary studies. First, this study undertook a text-mining exploratory analysis of the review data to extract e-Learning topics. Then, based on the Information Systems (IS) success model, this study identified an integrated framework drawn from the results of the text-mining analysis. Second, this study proposed an e-Learning, experience-based success model and corresponding hypotheses and conducted a confirmatory study with surveys to validate the model. Third, this study conducted in-depth interviews to better identify the phenomenon of interest.FindingsThe five factors extracted from the first stage are system quality, lecture content, teaching quality, online interaction and achievement. This study subsequently confirmed the significant relationships between the e-Learning success factors in the second stage based on the IS success model. Finally, a complementary study identified the importance of interactivity for e-Learning success in the new normal.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to develop an e-Learning success model using a comprehensive mixed-methods approach.

In order to clarify the concepts of affordance, we reviewed the previous studies of presence, interactivity, and affordance. Then, we presented the three-step identifying affordance features (IAF) model, which were (1) to develop a stage-of-the-action model for VR game environment that defined behaviors in the VR space from the user's point of view, (2) to identify affordance features based on the-stage-of-action model, and (3) to identify dimensions and to ensure the affordance features with the two-dimension framework for VR games. The results of this study will provide a consistent and comprehensive academic approach to the role of affordance to enhance user experience in VR games. Also, it is expected that VR devices and applications will become a basis for understanding user-oriented design and service factors in the process of developing and distributing VR devices and applications.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a theoretical model that predicts a teleworker's job satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach - By drawing on the technostress model and job characteristics theory, this study proposed a theoretical model. The proposed model was tested through a survey of 258 teleworkers from two global IT companies that have adopted telework programs. Findings - The results show that technology and job characteristics jointly induce teleworkers' technostress, which in turn reduces their job satisfaction. The results also indicate that the manner in which technology and job characteristics influence teleworkers' technostress varies depending on the intensity of teleworking (IOT). Interestingly, this study finds that teleworkers with a low IOT are more vulnerable to technostress than those with a high IOT. Research limitations/implications - By discussing the magnitude of the different factors that determine teleworkers' technostress and job satisfaction, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of teleworkers' challenges. The study provides insights and prescriptive guidelines that will help managers and companies develop strategies to maximize the benefits of teleworking implementation. Practical implications - This study provides insights and prescriptive guidelines for managers or companies to develop strategies to maximize the benefits of teleworking implementation. Originality/value - This paper is one of the first to develop and empirically test an integrated model of technostress and job characteristics. The paper outlines relevant research avenues for researchers investigating remote work and virtual collaboration.

본 연구는 소셜 네트워크 서비스(SNS)에서 행해지는 친구 추천 활동 중, '소환'을 중심으로 그 의미와 마케팅적 시사점을 고찰하였다. 특히 마케팅 플랫폼으로 발전해 가고 있는 페이스북을 대상으로 활동을 살펴보았다. 페이스북에서 사용자들이 기본적으로 하는 추천활동으로는 '좋아요', '공유', '소환'을 들 수 있다. '소환'은 사용자의 지인의 선호나 특성, 사용자와의 관계를 고려하여 특정 지인을 지목하여 직접 메시지를 전달한다는 관점에서 '좋아요', '공유'와는 차이가 있다. 사용자들의 자발적 추천 행동인 '소환'에 대한 탐색 조사를 실시한 결과, 사용자들이 게시된 컨텐츠가 유용하거나 재미있고 해당 게시물에 관심을 가질 가능성이 높은 친구가 누구인지 판단하여 소환을 하며, 특히 음식점, 여행 등의 비즈니스 영역에서는 함께 하고자 하는 의지가 있을 때 소환을 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 소환을 하는 사용자 뿐만 아니라 공통관심사를 가진 특정 지인을 지목하여 마케터들에게 노출시킨다는 관점에서 타 추천활동과는 차별화된다. 따라서 '좋아요'와 '공유'뿐만 아니라 '소환'에 대한 연구와 활용이 향후 심도있게 이루어져야 할 것이다. This study explores the effect of tagging in Social Network Services, especially Facebook, which has become popular as a marketing platform. In Facebook, users generally make recommendations using 'Like', 'Share', or 'Tag'. 'Tag' is different from 'Like' or 'Share' in that it can be used to deliver certain messages directly to specific people based on their interests or characteristics. Tagging can be categorized into rewarded tagging and non-rewarded tagging. As a result of our exploratory research, we found that non-rewarded tagging by certain users can indicate that the people, who are tagged, are interested in the contents of the users and share the same interest as them. Also, tagging indicates that these users want to share these services, such as restaurants and tours, with their friends who are tagged in the contents. Therefore, this study sheds light on the importance of the tagging function, as well as 'Like' and 'Share'.

Literature highlights the importance of psychological ownership on individuals’ behaviors and attitudes in organizations. Over the years, researchers have developed and extended the theory of psychological ownership; however, despite the emphasis placed on this concept, it has not been tested in online contexts, such as virtual communities. In this study, we show how virtual community members develop psychological ownership of their community and discuss the consequences of such ownership. Drawing on the theory of psychological ownership, we develop a research model that explains three routes of psychological ownership: autonomy, membership duration, and self-discrepancy. We also determine three consequences of psychological ownership: satisfaction, self-concept, and knowledge contribution. In this study, we found that maintaining autonomy and creating a better self in the anonymous environment of a virtual community assists in developing psychological ownership of a virtual community. We also determined that psychological ownership increases satisfaction, self-esteem, and contribution quality. This study will help to support and extend the theory of psychological ownership while providing practical insights for community managers by suggesting ways to vitalize virtual communities.

This research attempts to evaluate the effects of antecedents of online trust in the context of multi-channel retailers at different phases, taking into consideration the moderating effects of product types. The results reveal that multi-channel retailers' trust is transferred from the offline channel to the online channel. Secondly, the customers' initial interaction with the retailers ameliorates the effects of non-direct experience, such as Internet-based structural assurance and word-of-mouth. With increases in product uncertainty, the effects of word-of-mouth, offline trust, and efficacy of sanctions on online trust are greater for experience products than for search products.

가상 공간의 익명성으로 인하여 개인들은 물리적 세계와 다른 자기를 가상 세계에서 창조한다. 본 연구의 목적은 물리적 세계의 자기와 가상 세계의 자기 사이에 존재하는 차이가 개인의 온라인 커뮤니티 활동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 고찰하는 것이다. 먼저, 자기차이이론(Self discrepancy theory)을 기반으로 자기차이에 대한 개념적 정의를 도출하고 자기차이를 가상 세계 내에 존재하는 자기차이(Self-discrepancy in virtual world)와 물리적 세계와 가상 세계 사이에서 존재하는 자기차이(Cross-world self-discrepancy)로 세분화 하였다. 또한 각각의 자기차이를 요인 분석을 통하여 개인적 자기차이(Personal self-discrepancy)와 사회적 자기차이(Social self-discrepancy)로 구분하였다. 도출된 서로 다른 유형의 자기차이가 개인의 커뮤니티 지속사용 및 지식 기여 사이에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 이론적 모형을 개발하고, 수집된 300개의 설문자료를 바탕으로 이를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 가상 세계 내에서 존재하는 자기차이는 지각된 자기표현 유용성에 부의 영향을 미치는 반면, 가상 세계와 물리적 세계 사이에 존재하는 자기차이는 자기표현 유용성에 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지각된 자기표현 유용성과 사용 용이성은 커뮤니티 지속 사용과 지식기여에 모두 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 전통적인 자가차이 이론에서 논의되어온 자기에 대한 개념을 가상세계의 자기로 확장하였으며, 서로 다른 유형의 자기차이가 개인의 행위에 미치는 영향을 온라인 커뮤니티 정황에 적용함으로써 자기 개념에 대한 이론적 발전에 기여하였다. People could possess different self-identity under virtual world from physical world because of anonymity of the virtual world and this difference could influence their behavior in the virtual world. Based on self-discrepancy theory, this research proposes that continuous use model in self-expression goal. We defined the difference bet ween actual self~identity and ideal self~identity in the virtual world as "self-discrepancy in virtual world", and the difference between actual self-identity in the physical world and actual self-identity in the virtual world as "cross-world self-discrepancy". Before testing hypothesis, we compare the actual self-identity in the online community with the actual self-identity in the physical world, and with ideal self-identity in the virtual world. We derived an index for two different types of self-identity in terms of Personal Self-identity and Social Self-identity through factor analysis. Our results show that online community members have a higher level of ideal self-identity than actual self-identity in online community, and they have better personal self-identity in online community than physical world while a lower level of social self-identity in online community than physical world. The results of the hypothesis testing analysis based on 300 respondents showed that "self-discrepancy in virtual world" negatively influenced perceived usefulness for self-expression while "cross-world self-discrepancy" positively influenced perceived usefulness for self-expression. The perceived usefulness for self-expression and ease of use positively influence both continuous use and knowledge contribution. Specially, the effect of perceived usefulness for self-expression on knowledge contribution is much bigger than the effect of ease of use. This study extends self-discrepancy theory to virtual worlds by suggesting various types of self-discrepancy and by applying the effect of self-discrepancies in online community. Also, this study extends technology acceptance model in the personal goal in terms of self-expression. This study hopes to offer practical insights by suggesting positive effect of self-discrepancy on behavior in the online community.

PurposeWith the increasing influence of online consumer reviews (OCRs) on a consumer's decision making, online sellers have begun to embed the OCRs in their advertisements (OEAs). This study has the following two research objectives: first, to investigate the effects of two types of (OCRs vs OEAs) on consumers' purchase intention from an informational influence perspective; second, to investigate the effects of OCRs from a credibility perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe data for this study are obtained from a two‐way factorial experimental research design. The factors included are the type of OCRs and the trust level of online shopping malls. In addition, PLS test is used to understand the underlying effects of trust in online shopping malls, credibility of OCRs/OEAs, and consumers' purchase intentions.FindingsThe results show that OCRs are more influenced by trust in online shopping malls than OEAs. The greater the perceived credibility of OCRs among potential consumers, the higher is the purchase intention. When the trust in online shopping malls is high, consumers' purchase intentions influenced by OCRs are more favorable than those influenced by OEAs.Originality/valueThis study is an initial consumer endorsement research that uses OCRs to extend the trust transfer theory and extends the interpersonal online trust perspective. For practitioners, this study is useful in determining which type of OCRs is useful for marketing, depending on the trust in online shopping malls. Moreover, the results of this study could aid in the development of an e‐commerce strategy using OCRs.

The implementation of Knowledge Management Systems does not guarantee knowledge sharing within organizations because knowledge sharing cannot be mandated. Although previous investigations have attempted to identify the motivational factors that facilitate knowledge sharing, the results of these studies cannot be easily applied across organizations due to the highly context‐specific nature of knowledge sharing. Societal culture, as well as organizational culture, affects knowledge sharing behavior. This is why successful knowledge sharing initiatives in the United States, for example, may prove ineffective in another country with a very different culture like China. Therefore, it is clearly important to understand the effects of different societal cultures on individuals’ knowledge sharing behaviors. The principal objective of this study is to deepen our understanding about the impact of national culture on an individual's knowledge sharing intention. In order to achieve this goal, field data was collected from 197 employees from a variety of companies and organizations in two countries-Sweden and China. In a collectivistic culture such as China, anticipated reciprocal relationships have been shown to directly affect individuals’ attitudes toward knowledge sharing, and the organizational climate has also been shown to affect subjective norms to a significant degree. Subjective norms can influence intentions to share knowledge indirectly through attitudes. In the highly individualistic culture of Sweden, one’s sense of self‐worth and anticipated reciprocal relationships have been shown to profoundly affect individuals’ attitudes towards knowledge sharing. In both countries, anticipated extrinsic rewards have been shown to exert no detectable effects on respondents' knowledge sharing attitudes, and subjective norms and organizational climate have been de-

Online consumer reviews provide product information and recommendations from the customer perspective. This study investigates the effects of negative online consumer reviews on consumer product attitude. In particular, it examines the proportion and quality of negative online consumer reviews from the perspective of information processing. The elaboration likelihood model is used to explain the persuasive effect of the proportion and quality depending on product involvement. A high proportion of negative online consumer reviews elicits a conformity effect. As the proportion of negative online consumer reviews increases, high-involvement consumers tend to conform to the perspective of reviewers, depending on the quality of the negative online consumer reviews; in contrast, low-involvement consumers tend to conform to the perspective of reviewers regardless of the quality of the negative online consumer reviews. The experiment in this study uses 248 college students in Korea. The proposed hypotheses are tested by three-way analysis of covariance.

Online consumer reviews involving experiences, evaluations and opinions on products from previous consumers play two roles – an informant and a recommender. These two roles affect a consumer’s intention. However, there is a conflict between two roles when a large number of reviews are offered. From the perspective of the recommender role, consumers have more favorable attitude toward a product as a greater number of positive reviews are offered while consumers may be confronted with too much information, which results in information overload. This study investigates what consequences the tradeoff between two roles has on purchasing intention depending on consumer involvement.

Although multi-channel retailers can leverage on offline advantages for their online sales, it has been challenging for them to attract customers to make repeated online purchases. This can be attributed to the development of online trust which has long been cited as central for customers to continually make online purchases from retailers. Even though online trust has been extensively studied in marketing and MIS literature, research efforts generally focus on pure online retailers and there has been no research to investigate the development of online trust in multi-channel retailers during the postpurchase phase. After making initial online purchases from the multi-channel retailer, customers are likely to encounter or even search for information sources (social contacts and online reviews) that may be dissonant with their own online purchasing experiences, causing them to reevaluate their online trust. Hence, this paper addresses the following research question: How do customers jointly evaluate post-purchase information sources and their own online purchasing experiences to reformulate online trust? Since multi-channel retailers have offline and online channels of sales to their customers, we are also interested to investigate: How do customers evaluate their offline and online purchasing experiences to reformulate online trust during the post-purchase phase? This paper draws on the cognitive dissonance theory to present a model of online trust development in multichannel retailers during the post-purchase phase.

On-line consumer reviews, functioning both as informants and as recommenders, are important in making purchase decisions and for product sales. Their persuasive impact depends on both their quality and their quantity. This paper uses the elaboration likelihood model to explain how level of involvement with a product moderates these relationships. The study produces three major findings: (1) the quality of on-line reviews has a positive effect on consumers' purchasing intention, (2) purchasing intention increases as the number of reviews increases, and (3) low-involvement consumers are affected by the quantity rather than the quality of reviews, but high-involvement consumers are affected by review quantity mainly when the review quality is high. These findings have implications for on-line sellers in terms of how to manage on-line consumer reviews.

Consumer endorsements have along been used as an advertising strategy, and now, it is also easy to see consumer endorsements in online shopping sites. A positive Online Consumer Review (OCR) is a consumer endorsement in the web site. Although the sources of both OCR and consumer endorsement in advertisement (CEA) are typical consumers, trust in the source of OCR could be perceived differently from trust in the source of CEA. Trust in the information source ensures that consumers comfortably accept the endorsement. In e-commerce, how is a consumer judgment involving trust based on endorsements made by other consumers? This experimental study investigates whether trust in a web site is transferred to trust in the source of OCR and CEA. Moreover, it also tests which source credibility could be more influenced by site trust.

An online consumer review is the information including experiences, evaluations and opinions on products from the consumer perspective. An online consumer review plays two roles - informant and recommender. Considering two factors of review structure (the number of reviews and review type), this study analyzes the effect of online consumer reviews on consumers’ information processing depending on their levels of involvement. Generally, more positive reviews seem better from the perspective of online consumer reviews as recommenders. However, from the perspective of online consumer reviews as information providers, consumers may be confronted with too much information when a large number of reviews are offered, which results in information overload. We investigate when information overload occurs in the context of online consumer reviews, what strategies against the information overload consumers use depending on their levels of involvement, and how the product attitude and purchasing intention are changed. Our findings have implications for online sellers in terms of how to manage online consumer reviews contents.

Bankruptcy prediction is an important and widely studied topic since it can have significant impact on bank lending decisions and profitability. Recently, the support vector machine (SVM) has been applied to the problem of bankruptcy prediction. The SVM-based method has been compared with other methods such as the neural network (NN) and logistic regression, and has shown good results. The genetic algorithm (GA) has been increasingly applied in conjunction with other AI techniques such as NN and Case-based reasoning (CBR). However, few studies have dealt with the integration of GA and SVM, though there is a great potential for useful applications in this area. This study proposes methods for improving SVM performance in two aspects: feature subset selection and parameter optimization. GA is used to optimize both a feature subset and parameters of SVM simultaneously for bankruptcy prediction.

Bankruptcy prediction is an important and widely Sill died topic since it can have significant impact on bank lending decisions and profitability. Recently, support vector machine (SVM) has been applied to the problem of bankruptcy prediction. The SVM-based method has been compared with other methods such as neural network, logistic regression and has shown good results. Genetic algorithm (GA) has been increasingly applied in conjunction with other AI techniques such as neural network, CBR. However, few studies have dealt with integration of GA and SVM, though there is a great potential for useful applications in this area. This study proposes the methods for improving SVM performance in two aspects: feature subset selection and parameter optimization. GA is used to optimize both feature subset and parameters of SVM simultaneously for bankruptcy prediction.

A Virtual Cellular Network (VCN) is a wireless cellular network wherein a single Mobile Station (MS) can communicate simultaneously with more than one Base Station (BS). In this paper, we analyze handoff for two kinds of VCN: a 'Distributed Resource-control VCN' (DR-VCN) and a 'Centralized Resource-control VCN' (CR-VCN). A VCN can take advantage of the fact that the same data is received by multiple base stations. The DR-VCN is a system in which every BS controls its own channels, while the CR-VCN is a system wherein a central station controls all system channels. Results from analysis and simulation show that both the new call drop rate and handoff refusal rate of the CR-VCN are much lower than those of the DR-VCN.

As the demand of data services increases, data are becoming a large part of the traffic in a cellular system. Efficient location management for mobile stations is needed to support this demand. We propose a new paging method based on data and voice service characteristics. The new proposed paging uses a simultaneous paging for voice and a more advanced intelligent paging for the data service. According to simulation results, by using the low mobility and service characteristics of data mobile users in a city area, the total call connection delay of voice and data could be reduced