Contribution: Based on a previous exploratory study, this research further investigated learning mode contributions from simulations and live competitive activities compared to a traditional classroom, laboratory, and testing approach to instruction in order to assess the applied behavioral contributions of each. Background: Cybersecurity capabilities in organizations lag behind the threats; consequently, there is a renewed emphasis on cybersecurity education. However, education appears to lack its full potential in most settings. Few empirical studies have systematically tested the efficacy of various training methods and modes, and those that have been conducted have yielded inconsistent findings. Recent literature on the use of gamified simulations have suggested that they may improve cybersecurity behaviors. Similarly, live activities, such as hackathons and capture the flag events, have been surmised to augment learning and capabilities. This study sought to systematically investigate this question. Research Questions: 1) Do cybersecurity simulations improve applied learning performance; 2) do live competitive activities improve applied learning performance; and 3) do any or each of these modes amplify applied learning performance when used in combination? Methodology: This study randomly assigned computer science students to one of four sections using different modalities. It used pretest scores on an applied exam as the co-variate, with post-test scores as the dependent variable. Results: Simulations improved learning performance over traditional classroom/lab instruction alone whereas live competitive activities did not. However, the greatest learning outcomes achieved was structured cybersecurity simulated environments combined with live competitive activities.

Diabetes and metabolic syndrome are associated with the typical American high glycemia diet and result in accumulation of high levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), particularly upon aging. AGEs form when sugars or their metabolites react with proteins. Associated with a myriad of age-related diseases, AGEs accumulate in many tissues and are cytotoxic. To date, efforts to limit glycation pharmacologically have failed in human trials. Thus, it is crucial to identify systems that remove AGEs, but such research is scanty. Here, we determined if and how AGEs might be cleared by autophagy. Our in vivo mouse and C. elegans models, in which we altered proteolysis or glycative burden, as well as experiments in five types of cells, revealed more than six criteria indicating that p62-dependent autophagy is a conserved pathway that plays a critical role in the removal of AGEs. Activation of autophagic removal of AGEs requires p62, and blocking this pathway results in accumulation of AGEs and compromised viability. Deficiency of p62 accelerates accumulation of AGEs in soluble and insoluble fractions. p62 itself is subject to glycative inactivation and accumulates as high mass species. Accumulation of p62 in retinal pigment epithelium is reversed by switching to a lower glycemia diet. Since diminution of glycative damage is associated with reduced risk for age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's, discovery of methods to limit AGEs or enhance p62-dependent autophagy offers novel potential therapeutic targets to treat AGEs-related pathologies.

Background: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is typically diagnosed using self-reports and physician interviews and observations. For example, the US military has used the Warrior Administered Retrospective Causality Assessment Tool (WARCAT), which is a self-report method for diagnostics. Methods: To help correct for associated deficiencies in self-reports, we utilized a computerized dual-task method and central nervous system (CNS) monitoring of reactions by participants who viewed troubling scenes. Results: We found evidence to support unreported PTSD reactions to these incidents. Furthermore, we used a computerized technique to induce cognitive load to distract participants from the purpose of the assessment to gain more accurate assessments. Conclusion: We conclude that using a computer apparatus is more effective in diagnosing PTSD than psychological instrumentation.

With the theory of mental self-government and cognitive styles to ground our study, we explored whether cognitive styles and stress affected decisions requiring subjective judgement. To carry out our study, we employed simulations in a dual task test under two conditions, the first condition was timed and cognitive-load induced, and the other was with the leisure of time without cognitive load. The novelty in our approach is that we used observations of decisions made from scenarios presented in the simulations, and we found that cognitive styles influenced decisions differently depending on condition. Our results have implications for human resource development, recruitment and placement, as well as for job-task assignment, assessment, and performance.

Organisational conflicts have been the topic of much study. However, even with this research and literature, as well as institutionalised human resource policies outlining professionalism and proper employee conduct, team-building activities, negotiation training, retreats, workshops, and conflict resolution interventions - conflicts continue to be an intransigent source of organisational dysfunction and failures. We developed a dual task test to investigate personality constructs, perceptions of others, and climate of incivility on conflicts. We found that certain personality characteristics led to more negative perceptions of benign situations and higher perceptions of incivility. Moreover, negative perceptions of benign situations and high perceptions of incivility led to more frequent organisational conflicts.

The technology adoption and use question has been extensively researched; however, gaining synthesis in the literature has been challenging owing to the myriad of theoretical frameworks and study contexts. A consolidation was surmised by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), although recent studies have yielded new questions as technologies and societies change. We sought to determine whether factors grounded by the UTAUT would be predictive of the use of ''new'' media. To do this, we conducted a field study of non-work related and discretionary use of ''social media'' and ''smart device'' applications. Using linear regression with interactions, we learned that technology use may evolve on a continuum, and that use may depend on the technology itself. Moreover, our research indicated that perhaps age and gender may not play as significant a role in new technology use and adoption as previously reported in the literature. We concluded that each medium is reflected in differential use characteristics and may not be accurately predicted by a unified use concept. Our findings have both research and practical implications.

OBJECTIVE:To test the hypothesis that racial biases in opioid prescribing would be more likely under high levels of cognitive load, defined as the amount of mental activity imposed on working memory, which may come from environmental factors such as stressful conditions, chaotic workplace, staffing insufficiency, and competing demands, one's own psychological or physiological state, as well as from demands inherent in the task at hand. DESIGN:Two (patient race: White vs Black) by two (cognitive load: low vs high) between-subjects factorial design. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:Ninety-eight primary care physicians from the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. METHODS:Web-based experimental study. Physicians were randomly assigned to read vignettes about either a Black or White patient, under low vs high cognitive load, and to indicate their likelihood of prescribing opioids. High cognitive load was induced by having physicians perform a concurrent task under time pressure. RESULTS:There was a three-way interaction between patient race, cognitive load, and physician gender on prescribing decisions (P = 0.034). Hypotheses were partially confirmed. Male physicians were less likely to prescribe opioids for Black than White patients under high cognitive load (12.5% vs 30.0%) and were more likely to prescribe opioids for Black than White patients under low cognitive load (30.8% vs 10.5%). By contrast, female physicians were more likely to prescribe opioids for Black than White patients in both conditions, with greater racial differences under high (39.1% vs 15.8%) vs low cognitive load (28.6% vs 21.7%). CONCLUSIONS:Physician gender affected the way in which patient race and cognitive load influenced decisions to prescribe opioids for chronic pain. Future research is needed to further explore the potential effects of physician gender on racial biases in pain treatment, and the effects of physician cognitive load on pain treatment.

The literature on technology innovation adoption and diffusion is vast. In this chapter, we organize and summarize some of the major perspectives from this body of literature, contrasting various theoretical perspectives on how innovations are adopted and shaped by organizational processes and structure. We first introduce the technology acceptance model, and innovation diffusion theory; and then we categorize viewpoints about organizational innovativeness. Drawing from this framework, for our case study background we introduce adaptive structuration theory, redefining some of its conceptual relationships in “structuration agency theory,” putting primacy on the actions of agents and the means by which they operate through and around institutional structures. We then present a case study example of an expert decision support system, and we conclude with a discussion of implications for managers and entrepreneurs.

Information Systems Have Improved Over The Years To Become More Effective In Collecting And Rendering Information For Consumers, Although These Improvements Have Been Accompanied By Increases In Both Frequency And Sophistication Of Attacks Against Them. The Impacts From Attacks Against Companies Are Significant, And Managers Are Responsible For Their Organizations' Security. Failures Can Cause Significant Losses To Companies And Their Suppliers And Clients, And May Cost Managers Their Jobs, And May Even Possibly Lead To Legal Liabilities That Are Adjudicated Against Them. This Textbook Takes A Different Approach Than Most Texts On The Subject, Which Are Organized Topically. Pedagogically, Information Security For Managers Utilizes An Incremental Development Method Called Knowledge Scaffolding A Proven Educational Technique For Learning Subject Matter Thoroughly By Reinforced Learning Through An Elaborative Rehearsal Process. This New Resource Includes Coverage On Threats To Confidentiality, Integrity, And Availability, As Well As Countermeasures To Preserve These. The Textbook Also Draws Extensively From The Latest Applied Research And Development, Rather Than Simply Rehashing Materials And Topics That Are In Nearly All Of The Extant Textbooks And Popular Reading Materials. Instructor Resources Include Answers To The End-Of-Chapter Questions And A Powerpoint Image Bank That Contains Key Images From The Text.

Performative hactivism is the use of the Internet for expressing extreme political dissent online. It differs from cyber harassment in that performative hactivism is politically motivated. We found that there are contagion and other social effects among hactivists and that hactivism exhibits feature patterns that define them as subcultures. To conduct our research, we created a provocative Website and blog and then promoted it on the Internet. Using sentiment analyses and logistic regression, we identified features associated with performative hactivism. We then studied the blog remarks and used Website analytics to gain a better understanding of the implications for business security. The results from this work should help business and information security researchers especially in social engineering, as well as business practice managers, strategists, and security analysts, to predict the lifecycles and impacts of hactivism on their operations and assist them in the creation of interventions.

Office outbursts are often associated with impulsive reactions to something that is said or done that aggravates an individual by offending his or her beliefs, expectations, sensibilities, or principles. Vengefulness is linked to needs for retribution (until satisfied) for a perceived offense. An unsettled issue is whether these antecedents are also manifested in electronic expressions known as cyber smearing. Free speech by constitution and legislation in the US, UK, EU have been held as a cherished value and basic right, but the rights to free speech are not unlimited and in fact are legally constrained to varying degrees regarding issues such as related to privacy, defamation, and harassment. Cyber smearing is a campaign waged to damage the credibility or reputation of others over the Internet. Using a randomized study we investigated rash impulsivity, vengefulness, and anonymous identity (a virtual self), as factors contributing to cyber smearing, and we found that when people who lack self-control and have tendencies to seek revenge especially when shrouded in anonymity of virtual self and concomitantly have high tendencies toward cyber smearing. We also found that those who hold the view in which ethical standards are situational and relative amplifies these cyber smearing behaviors.

PurposeFunding agencies such as the Office of Naval Research, Department of Homeland Security, and others, have reduced funding for non‐tactical operations. Simultaneously, organizations are squeezing their overhead budgets (where security initiatives fall) and are focusing more on revenue generation given current economic climates. Thus, in both governmental sectors and in commercial settings, there are reasons to believe that strategic security initiatives are being sacrificed, and those that survive must be compelling. To assist organizational leaders with these difficult choices, it is critical to understand biases that affect decisions about strategic security initiatives. The purpose of this paper is to validate and empirically test the predictability of a theoretical model, from which implications can be made for research and practice.Design/methodology/approachUsing behavioral decision theory, a randomized longitudinal study was conducted over three years with a multinational corporation with headquarter‐offices in the UK and the USA, and regional offices in India, Germany and France. From these data, a model was developed and tested for fit with a confirmatory factor analysis and its predictive ability was tested using structured equation modeling.FindingsIt was found that risk aversion, overconfidence, adjustment of cognitive anchors, and expected utility biases affected whether managers and other stakeholders continued or terminated strategic security initiatives.Originality/valuePrematurely terminating or over commitment to a strategic initiative can be costly if not significantly damaging to an organization or government military or intelligence agency. Understanding how biases factor into these decisions can help strategic initiative decision makers improve their decisions and assist them in recognizing normative rules or optimal (straddle point) solutions.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a model of how cognitive biases and framing effects influence managerial decision-making about strategic initiatives. Design/methodology/approach - Because the author was interested in understanding real-world practices about strategic decisions, he chose to conduct a quasi-experimental field study over a three-year period with managers in a multinational corporation. He developed a questionnaire and a series of vignettes for the independent measures, and examined database records of decisions for the dependent measures. Findings - After validating the instrument items, the author conducted a confirmatory factor analysis for model fit, and then tested the model's predictive ability and interactions. The model indicated that risk aversion, overconfidence, anchoring, and expected utility affected commitment decisions, and these factors interacted with framing effects. Originality/value - Decision-makers often fall victim to biases and make sub-optimal decisions, especially regarding long-term strategic initiatives. To illustrate, some managers may continue to invest in initiatives that have little or no hope of succeeding because they have already invested heavily in them, or they may prematurely terminate them. An explanatory model is helpful to management and organizational developers to learn how to make optimal decisions using normative rules.

Security countermeasures have been geared toward building fortified systems that focus on prevention and detection of attacks, and recovery from damage. However, according to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), given the increasing mobility of computing devices, security approaches must radically change to be effective. Some ways of working towards these ends are in creating systems that can reason and draw inferences and predictions about security vulnerabilities and threats. Among the most important advances are in systems that are adaptive and selfhealing deriving from human biology and sociology. Thus security systems are aiming at resilience and adaptation –this is called socio-biologically inspired security. We contrast two approaches: Trusted kernels and sociological agentic systems to help security managers weigh decisions to fit the best approach based on needs and systems architecture.

Organizations are squeezing their overhead budgets (where security initiatives fall) and are focusing more on revenue generation given current economic climates. Thus in both governmental sectors and in commercial settings, there are reasons to believe that strategic security initiatives are being sacrificed, and those that survive must be compelling to decision makers who may be biased toward one choice or another. To assist decision makers with difficult choices, it is critical to understand how biases affect long-range security initiative decisions. Although biases and behavioral decision theory (BDT) have been extensively researched in various contexts, we contribute to the body of security literature by filling a gap in relation to how biases defined in BDT influence security initiatives over the long-run. We conducted a longitudinal empirical investigation using a BDT model into how biases may affect long-range security initiative decision making, examining an important moderated interaction among the factors. Risk tolerance was shown to interact with overconfidence, anchoring adjustment, and utility such that these biases were amplified. This article represents a phase-3 in a four-phased study.