We describe Myriospora hilitzeri from the Czech Republic, Germany and Italy. It is named after the Czech lichenologist and science fiction writer Alfred C. Hilitzer (1899–1940). The species Acarospora smaragdula form macrophylla was described by Magnusson from a single collection by A. C. Hilitzer from the summit of Keprník Mountain in Jeseníky Mountains of the Czech Republic on some gneiss rocks in 1925. It has never been collected again and is possibly extinct. It is raised to the species level in this paper as Myriospora macrophylla . A world-wide key of the 15 species of Myriospora is supplied.

Revised descriptions with new images and records of the European species Acarospora nitrophila and A. praeruptorum are published. Acarospora moraviae is treated as synonym of A. nitrophila. Acarospora matraensis, incorrectly reported as A. nitrophila, is described from Hungary.

Five new species of Acarosporaceae are described from southwestern North America: Acarospora alboparasitica, A. dividens, Sarcogyne alpina, S. basialba, and S. diffusa from Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. We publish new sequences of A. rouxii, A. subcontigua, A. subcontigua var. invadens and Sarcogyne dakotensis from North America and A. marcii, A. saxonica, and S. oceanica from Europe. Neoacrodontiella is rejected as an eighth genus of Acarosporaceae.

Six new species are described: Acarospora anthracina, A. austrooccidentalis, A. oscurensis, and A. profusa from southwestern North America; A. aquatica from wetlands in eastern North America; and A. minuta from the Holarctic flora of Canada. In total, 13 species of Acarosporaceae with carbonized epihymenial accretions are known from North America. No European taxa of Acarospora or Sarcogyne with carbonized epihymenial accretions were found in North America, except A. lapponica, which is part of the Holarctic flora in Alaska, and the lichenicolous calciphyte Sarcogyne pusilla. A key to North American Acarosporaceae with carbonized epihymenial accretions is provided. Sarcogyne joshuaensis is transferred to Acarospora.

Acarospora alba, A. indistincta, A. sharnoffii, and A. tejonensis are described from California. Sarcogyne fasciculata is described from California and New Mexico. Sarcogyne coeruleonigricans is reported new for California. Sarcogyne lapponica is recognized as a synonym of Acarospora lapponica, its basionym. We report 127 described species of Acarosporaceae for North America. We verified 62 species of Acarosporaceae from California.

Acarospora monacensis is revised and recovered from synonymy with Acarospora fuscata. It is reported from the Czech Republic and Germany. Acarospora variegata is revised and reported new for northern Italy based on a historical collection. There are no modern collections. Sarcogyne distans (Arnold) K.Knudsen & Kocourk. is described from historical German collections and modern collections from Austria and Czech Republic. The taxonomic concept hemicryptic hymenial gel reactions to Lugol's (IKI) is defined.

We do not recognize the genus Thelocarpella and thus combine T. wirthii to Trimmatothelopsis.

Acarospora atacamensis is described as new for science and is known currently only from its holotype collected in the Atacama Desert. It grows on HCl- sandstone and its hypothallus forms a soil crust in the center of thallus which supports a single species of algae which is probably the same alga also found in its thallus lichenized. Acarospora congregata is reported for the second time from Atacama Desert.

The lichen genus Sarcogyne in Belarus is revised. Three species are accepted as occurring in the country, namely Sarcogyne belarusensis, S. hypophaea, and S. pruinosa. Of these, Sarcogyne belarusensis is the most widely distributed and commonest species. Sarcogyne pruinosa and S. hypophaea are rare taxa known from two and one localities, respectively. Morphological characters of these species are provided in comparison with similar taxa.

The discovery and study of three new species of Trimmatothelopsis from Southwestern North America, T. californica, T. mexicana, and T. novomexicana, adds not only to the diversity of the genus and family but generated new insights into the occurrence of two ascus types in the genus and the variety of conidiogenous cells and conidia. Trimmatothelopsis now includes 15 species with a mainly Holarctic distribution (Asia, Europe, North America) and one species in Australia. A key is supplied to the genus. An overview of the genus Trimmatothelopsis is given, including differentiation from other genera of Acarosporaceae. The monotypic genus Thelocarpella is considered to be a synonym of Trimmatothelopsis. The new combination Trimmatothelopsis wirthii is proposed. The ascus type is shown to be variable in the genus with species with two types being intermixed with each other in our phylogeny.

Sarcogyne pruinosa and S. regularis are revised and lectotypes selected. Sarcogyne pruinosa is recognized as oldest name for the species and S. regularis as a synonym. The description of the species is revised. Sarcogyne pruinosa does not occur in North America. Two new species are described, Sarcogyne nimisii from Italy and Sarcogyne belarusensis from Belarus, Germany and Italy. Sarcogyne platycarpoides is lectotypified and S. melaniza is recognized as its synonym. New records are reported of S. distinguenda and S. nivea from the Czech Republic and Italy and S. fallax from the Czech Republic. A key is supplied for 14 species of Sarcogyne on calcareous rock in Europe.

Remarkable finds of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from eastern Thuringia, occasionally from other parts and the neighbouring federal states, are reported. In addition, Acarospora saxonica is discussed in more detail. This species is new to Italy, Austria and Switzerland. New for Germany are Acarospora irregularis, Verrucaria elevata, and V. inaspecta. New for Thuringia are Acarospora franconica, A. intermedia, A. saxonica and A. similis, new for Hesse Acarospora franconica and A. intermedia and new for Saxony-Anhalt are Rinodina teichophila and Verrucaria ochrostoma. After several decades, Lichenodiplis lecanorae was found again in Thuringia and Acarospora intermedia in Hesse and Thuringia. Findings of the lichens Hydropunctaria rheithrophila, Peltigera lepidophora, Physcia tribacia, Placidium michelii and Placidium pilosellum, which are rare in Thuringia, are also reported. Myriospora scabrida, Placidium lachneum, Verrucaria beltraminiana and Verrucaria botellispora are to be deleted from the list of lichens of Thuringia, the occurrence of Bacidina brandii in Thuringia is doubtful.

Abstract. Eight new species are described from the Chihuahuan Desert in southern New Mexico: Acarospora agostiniana, A. divisa, A. fissurata, A. ryanii, Sarcogyne brouardiana, S. coeruleonigricans, S. malpaiensis, and S. nogalensis. Three species, Acarospora coloradiana, A. peltastica, and A. utahensis are not treated as synonyms of A. strigata, a South American endemic. Thirty-four species of Acarosporaceae are reported from the Chihuahuan Desert in southern New Mexico. Fifty-six species of Acarosporaceae are reported from New Mexico. It is estimated that 416 species of described Acarosporales occur worldwide, most in need of revisions. Including species described or taken out of synonymy in this paper, there are 120 species of Acarosporaceae reported from North America north of Mexico. Caeruleum heppii is not a member of the Acarosporales. A key is supplied for 93 species of Acarosporaceae in the southwestern United States (Arizona, southern and central California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and western Texas), which covers 77.5% of the described species in North America. Resumen. En este trabajo se describen ocho nuevas especies del desierto de Chihuahua en el sur de Nuevo México: Acarospora agostiniana, A. divisa, A. fissurata, A. ryanii, Sarcogyne brouardiana, S. coeruleonigricans, S. malpaiensis y S. nogalensis, y tres especies Acarospora coloradiana, A. peltastica y A. utahensis, que no con tratadas como sinónimos de A. strigata, una especie endémica de América del Sur. Además, se reportan 34 especies de Acarosporaceae en el desierto de Chihuahua en el sur de Nuevo México y 56 especies de Acarosporaceae en Nuevo México. Se estima que 416 especies de Acarosporales has sido descritas en el mundo, la mayoría de las cuales necesita revisión. Incluyendo las especies descritas o eliminadas de la sinonimia en este trabajo, hay 120 especies de Acarosporaceae reportadas de Norteamérica al norte de México. Caeruleum heppii no es miembro de las Acarosporales. Finalmente, se proporciona una clave para 93 especies de Acarosporaceae en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos (Arizona, sur y centro de California, Nevada, Nuevo México, Utah, y el oeste de Texas), cubriendo el 77.5% de las especies descritas en América del Norte.

The study is based on a comprehensive evaluation of 87 publications concerning reports from Afghanistan and a critical revision of herbarium specimens. Two hundred and thirty eight taxa (230 species with 8 varieties) of lichenized fungi, and 16 species of lichenicolous fungi are listed with their citations or localities in the case of new records for the country or for provinces. New for Afghanistan are Acarospora bicolor , A. interrupta , Caloplaca monacensis , C. stillicidiorum var. muscorum , Collema furfuraceum , Endocarpon pusillum , Gloeoheppia turgida , Gyalolechia bracteata , Heteroplacidium fusculum , Lecanora horiza , Lecidea laboriosa , Melanohalea elegantula , Myriolecis semipallida , Peltula bolanderi , P. obscurans var. obscurans , P. obscurans var. deserticola , P. polyspora , P. radicata , Physconia americana , P. perisidiosa , Phaeophyscia hirsuta , Placidium pilosellum , P. rufescens , Sarcogyne praetermissa , S. pusilla , S. urceolata , Scytinium fragrans , Staurothele areolata , Umbilicaria virginis , Xalocoa ocellata , Xanthoparmelia neodelisei , and the lichenicolous fungus Acarospora subfuscescens .

Two new species, Sarcogyne crispula and S. pakistanensis are described and illustrated from Pakistan. Sarcogyne crispula is similar to S. praetermissa. Both have lecideine apothecia with smooth melanized margins which curl inward above the apothecial disc and grow on calcareous rock, but they differ especially in S. crispula having larger apothecia (2–3 mm wide vs. usually less than 1 mm) with thinner margins (50–70 vs. 70–120 μm) as well as differing in nrITS and mtSSU regions. Sarcogyne pakistanensis is similar to S. similis. Both grow on siliceous rocks and produce psoromic acid. Sarcogyne pakistanensis differs from S. similis especially in having a lower hymenium (55–85 vs. 100–125 µm), a thinner margin [ca. 100 vs. (100–)150–200 μm], a hypothecium with dark black area, as well as differing in their nrITS regions.

A history of the study of Sarcogyne is explained. Acarospora and Sarcogyne are morphological genus concepts and neither are currently recovered as monophyletic clades. Neither genus has any synapomorphic character or suite of characters distinguishing all species as either Sarcogyne or Acarospora. Three new species are described from Europe and North America: Sarcogyne adscendens (California, U.S.A.), S. lecanorina (Czech Republic), and S. poeltii (Greece). Two sterile taxa with probably functionally infertile apothecia were recovered in the Acarospora badiofusca-A. cervina clade, S. kisonii nom. prov. (Germany), and S. schultzii nom. prov. (Austria). They could replicate by division and fragmentation and S. kisonii also produces conidia. We report Sarcogyne canadensis new for Romania and Europe and Sarcogyne oceanica new for Germany. Acarospora glaucocarpa var. cumulata is a synonym of S. praetermissa. Sequences of nine undescribed Sarcogyne taxa from North America and one from Czech Republic, all known from single collections, are made available for future research.

Biodiversity is a key criterion in nature protection and often indicates habitats and localities rich in endangered species. Our research, using 48 one-man one-day field trips, located an exceptional lichen diversity hotspot and refugium for rare species, the Tyrov National Nature Reserve (Czech Republic, central Bohemia). Within its 410 hectares, we detected 787 species of lichens and related taxa (675 lichens, 35 semilichens, 58 lichenicolous fungi and 19 bark microfungi). This is more species of these organisms than has ever been recorded from such a small area, up to 10 km(2), anywhere in Europe (and probably anywhere in the world). The species richness is positively correlated with the habitat heterogeneity within Tyrov, which is very far from uniform. In most of the reserve, the species richness is fairly typical for the broader region, and only three sites, with an overall area of a mere 80 hectares, have distinctly higher species richnesses. The most species-rich site, with 502 species, is only about 25 hectares and is distinctly more diverse in habitats than other sites. The enormous importance of Tyrov for biodiversity protection is emphasized by the nine species described as new to science: Acarospora fissa, Bacidia hyalina, Buellia microcarpa, Micarea substipitata, Microcalicium minutum, Rufoplaca griseomarginata, Verrucaria substerilis, V. tenuispora and V. teyrzowensis. Three species are new to Europe, 55 to the Czech Republic and 191 species are included in the national Red-list.

Acarospora schorica is the oldest name for Trimmatothelopsis sphaerosperma and has priority. The new combination Trimmatothelopsis schorica is proposed. The species is recognized as occurring in Asia, Europe, and North America. Phylogenetic analysis of sequence data verifies its placement in the genus Trimmatothelopsis.

Schiefelbein, U., Knudsen, K. & Malíček, J. 2022. Revision of specimens of the lichen genera Acarospora, Lecanora and Ramalina from former private herbarium of Ludwig Meinunger. – Herzogia 35: 462– 466. Specimens of the genus Acarospora as well as of Lecanora hybocarpa, L. sinuosa and Ramalina baltica from the former private herbarium of Ludwig Meinunger were revised. The here published specimens of Acarospora intermedia are the first records for the German landscape units Mecklenburgisches Rückland (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), Main-Tauber-Gebiet (Bavaria) und Vogtland (Thuringia). The occurrences of Acarospora gallica, A. rugulosa and Lecanora sinuosa in Thuringia were confirmed. Lecanora hybocarpa is to be deleted from the Thuringian checklist. Acarospora nitrophila and Ramalina baltica are classified as doubtful in Thuringia.

Dataset from Diaz-Escandón et al. Genome-level analyses resolve an ancient lineage of symbiotic ascomycetes. Currrent Biology(2022), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.014 1_Assembly: All new generated genomes, quality control, and scripts used. 2_Phylogenomics: All the alignments, trees, and supporting analyses. 3_Annotations: A set of 115 functional annotated genomes, steps to annotate them and a comparisson step. 4_Comparative_statistics: A set of R scripts and curated data from annotations, including figure assets, statistics, and tables.