Fungi able to germinate, feed and reproduce on herbivore dung form a restricted group of microorganisms, commonly referred to as coprophilous fungi. In this ecological group, species with specific morpho-functional qualitative traits are favored by parameters mainly associated with the dung pelleting, i.e., the number and area of exposed dung fragments. Two hundred and seventy samples of cattle, goat and horse dung were collected in equal proportion in an edaphic, vegetational and climatic gradient ranging from Atlantic Forest to the semi-arid Caatinga complex in northeastern Brazil. A total of 1286 occurrences, with 8000 analyzed specimens, resulted in 141 identified species. A pelleting/dung scattering gradient, which includes contact with air currents, soil particles and insect visits, lower in cattle dung, intermediate in horse dung and higher in goat dung, resulted in a gradual response on species composition/community structure. The less pelleted dung favors endocoprophilous fungi, highly competitive and with clear adaptative traits related to coprophily (e.g. Ascobolus spp.), at one end of the gradient. Non-specialized, ubiquitous saprobes (e.g. eurotialean anamorphs and non-pilobolaceous zygosporic fungi), or species with insect-dispersed spores (e.g. Kernia spp.) are more common on highly pelleted dung. Being able to feed and to reproduce on dung, albeit not passing through the animal's gut, this latter group is presented here as exocoprophilous fungi. This study presents the results of this investigation and outlines patterns associated with the occurrence of these species. This qualitative, trait-oriented approach allows a degree of predictability and a clearer understanding of patterns associated with microbial community development in ephemeral, nutrient-rich and highly competitive “island ecosystems”, and also favors a qualitative, ecomorphological trait-based approach when accessing patterns of community composition.

The Caatinga, a semiarid Brazilian biome, is the largest tropical dry savanna forest in South America. With a high environmental heterogeneity, it has a great complexity of communities and endemic species. Among the microorganisms found in the Caatinga, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic associations that increase nutrient absorption and the tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to determine the structuring factors of AMF communities across three Caatinga ecoregions (9 areas in total), which differ in soil and vegetation: Northern Sertaneja depression (shrub & tree savanna), savanna-forest Borborema Plateau (most humid and elevated), and dry shrubland Raso da Catarina. These hypotheses were tested: (1) AMF communities differ in composition and structure among the ecoregions; (2) Raso da Catarina has the greatest AMF richness and diversity; (3) edaphic factors (pH and phosphorus content) are key determinants for differences among AMF communities. Multivariate analyses showed that richness, diversity, and composition of AMF communities differed among the ecoregions, represented by 73 species of 19 genera, predominantly Acaulospora, Glomus, and Rhizoglomus. The Northern Sertaneja depression had greater richness, diversity, and abundance of spores than the other areas. Soil moisture, aluminum, calcium, pH, sum of bases, and silt were the structuring elements of these AMF communities. This study highlights the importance to better understand the ecological aspects in the Caatinga ecoregions related to AMF, providing scientific bases for conservation strategies to protect these symbionts, which are fundamental to the resilience of semiarid ecosystems in the face of climate change.

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species from different lineages have been documented on several plant species, but little is known about the effect of combined inoculation from distinct lineages on plant growth and nutrition. Thus, we aimed to determine the effects of the AMF inoculation (single or combined) with isolates from lineages with ancestral [Archaeospora trappei] and derived [Gigaspora albida] evolutionary age on the growth and nutritional content of Passiflora foetida L. (a wild passion fruit). A completely randomized experiment was carried out with four inoculation treatments (G. albida, A. trappei, a combination of G. albida + A. trappei and a control without AMF), with five replicates. After 90 days, the following growth parameters were evaluated: height, stem diameter, number of leaves (NL), leaf area (LA), fresh and dry shoots (FSB, DSB) and roots (FRB, DRB) biomass, chlorophyll index, number of glomerospores (NG), mycorrhizal colonization (MC), macro-and micronutrient content, growth rate (GR) and growth increment (GI). The development of P. foetida was increased by the association with the AMF, mainly in terms of growth parameters. The evaluation throughout the time of the experiment showed that combined inoculation with G. albida + A. trappei increased the development of P. foetida 30 days after inoculation; however, this benefit was only observed after 45 and 75 days when using G. albida and A. trappei in single inoculation, respectively. In addition, a positive synergistic effect was found from the combined inoculation (G. albida + A. trappei) in growth, LA, FSB, FRB, and DRB, generating increments of 119.5 % in the height of wild passion fruit. The combined inoculum also provided a greater increase in P and Cu absorption, although it reduced the FCI. Mycorrhizal colonization correlated positively with nutrient absorption, except for Ca and Mg, showing higher values in treatments with G. albida (98 %) and the combined inoculum (97 %) in comparison with A. trappei (28.8 %). On the other hand, the number of spores produced by A. trappei was about 80 % higher than that recorded for G. albida. The results show that P. foetida is responsive to mycorrhization, with growth benefited by inoculation, especially when a combined inoculum from ancestral and derived lineages of AMF (A. trappei and G. albida, respectively) is used, showing a synergistic effect of the isolates used on plant growth and nutrition.

Xylaria Hill ex Schrank (Xylariaceae, Xylariales) is characterized by the formation of thick walled perithecia in erect, carbonaceous, usually macroscopic stromata, on dead, lignified plant organs. Most species are saprotrophic, but endophytic, parasitic and insect symbionts are also found. Xylaria is mostly a tropical genus, and here the results of a survey on its occurrence in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are presented. The genus is well represented in this biome. In addition to the 601 compiled herbaria records, 157 records are added here, totaling 758, which correspond to 71 valid taxa. This study contributed with new records of X. escharoidea and X. ruginosa for Brazil, X. digitata, X. euphorbiicola and X. nigripes, for the Brazilian Northeast; X. allantoidea, X. anisopleura, X. arbuscula, X. comosa, X. curta, X. feejeensis, X. grammica, X. hypoxylon, X. longipes, X. myosurus, X. obovata, X. poitei, X. polymorpha, X. telfairii and X. scruposa constitute for Alagoas. Xylaria cubensis and X. apiculata stood out with the highest number of records in Brazil.

The Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF), distributed from Mexico to northern Argentina, are habitat to a unique biodiversity. Among these forests, the Caatinga stands out, occupying a large part of the Brazilian Northeast and is subject to cycles of anthropic disturbance and abandonment of exploited areas. Understanding how microbial communities respond to environmental changes is crucial, especially considering the various ecosystem services provided by microorganisms. Among soil microorganisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a significant role in the maintenance of terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the structure, composition, and distribution of AMF assemblages, as well as their main drivers, in regeneration areas of the Caatinga. Soil samples were collected in the Catimbau National Park (Pernambuco State), including an old-growth forest representing undisturbed areas, and in early, intermediate, and late regeneration areas. The composition of AMF assemblages differed among regenerating areas and old-growth forest, but their distribution is not related and conditioned to plant assemblages. Instead, soil properties and rainfall are the main factors structuring these assemblages in SDTF. A total of 83 taxa of AMF were identified. Glomus and Acaulospora, which exhibit respectively ruderal and stress-tolerant life strategies were the most abundant genera. The highest number of unique AMF species was recorded in the old-growth forest, contrasting with the late regeneration areas which had the lowest number. The results showed that deterministic processes (soil and rainfall) are structuring the AMF assemblages in areas under regeneration process in SDTF. Plants and AMF do not recover simultaneously over the evaluated regeneration times.

The objective of this study was to determine the biochemical and microbiological attributes in areas with different vegetation covers (mature forest, secondary forest, and sugar cane monoculture) and seasonal changes, and to compare the sensitivity of these attributes types (mycorrhizal, enzymatic, and carbon attributes) in response to changes in vegetation cover and season. Soil samplings were conducted over two years (one per semester, during the dry and wet periods of 2007 and 2008) in three types of areas: (I) mature forest; (II) secondary forest; and (III) sugar cane crop. The enzymatic activity of fluorescein diacetate, dehydrogenase, saccharase, basal carbon respiration, the carbon content of microbial biomass, the microbial coefficient, total and easily extracted glomalin soil-related proteins, mycorrhizal colonization, the number of glomerospores, total organic carbon, fulvic and humic acid content, and the fulvic/humic acid ratio were analyzed. In general, mycorrhizal parameters were more sensitive in distinguishing areas with different types of vegetation cover. Additionally, carbon stocks in areas of mature and secondary forest were higher compared to areas cultivated with sugar cane. The study reveals that mycorrhizal properties, such as root colonization and GRSP fractions, are more sensitive indicators of soil health than soil C attributes, providing a cost-effective alternative for evaluating soil health in the Atlantic Forest. The confirmed hypothesis supports the effectiveness of microbiological activity and C dynamics in discerning significant changes between sugar cane cultivation and forested areas. The study underscores the vital role of conserving forested areas, serving as crucial carbon reservoirs, and emphasizes the potential for enhanced sustainability through conservation practices and rapid soil function recovery in secondary forests within the Atlantic Forest.

The Atlantic Forest is the second largest tropical humid forest of the American continent, being considered a hotspot of biodiversity, susceptible to anthropic disturbances, affecting the biological communities above and below ground. Most of the factors related to modelling of AMF assemblages throughout the Atlantic Forest are unknown, limiting the predictive potential of future changes in the distribution of these fungi. Based on a literature review, we investigated the influence of spatial and environmental attributes on the distribution of AMF assemblage throughout the Atlantic Forest. Seventeen descriptors divided into three subcategories were established (1) spatial: latitude and longitude; (2) abiotic and (3) biotic. The AMF assemblage configuration, evaluated using k-means clustering and variation partitioning analysis, exhibited a spatial structure throughout the Atlantic Forest. Despite the predominance of the spatial factor, the habitat diversity across the entire Atlantic Forest, encompassing a variety of hosts and other attributes that respond less significantly, such as altitude and temperature, proves to be crucial in explaining the distribution and the high number of AMF species in this biodiversity hotspot. Anthropogenic disturbances can influence the distribution of AMF and reduce the potential ecosystem services provided by these fungi.

The Cerrado is the most diverse tropical savanna worldwide and the second-largest biome in South America. The objective of this study was to understand the heterogeneity and dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in different types of natural Cerrado vegetation and areas that are transitioning to dryer savannas or tropical rainforests and to elucidate the driving factors responsible for the differences between these ecosystems. Twenty-one natural sites were investigated, including typical Cerrado forest, typical Caatinga, Atlantic Rainforest, transitions between Cerrado and Caatinga, Cerrado areas near Caatinga or rainforest, and Carrasco sites. Spores were extracted from the soils, counted, and morphologically analyzed. In total, 82 AMF species were detected. AMF species richness varied between 36 and 51, with the highest richness found in the area transitioning between Cerrado and Caatinga, followed by areas of Cerrado close to Caatinga and typical Cerrado forest. The types of Cerrado vegetation and the areas transitioning to the Caatinga shared the highest numbers of AMF species (32–38). Vegetation, along with chemical and physical soil parameters, affected the AMF communities, which may also result from seasonal rainfall patterns. The Cerrado has a great AMF diversity and is, consequently, a natural refuge for AMF. The plant and microbial communities as well as the diversity of habitats require urgent protection within the Cerrado, as it represents a key AMF hotspot.

The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) offers promising benefits to agriculture in the Amazon regions, where soils are characteristically acidic and nutrient-poor. The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential effects of two recently described species of AMF (Nanoglomus plukenetiae and Rhizoglomus variabile) native to the Peruvian Amazon for improving the plant growth of Plukenetia volubilis (inka nut or sacha inchi) and protecting the roots against soil pathogens. Two assays were simultaneously conducted under greenhouse conditions in Peru. The first focused on evaluating the biofertilizer effect of AMF inoculation, while the second examined the bioprotective effect against the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Overall, the results showed that AMF inoculation of P. volubilis seedlings positively improved their development, particularly their biomass, height, and the leaf nutrient contents. When seedlings were exposed to M. incognita, plant growth was also noticeably higher for AMF-inoculated plants than those without AMF inoculation. Nematode reproduction was significantly suppressed by the presence of AMF, in particular R. variabile, and especially when inoculated prior to nematode exposure. The dual AMF inoculation did not necessarily lead to improved crop growth but notably improved P and K leaf contents. The findings provide strong justification for the development of products based on AMF as agro-inputs to catalyze nutrient use and uptake and protect crops against pests and diseases, especially those that are locally adapted to local crops and cropping conditions.

The objective of this study was to determine the structure, diversity, composition and drivers of AMF communities in succession areas of Atlantic Forest. Soil and root samples were collected in three natural ecosystems (mature rainforests, early and late secondary forests) with three areas on each ecosystem. In total, 38 AMF taxa were identified in field samples and three more in trap cultures with a greater richness of Acaulospora and Glomus. Based on a richness estimator, 70% of the AMF species were identified. Highest rates of root colonization and number of glomerospores were recorded in the early secondary forest. AMF species diversity differed between early and late forests. The main drivers of AMF distribution were coarse and fine sand, silt, Al, P, Na, pH and base saturation. The greatest number of exclusive species was recorded in the mature rainforests. The distribution of AMF communities was influenced by different successional stages and some soil attributes.

Aim Deterministic and neutral processes shape the biogeography of fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), an important group of plant root symbionts, remains poorly studied in the Neotropics. Here, we provided the first molecular survey of AMF diversity and tested whether the environment or space shapes AMF biogeography along a 12 degrees latitudinal transect in the Brazilian Caatinga, a unique tropical dry forest ecoregion. Location Caatinga, Brazil. Taxon Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycotina). Methods Soil and root samples were collected across a latitudinal transect of 1500 km within the Brazilian Caatinga. AMF communities were characterized using Illumina LSU amplicon sequencing. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness, composition and phylogenetic niche conservatism were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses, and the potential for new taxa discovery was assessed with BLAST analysis against reference and environmental sequences sets. Result Glomeraceae was the most abundant and diverse family, resembling more dry Saharo-Arabian and Australian realms or European croplands than other tropical forests from South America, but 10% of the OTUs could be taxa new to science, especially within Archaeospora, Claroideoglomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Dentiscutata and Redeckera. AMF communities showed strong biogeographical structure inconsistent with a classical latitudinal diversity gradient, which further differed between soil and roots. Soil AMF biogeography best correlated with precipitation; community composition converged and richness increased towards both ends of the latitudinal transect where precipitation increased. Root AMF biogeography correlated to temperature, with decreasing diversity at higher temperatures. We found no evidence of phylogenetic niche conservatism. Main conclusions Niche-based processes driven by regional climate, most importantly precipitation and temperature, shape AMF biogeography across the Caatinga, with niche divergence among closely related AMF taxa. Given the expected future decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature, climate change may strongly affect the unique and yet unknown AMF biodiversity in neotropical dry forests.

Deforestation of the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil and its conversion into sugarcane fields, pose a serious threat to the local biodiversity. The change in land use affects not only macro-organisms, but also microbial communities such as the obligate symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We characterized AMF communities along 200-m transects from native forests and into sugarcane fields. Meta-barcoding, and subsequent community and network analyses were used to illustrate the distribution of communities along the transects. Conversion of forest into sugarcane fields did not change alpha diversity, but resulted in a biotic homogenization of the communities. The communities in the sugarcane field was not a subset of the forest community, but recruited taxa from other unsampled species pools. We found a peak in richness in the transition zones which suggests that the AMF community admix across the border. A difference in nestedness and high turnover among transects indicate that forest AMF are locally specialized and have a restricted geographical range.

The Botanical Society of Brazil (SBB) for many years discussed the need to improve the nation’s herbarium collections, by providing training and educating botanists as specialists in plant and fungal taxonomy. It was in this context that an audacious project was developed, which envisaged personnel training for studies in plant and fungal diversity (particularly taxonomy and curation of collections) and the organization and online delivery of the label data of plant and fungal specimens from the herbaria of Brazil - the National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT) Virtual Herbarium. The INCT-Virtual Herbarium had the benefit of the expertise from existing initiatives which, when brought together, made its development possible within a short period of time. These initiatives included: the Herbaria Network of SBB; the Herbarium Network of the Northeast; the Brazilian National Research and Education Network (RNP); and the Reference Center for Environmental Information (CRIA), responsible for the development and maintenance of the speciesLink Network. When it began in 2009, the INCT-Virtual Herbarium brought together 25 Brazilian herbaria sharing 48 plant and fungal databases online (one herbarium can share more than one data set, e.g., plants, fungi, carpological collection), and two US herbaria. Today, the network includes 140 Brazilian herbaria and 25 herbaria from other countries, which hold collections originating from Brazil, thus creating a national virtual herbarium with 190 data sets, sharing over 11 million data records and over 4.5 million associated images. The INCT-Virtual Herbarium is not only a data aggregator, but also an active and integrated community with common objectives such as: free sharing of good quality data; fomenting the important role of herbaria in documenting knowledge of the flora and funga, training, and developing tools and systems to improve data quality and in identifying data and knowledge gaps to help plan new collecting expeditions. The INCT-Virtual Herbarium chose to adopt a collegiate management model, led by a Management Committee of six members from different institutions, together with coordinators of the following subject areas: flowering plant taxonomy, taxonomy of cryptogams, personnel training, liaison with herbaria, product research, and online information systems. A variety of indicators and applications were developed to make online monitoring of activities viable and these are all freely available to anyone interested. Not only the Management Committee but also each partner herbarium can follow the evolution of the INCT, as well as that of each herbarium, in qualitative and quantitative terms. Besides the scientific community, the INCT reaches the general public and decision-makers, providing information that has improved the understanding of preservation and conservation of Brazil’s biological heritage, represented by the botanical and mycological collections. The INCT Virtual Herbarium adopted the speciesLink platform as the basis for its information system. This platform began its development in 2001 with support from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), and in 2008 was the only network in Brazil with national scope and international recognition. Some initial decisions on the architecture of the network, which would serve the INCT-Virtual Herbarium were fundamental to its success: the use of international standards and protocols; the concept of minimum interference with the collections, where each data provider could retain sensitive data, having full control of its data; the acceptance of the data without a quality filter, as the network has important tools to identify errors; any changes or corrections are made only by those responsible for the curation of the data; recognition and credit awarded to each and every participant. The speciesLink network uses the Darwin Core data standard (Wieczorek et al. 2012) and participated actively with the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and other networks in developing the DiGIR protocol (Distributed Generic Information Retrieval) and its later evolution the TAPIR protocol (TDWG Access Protocol for Information Retrieval). The use of these standards and protocols facilitated the process of repatriating collection data of Brazilian material deposited in herbaria in other countries. In 2015 the INCT Virtual Herbarium started to transfer its data sets to GBIF and SiBBr, the Brazilian Biodiversity Information System and the Brazilian node of GBIF. These data sets are updated every month, but their updating in SiBBr and GBIF depends on indexing actions of these networks. The development of the INCT-Virtual Herbarium network has shown that a large community of widely dispersed scientists can work together around an important objective, providing Brazil's biodiversity data, and benefiting the whole community.

In this study, the effect of microbial inoculants and fertilizer application on cowpea (BRS Pujante) growth and on the structure and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) assemblages were evaluated. A completely randomized experiment was set up involving 17 treatments: four with AMF, three with nodulating bacteria, six with AMF + nodulating bacteria, two with phosphorus, one with nitrogen and one control (reference) in five replicates. Plant growth and nutritional content, mycorrhizal colonization, glomerospores number, spore-based AMF assemblages and ecological indices were evaluated. Mycorrhizal inoculants associated with Bradyrhizobium BR3267 strain were more effective than the Microvirga BR3296 strain. Multidimensional scaling analysis showed that Acaulospora longula treatments were more similar among themselves, and distinct from the other treatments. A difference was observed in the structure of AMF community assemblage between treatments with G. albida + Bradyrhizobium BR 3267 and A. longula, with greater Shannon diversity and Pielou equitability indices in the first treatment and greater dominance in the treatment with A. longula only. Long-term studies are required to determine if the successful establishment of A. longula among indigenous species persists over time and if its dominant behavior is not deleterious to the AMF native community.

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis , concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

speciesLink is a large-scale biodiversity information portal that exists thanks to a broad collaborative network of people and institutions. CRIA's involvement with the scientific community of Brazil and other countries is responsible for the significant results achieved, currently reaching more than 15 million primary biodiversity data records, 95% of which are associated with preserved specimens and about 25% with high-quality digital images. The network provides data on over 200,000 species, of which over 110,000 occur in Brazil. This article describes thematic networks within speciesLink, as well as some of the most useful tools developed. The importance and contributions of speciesLink are outlined, as are concerns about securing stable budgetary support for such biodiversity data e-infrastructures. Here we review the value of speciesLink as a major source of biodiversity information for research, education, informed decision-making, policy development, and bioeconomy.

Cenostigma pyramidale is a native legume of the Brazilian semiarid region which performs symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), being an excellent model for studying genes associated with tolerance against abiotic and biotic stresses. In RT-qPCR approach, the use of reference genes is mandatory to avoid incorrect interpretation of the relative expression. This study evaluated the stability of ten candidate reference genes (CRGs) from C. pyramidale root tissues under salt stress (three collection times) and associated with AMF (three different times of salinity). The de novo transcriptome was obtained via RNA-Seq sequencing. Three algorithms were used to calculate the stability of CRGs under different conditions: (i) global (Salt, Salt+AMF, AMF and Control, and collection times), (ii) only non-inoculated plants, and (iii) AMF (only inoculated plants). HAG2, SAC1, aRP3 were the most stable CRGs for global and AMF assays, whereas HAG2, SAC1, RHS1 were the best for salt stress assay. This CRGs were used to validate the relative expression of two up-regulated transcripts in Salt2h (RAP2-3 and PIN8). Our study provides the first set of reference genes for C. pyramidale under salinity and AMF, supporting future researches on gene expression with this species.