(Received 2025; April 2026) Abstract: This work presents a comprehensive and critical evaluation of experimental nuclear spectroscopic data from reactions and decays for all 11 known nuclides with mass number 35 (Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca). Recommended values are produced for level energies, spins and parities, half-lives, and radiation properties including energies, branching ratios, and multipolarities of y rays, as well as characteristics of /3 radiation decays, based on a rigorous assessment of all available experimental data. Discrepancies among existing results are carefully addressed. This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A=35 published by 2011Ch48, 1990En08 (also 1998En04 update) and 1978En02.

Experimental nuclear spectroscopic data are compiled and evaluated for 18 known nuclides of mass 165 (Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt). Detailed information is presented for each reaction and decay experiment. Combining all the available data, recommended values are provided for energies, spins and parities, and half-lives of levels, with energies, branching ratios and multipolarities of γ radiations, and characteristics of β and α radiations in radioactive decays. 165Dy, 165Ho, 165Er, 165Tm, 165Yb, 165Lu and 165Hf are among the most extensively studied nuclides via decay and high-spin gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements, followed by limited data for 165Tb, 165Ta, 165W, 165Re, and 165Os. No excited states have yet been identified in 165Sm, 165Gd, and 165Pt, while for 165Eu and 165Ir, information is available for only the g.s. and an isomer, but with no γ rays. This work supersedes earlier evaluation of A=165 nuclides by 2006Ja09.

Experimental structure and decay data are evaluated for eight known nuclides of mass number A=33 (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar). Experimental studies for the identification of other three nuclides: 33F, 33Ne and 33K by 2019Ah07, 2007Ba71, and 1986La17, respectively, have not met with success, and values of S(2n) for 33F, S(n) for 33Ne and S(p) for 33K from systematics (2021Wa16) and theoretical calculations (2019Mo01) suggest that these nuclei are likely unbound towards particle emission. Detailed evaluated level properties and related information are presented and recommended spectroscopic parameters are provided, combining all the data from various reactions and decays. Information for excited states in 33Na is limited and the spin of 33Al g.s. still has not been determined unambiguously. The radioactive decay schemes of 33Na, 33Mg, 33Al and 33Si remain incomplete. The 33S nuclide is the most extensively studied from many different reactions and decays, followed by 33Cl and 33P. This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A=33 published by 2011Ch49, 1990En08 (also 1998En04 update) and 1978En02.

The average 3 energy data and average gamma energy data of the beta(-)-decay nuclei play an important role in many fields of nuclear technology and scientific research, such as the decay heat and antineutrino spectrum calculation for different kinds of reactors. However, the reliable experimental measurements of the average energies for many nuclei are lacking, and the theoretical calculation needs to be improved to meet the requirements for accuracy in the technical applications. requirements accuracy applications. In this study, the average beta, gamma and neutrino energies of the beta(--)decay nuclei are investigated by the neural network method based on the newly evaluated experimental data of 543 nuclei that are selected from a total of 1136 3--decay nuclei. In the neural network approach, three different feature sets are used for model training. T-1/2 (1/T-1/2 )(1/5) , and Q/3), along with five identical feature values (Z, N, parity of Z, parity of N, and triangle Z ). The three feature values are selected based on the physical mechanism below. 1) The average energy is obviously related to Q value and approximately taken as Q/3 in the reactor industry. Therefore, the Q/3 is chosen as one feature value. 2) The half-live is related to the Q value of beta(-)-decay, and T(1/2 )is considered. (1/T-1/2 )1/5 alpha Q (1/T-1/2 )(1/5) 3) value is selected. As a result, for the feature set of , the training results for all three types of average energies are T1/2 unsatisfactory. For the other groups, the relative errors of the average 3 energy data, are 19.32% and 28.11% for (1/T-1/2)1/5 and Q/3 feature groups in the training set, and 82% and 56.9% in the validation set; the relative errors of the average g energy are 28.9% and 76.9% for (1/T1/2)(1/5) and Q/3 feature sets, respectively, and they are both >100% in the validation set; for the average neutrino energy, the relative errors in the training set are (1/T1/2 )(1/5) 27.82% and 35.33% for and Q/3 feature group, and 76.32% and 37.76% in the validation set, respectively. Considering the accuracy comparison of the three groups, the Q/3 feature set is chosen to predict the average energy data of nuclei in the fission product region (mass numbers range from 66 to 172), which lacks reliable experimental data. As a result, the average energy data with predicted values for 291 nuclei are supplemented. Besides, a comparison is made between the calculated data and the evaluated experimental data through the nuclide chart. It is found that the neural network accurately predicts the experimental data for the average b and neutrino energies which exhibit relatively strong regularity. However, it shows significant deviations in predictions for average gamma energy (relative error in the training set is 76.9%). Large deviation also emerges in the odd-odd nuclei and nuclei near magic numbers. This study confirms that integrating empirical relationships and physical principles can effectively improve the performance of the neural network, and simultaneously reveals the relationship between data regularity and model generalization capability. These findings provide a basis for using physical mechanisms to optimize machine learning models in the future.

The average β and γ energies data of the β——decay nuclei plays an important role in many fields of nuclear technology and scientific research, Such as the decay heat and antineutrino spectrum calculation of different kinds of reactors. However, for many nuclei, the reliable experimental measurements of their average energy are lacking, and the theoretical calculation needs to be improved to meet the accuracy requirements of the technical applications. In this study, the average β, γ and neutrino energies of the β—decay nuclei were investigated by the neural network approach based on the newly evaluated experimental data of 543 nuclei from a total of 1136 β—decay nuclei. For the neural network approach, three different feature groups are used for model training. Each feature group contains a characteristic feature value (one of the T1/2, (1/T1/2)1/5, and 1/3Q), along with five identical feature values (Z, N, parity of Z, parity of N, and ΔZ). The three characteristics feature values were selected based on the physical mechanism below:1. the average energy is obviously related with Q value and approximately taken as 1/3Q in the reactor industry. Hence the 1/3Q was selected as one characteristics feature value; 2. the half-live is relative with the Q value of β—decay, and T1/2 was considered; 3. considering the Sargent' s law, (1/T1/2)1/5 ∝ Q, a more accurate (1/T1/2)1/5 value were selected. As a result, for the feature group of T1/2, the training results for all three types of average energy were unsatisfactory. For the other groups, for the average β energy data, the relative errors are 19.32% and 28.11% for(1/T1/2)1/5 and 1/3Q feature groups in the training set and 82% and 56.9% in the validation set; for the average γ energy, the relative errors were 28.9% and 76.9% for (1/T1/2)1/5 and 1/3Q feature groups and >100% and >100% in the validation set; for the average neutrino energy, the relative errors in the training set were 27.82% and 35.33% for (1/T1/2)1/5 and 1/3Q feature group and 76.32% and 37.76% in the validation set. Considering the accuracy comparison of the three groups, 1/3Q feature group were selected to predict the average energy data of nuclei in the fission product region (mass numbers ranging from 66 to 172) for which miss reliable experimental data. As a result, we supplemented the average energy data with predicted values for 291 nuclei. Besides, a comparison were performed between the calculated data and the evaluated experimental data through the nuclide chart. It is found that the neural network provides good prediction of the experimental data for the average β and neutrino energies which exhibit relatively strong regularity. However, it shows significant deviations in predictions for average γ energy (relative error in the training set was 76.9%). Large deviation also emerges in the odd-odd nuclei and nuclei near magic numbers. This study confirms that incorporating empirical relationships and physical principles can effectively enhance the performance of the neural network, and simultaneously reveals the relationship between data regularity and model generalization capability. These findings provide a basis for future integration of physical mechanisms to optimize machine learning models.

Experimental nuclear structure and decay data are evaluated for 9 known nuclides of mass number A=32 (F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar). Detailed evaluated information is presented for each reaction and decay and recommended values combining all available data are provided for all spectroscopic properties of each level, gamma transition, and decay radiation. Effort has been made to search for 32F (2019Ah07) with no success, suggesting unbound towards neutron emission. Information for excited states in 32Ne, 32Na and 32Ar are very limited, and spin-parity of 32Na remains undetermined experimentally; only a few excited states have been identified in 32Al, and the decay schemes of 32Mg /3- decay to 32Al and 32Al to 32Si are still incomplete; 32Mg, 32P and 32S have been studied via various reactions and decays, with 32S one of the most extensively studied nuclei in the sd-shell. This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A=32 by 2011Ou01, 1998En04, 1990En08 and 1978En02.

Born in Punjab (India) in December 1941, Balraj Singh is not only the single most prolific nuclear data evaluator and disseminator of nuclear structure and decay data with 148 evaluations in Nuclear Data Sheets – 85 as the first and often only author – plus other journals, but his upmost curiosity and dedication brought him to be one of the finest nuclear physicists, with an everlasting influence on many of us. Balraj passed away about a year ago on 9 October 2023 in Ottawa, Ontario (Canada) at the age of 81, and at Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables we would like to commemorate some of his scientific achievements.

The average β and γ energies data of the β\protect \relax \special {t4ht=-}-decay nuclei plays an important role in many fields of nuclear technology and applied science. This work proposes an integral set of evaluation principles for average β- and γ-energy data and presents a systematic evaluation of 1136 β\protect \relax \special {t4ht=-}-decay nuclei for which experimental data are available to date. The quality of the average energy data is assessed, and the data are updated where possible. As a result, the average β and γ energies data of only 448 nuclei were deemed reliable according to the evaluation criterion, while another 95 nuclei were considered acceptable when the criterion was relaxed. Of these data for 92 nuclei were updated in this work. Among the 1136 nuclei, 146 are likely affected by the pandemonium effect and thus require new measurements. From the systematic analysis of the recommended data, nuclei that are further from the β-stability line and those near both the proton and neutron magic numbers tend to have large average β and γ energies. Moreover, the average β energy exhibits much clearer regularity than the average γ energy.

Experimental nuclear structure and decay data are evaluated for 13 known nuclides of mass number A=63 (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se). Detailed evaluated level properties and related information are presented and recommended spectroscopic parameters are provided, combining all the data from various reactions and decays. No excited state has been observed for 63Ti, 63As and 63Se, among which the first two nuclides have no halflife, decay modes and spin-parity being measured and reported yet. The ground-state spins and/or parities of 63V, 63Cr, 63Mn, and 63Ge still have not been definitely determined and information for excited states in these nuclides plus 63Fe is limited. Information for 63Ga is mostly from one measurement and no data for 63Ge s+/3+ decay have been measured while this decay mode (%100) of the 63Ge parent is known. The 63Cu nuclide is the most extensively studied via more than 28 different reactions and decays, followed by 63Zn and 63Ni. Among all those nuclides, only 63Cu has a complete radioactive decay scheme. This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A=63 published by 2001Ba27, 1991Ki10, 1979Au10, and 1975Au03.

The experimental nuclear spectroscopic data for known nuclides of mass number 76 (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y) have been evaluated and presented together with Adopted properties for levels and γ rays. With the exception of structure data for 76Ga nucleus, significant new data have been incorporated for all the other nuclides of A=76 since the previous 1995 update in ENSDF database and NDS publication 1995Si03. No data are yet available for excited states in 76Fe, 76Cu and 76Y. Decay scheme characteristics for the decay of 76Co, 76Ni, and 76Y are unknown while those for decays of 76Cu and 76Sr seem incomplete. For 76Ni, very little structure data are available, and for 76Ga and 76As, only low-spin (J<4 or so) information is available. This work supersedes the data presented in the previous (1995Si03) NDS evaluation of A=76.

at USNDP units funded by the DOE Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics. Since it is often difficult to separate accomplishments funded by various sources, some of the work reported in the present report was accomplished with nuclear data program support leveraged by other funding.

Experimental nuclear spectroscopic data are evaluated for 12 known nuclides of mass number=71 (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr). Detailed compiled and evaluated information is presented for each reaction and decay experiment. The β−n decay of 72Co to 71Ni is included in this work, while for β−n decay of 71Co to 70Ni, consult Nuclear Data Sheets for A=70 (2016Gu11) or the ENSDF database for 70Ni. Combining all the available data, recommended values are provided for energies, spins and parities, and half-lives of levels, with energies, branching ratios and multipolarities of γ radiations, and characteristics of β and α radiations in radioactive decays. Excited-states have not yet been identified in 71Mn, 71Fe, and 71Kr, with the ground-state half-life remaining unknown only for 71Mn; data for excited states in 71Co and 71Ni are very limited; 71Ga, 71Ge and 71As are the most extensively studied nuclides via various reactions and decays, followed by 71Cu, 71Zn, 71Se, and 71Br, however, except for 71Ge, the decay schemes of all other nuclides are considered as incomplete due to a large gap between the decay Q-value and the highest observed level. This work supersedes earlier evaluations of A=71 by 2011Ab01.

Experimental nuclear spectroscopic data are compiled and evaluated for 17 known nuclides of mass 167 (Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt), 23 years after the previous full evaluation by 2000Ba65. Detailed information is presented for each reaction and decay experiment. Combining all the available data, recommended values are provided for energies, spins and parities, and half-lives of levels, with energies, branching ratios and multipolarities of γ radiations, and characteristics of β and α radiations in radioactive decays. The α decays of A=171 nuclei to A=167 daughters are included in this work, while for α decays of A=167 nuclei to A=163 daughters, consult Nuclear Data Sheets (2010Re03) or the ENSDF database for A=163. 167Er, 167Tm, 167Yb, 167Lu and 167Ta are among the most extensively studied nuclides via decay and high-spin gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements, followed by 167Ho, 167Hf, 167W, and 167Os. Information for excited states in 167Dy, 167Re, and 167Ir are limited; no excited states have yet been identified in 167Sm, 167Eu, 167Gd, 167Tb and 167Pt, with the ground-state half-life of 167Sm remaining unknown. This work supersedes the earlier evaluation of A=167 nuclei by 2000Ba65.

Evaluated data are presented for 11 known A=222 nuclides (Bi, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, and Np), and relevant Jπ and T1/2 data for A=226 nuclei decaying by α-decay to A=222 nuclei. For 222Bi, only the isotopic identification is established with no measurement of its half-life. For 222Po, 222At, 222Fr, 222U, and 222Np, data are available only for the ground states, with static magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments, and charge radius measurements for the 222Fr ground state. For 222Ac and 222Pa, two low-lying levels are known from 226Pa α decay, and 226Np decay, respectively, but with no information about Jπ assignments and γ decays of these levels. For 222Pa, a long-lived isomeric state is known, decaying dominantly by α decay. 222Rn, 222Ra, and 222Th have been investigated in detail, the low-spin states by α decay and the high-spin studies of ground-state and octupole bands by in-beam γ-ray studies for all the three nuclei, as well as by Coulomb excitation for 222Rn and 222Ra. Low-spin levels in 222Ra have been investigated also through the β− decay of 222Fr. Half-lives of the excited states are known for 7 levels in 222Rn, 12 levels in 222Ra, and 3 levels in 222Th. Octupole deformations, with the presence of alternating-parity bands up to (16+) and (21−) in 222Rn, (20+) and (19−) in 222Ra, and (26+) and (25−) in 222Th, and with interband E1 transitions, have been established in these three nuclei. The present evaluation supersedes the previous A=222 ENSDF evaluations: (2011Si24), (1996El01), (1987El06) and (1977To14).