The semantic search over ontologies allows user to retrieve more relevant results comparing with ordinary keyword based search systems. This type of search system is powered by ontologies and the most convenient interface to ontologies is natural language interface. In this paper, we present multilingual SBVR standard based natural language interface to ontologies, which allows writing questions based on concepts of SBVR vocabulary and transforms them to SPARQL queries using model transformations. The solution can also be used for questioning, when question mapping to ontology is not straightforward. The experimental evaluation of correctness using Mooney Natural Language Learning Data showed results, similar to other natural language interface solutions, answering questions in English and Lithuanian languages.

The goal of the paper is to define naming patterns for BPMN2 events in order to process them differently to obtain the most complete and semantically correct SBVR business vocabulary and business rules as possible. The paper presents BPMN2 events and their representation in SBVR as a separate part of BPMN2 business process models transformation to SBVR business vocabulary and rules. As different BPMN2 events present different process behavior, they should be analyzed and processed separately to have full and comprehensive set of SBVR business vocabulary and business rules as they present terms, restrictions and business logic in organizations. Running example is presented for a better understanding. Overall approach recently has become available in UML CASE tool MagicDraw after implementing SBVR plugin based on UML profile for SBVR. The approach was implemented using QVT transformation language.

Anaphora resolution is an important part of natural language processing used in machine translation, semantic search and various other information retrieval and understanding systems. Anaphora resolution algorithms usually require linguistic pre-processing tools and various expensive resources for automatically identifying anaphoric expressions. Many smaller languages, like Lithuanian, lack such resources and tools. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed that requires only morphological annotations and recognized named entities. The paper presents experimental results showing the relevance of the solution for specific domains, and considers the further immediate ways towards dealing with the overall anaphora resolution problem for Lithuanian language.

SBVR is the richest knowledge model allowing to create specifications that are understandable for business people and also interpretable by computers. Existing SBVR editors still lack capabilities that could allow generating formal SBVR models, adapting SBVR to several languages or making SBVR extensions for various purposes without changing SBVR metamodel.The goal of the paper is to present the Xtext grammar for SBVR structured language and the prototype of SBVR editor, created on the base of this grammar. The experiment conducted with the prototype has shown that it allows defining business vocabularies, business rules and questions in SBVR structured English and Lithuanian languages; produxing formal SBVR models; using concepts from several vocabularies , and extending SBVR without changing its metamodel. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.45.1.9219

The goal of the paper is to analyse the relevance of the proposed transformation from SBVR business vocabularies and business rules to the corresponding OWL 2 ontologies. The transformation was aimed to be model driven, lossless and reversible; covering transformable SBVR concepts and as much as possible OWL 2 concepts, especially those that are important for inference; supporting the consistency and normalization of resulting ontologies. The paper presents the detailed comparison of the proposed solution with the most advanced, to our knowledge, related works and experimental investigation of the implemented transformation prototype with nine SBVR business vocabularies and business rule sets with regards to defined desirable criteria. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.45.2.8873

Integrity constraints are incident part of conceptual models, including part of semantics of problem do-main. Analysis of the most important methods of conceptual modelling has revealed that none of them analyze the complete set of integrity constraints needed for making semantically meaningful model. In our previous work the taxo-nomy of integrity constraints relevant for design of well-formed conceptual models was established. The goal of this paper is to extend capabilities of UML for required types of integrity constraints introducing stereotypes or reusing them from other methods. In contrast with current practice of deferring description of constraints to detailed design, modelling of constraints in the phase of conceptual analysis makes them reusable in various activities: not only in generating DB schema, but also in early verification, validation, transformation to other types of schemas and program code.

In this paper, we briefly describe currently used methods for generating relational database schemas, their limitations and drawbacks, and propose a method which advances them by generating full-fledged relational database schemas from a conceptual model. The proposed method consists of metamodel-based ant pattern-based transformations. Principles of creating pattern-based transformations are defined for transformation of OCL expressions to corresponding SQL code.

The demand for support of business vocabularies in model-driven development of information systems becomes more and more evident. Yet this is being left out of focus by the majority of CASE tools vendors. Today, there are very few CASE tools, which offer certain functionality to manage business vocabularies and use them as an integral part of the whole system development project; none of the analyzed tools use any widely accepted standard for describing such vocabularies. In this paper, basic aspects of the implementation technology of semantically rich business vocabularies in CASE tool environment are presented. The solution is based on a novel OMG standard Semantics for Business Vocabularies and Business Rules (SBVR) and is implemented by making use of the extension mechanism of Unified Modeling Language (UML) and reusable functional components of the selected CASE tool MagicDraw.

. The goal of the research is to make first steps for automated anaphora and co-reference resolution in Lithuanian language with respect to limited pre-processing tools and resources, by combining concepts and algorithms from different text analysis phases for this purpose. Existing resolution methods are created for major languages, e.g., English, and usually are language-specific. On the base of analysis of existing methods, a taxonomy of anaphoric objects is created and initial algorithms are proposed for solving anaphoras and co-references in Lithuanian language.

Creation of business vocabulary is the first step in business modelling and development of its supporting information systems. Current CASE tools still lack this capability. The goal of the paper is to allow integrating business vocabulary and business rules with business process models in CASE tools by providing UML profile for this purpose. The idea is demonstrated by a prototype implementing the proposed UML SBVR profile, and a business process example for illustrating the advantages of using SBVR vocabulary in the modelling.

The paper presents a model of lexical ontology, based on SBVR representations, which is related to domain ontology used for semantic search in Lithuanian Internet corpus. The advantage of using SBVR based lexical ontology is the support of various relations among different types of meanings and representations, considering phrases instead of single words, and possibility of transformations to (and from) ontologies. We make an assumption that such ontology model is capable to encompass features contained in current lexical ontologies, and may be used in semantic search and Natural Language Processing techniques.

The goal of the paper is to analyse the subset of Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR) for a comprehensive representation of ontological knowledge defined using the Web Ontology Language OWL 2. SBVR is the OMG metamodel, which separates the representation and meaning of business concepts and business rules, and makes them understandable for business experts as well as for software systems. The SBVR can act as an interface between business participants and semantic technologies, such as OWL 2 that has developed means for describing ontological data and reasoning with them. SBVR provides the richer model for knowledge representation than OWL 2. Though there are a few proposals that have shown that it is possible to transform the significant subset of SBVR concepts into OWL 2 ontology, the suitability of SBVR to represent OWL 2 ontologies has not been studied in detail. The paper addresses the mentioned issue with regards to the transformation from SBVR into OWL 2. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.43.3.6651

Our research is concentrated on defining transformation rules from OWL 2 ontologies into SBVR vocabularies and rules without a loss of information and the expressive power, characteristic for ontologies, overcoming the fact that some ontology-specific concepts have no direct representation in SBVR. Our focus is on generic transformation rules, but the particular attention is devoted to ontologies and vocabularies related with semantic search in Lithuanian Internet corpus. Therefore, we consider some particular constructs related with our application domain, including the idea of creating domain-specific lexical ontologies, related with domain ontologies and capable to support semantic annotating and search.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 11th IFIP WG 6.11 Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, I3E 2011, held in Kaunas, Lithuania, in October 2011. The 25 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. They are organized in the following topical sections: e-government and e-governance, e-services, digital goods and products, e-business process modeling and re-engineering, innovative e-business models and implementation, e-health and e-education, and innovative e-business models.

Information system modelling starts from business vocabulary, the second step is business process modelling, which is closely related with modelling of business rules. Modelling of business rules and business processes should be considered as the complementary approaches based on business vocabulary. However, business vocabularies still are not used in CASE tools. The goal of the paper is to present the principles how the business vocabulary can be used for modelling business processes and business rules in such a way that it would be possible to transform business process models to business rules for validating business process by domain experts. In order to achieve this goal we present requirements for defining business processes in line with business vocabularies, which allow transforming business process models to business rules without linguistic processing techniques.

When various software and systems development methodologies may be used in an organization, a problem becomes the process how to ensure project traceability independently from a chosen development method. Current state of traceability implementations in CASE tools lack flexibility, customizability and other qualities. The purpose of the current paper is to present a traceability process, independent from development methodology, and demonstrate how developers may apply this process to ensure a desirable traceability in their projects by using a lightweight approach, based on derived properties and general purpose traceability means, implemented in Model Engineering Environment of their CASE tools.

For implementing the idea of applying derived properties for tracing project artifacts, the Derived Property Based Traceability Framework was created that consists of Model-Driven Domain Specific Language (DSL) engine for extending UML with derived property specifications, traceability schemas, and traceability analysis means. Traceability schemas may be generic, suitable for every purpose, but they often are characteristic to a development method, modeling language or a particular project. The paper presents a process for applying the Derived Property Based Traceability Framework consisting of three parts: process for adapting Derived Property Based Traceability solution for development method or Domain Specific Language; process for applying the solution in a development process, and process for automating the maintenance of traceability relations. Process is illustrated with examples from several case studies.

The paper presents a new approach to improving vertical traceability of UML models by defining derived properties that are calculated by a modeling tool on the fly. The proposed traceability metamodel and framework is implemented in UML CASE tool MagicDraw. The exploratory case study of applying the approach to a particular development process has shown that the approach allows validating completeness of the project, analyzing impact of changes, and, by doing this, avoids typical traceability issues. In contrast to other existing solutions, this approach does not burden users with additional complexity for defining and maintaining traceability in their projects. The approach gives a possibility for UML CASE tool developers to adapt their tools for traceability analysis not overloading them with traceability information, flexibly introducing required derived properties, dynamically calculating them, and analyzing via dedicated and already existing tool-specific means.

Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR) is OMG adopted metamodel allowing defining noun concepts, verb concepts and business rules of a problem domain in structured natural language based on formal logics. SBVR business vocabulary and business rules are capable of representing ontologies. There are some research works devoted to transforming SBVR into Web Ontology Language OWL2. The reverse way of representing ontology concepts with SBVR structured language was not investigated though there are much more ontologies than SBVR vocabularies. Our research is concentrated on methodology for creating SBVR vocabularies and rules from OWL2 ontologies without a loss of the expressive power, characteristic for ontologies, as some ontology-specific concepts have no direct representation in SBVR. The particular attention is devoted to applying SBVR vocabulary in semantic search.