Worldwide, disaster management endeavours are confronted with a rising number of calamitous events triggered by climate change, pandemics and armed conflicts.The increasing rate and complexity of such occurrences has determined governments worldwide to attempt improving the disaster management effort by adopting various specialised artefacts, among which disaster management frameworks feature prominently.It appears however, that such artefacts display shortcomings such as lack of directly applicable guidance, ambiguity and a lack of agility in the face of constant change inherent to disaster events.This situation poses a conundrum to disaster management decision-makers who need to select such frameworks in the knowledge that they have the necessary qualities, employ a suitable architecture and contain the required elements to effectively guide the typically trans-disciplinary and cross-organisational disaster management effort.This paper seeks to assist in this regard by providing a novel, multi-pronged appraisal approach for candidate disaster management frameworks.

The increasing adoption of Health Information Systems (HIS) does not seem to have resolved the ongoing lack of ubiquitous, dependable and accurate patient information so as to effectively prevent medical errors. Previous work has identified multiple causes, including but not limited to improper or incomplete HIS implementation, incompatibility in healthcare standards, lack of proper data input and validation, and accelerating evolution of technology triggering instability of candidate solutions depending on it. This paper continues the research by describing high-level non-functional requirements that any solution should satisfy relying on current best-practice, and subsequently customizing an established international standard so as to define an evaluation framework that can be used to assess candidate HIS architectures. The ultimate aim of the research is to support selection of stable, sustainable long-term architectural solutions and thus to assist HIS strategic decision making and self-evolution supporting agility.

Although composite structures popular in aerospace structures, due to complex failure modes, frequent inspection is required, increasing maintenance costs. Consequently, a structural health monitoring (SHM) system to monitor and pre-emptively detect damage is crucial. The Institute for Integrated and Intelligent Systems (IIIS) and the Advanced Design and Prototyping Technologies Institute (ADaPT) at Griffith University are planning to design and build a real-time SHM system utilizing Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors to obtain health data and use machine learning for real-time damage classification. We propose an experimental setup to generate ground truth neural network training. This includes methods to obtain data on material condition, an interrogation system for real-time monitoring, and machine learning for damage classification and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction.

Systems engineering uses quality attributes known as “ilities” to validate a target architecture. Space agencies call for software development methodologies (SDM) to be unified, customized, and updated. Affiliated primes have documented conflicting ilities across multiple standards. Ilities can be used to derive and verify selected mission constraints. Satellites have been prone to software failures since manual validation in the 1960s. Software verification techniques have evolved past static validation. In 2015 NASA independent verification and validation (IV & V) department found that a common practice for small satellites is the late acceptance of risk due to failed validation, creating orbital debris. In 2016, the NASA Software Architecture Review Board (SARB) justified developing a quality attribute tool. The SARB table aimed to quantify desired ilities of systems. The SARB proposed quantifying the desired ilities of systems, prioritizing reliability, scalability, and adaptability, and called for further research to identify inputs for these calculations. Identified desired ilities inputs improve functional design. A systematic qualitative review collated previous ility classification articles. Current literature presents guidelines, tables, and the conflicting definition of ilities but rarely moves past high-level definitions, and inputs are uncollated. The article applied grounded theory to develop a collection of 345 ilities as a unified taxonomy based on prior classification literature and operational standards. The taxonomy used ten leading civilian space agencies and five public companies with launch and satellite capabilities to identify active ilities. A taxonomy visualizes desired ilities and the definition of such ilities. Standards from leading civilian space agencies and prime space companies are listed. Researchers applied quantitative text analysis to the taxonomy to compare literature and agency ilities. Early ility decisions influence the validation of software. It is critical to realize inputs at the beginning of the private space race. Designing for ilities is a solution for optimizing cost, time, effort, and risk across smallsat design. Reliability, scalability, and adaptability are within the top 10% of 161 unique ility classes. In total, the classes contain 668 total ilities. Ilities are split between small satellite systems and smallsat software architecture-an aggregate review identified inputs for the desired ilities. A conceptual schema is presented for each ility to show inputs for the development of future calculations.

The research outlines the design for an ‘ilities tool’ to assist small satellite verification. Prior literature commonly requests for ilities to be built-in to small satellite systems to prevent failure. Test standards are reviewed to define critical ilities. Definitions are then used to develop calculations that system designers can automate with a software tool. Previous failure data are used to predict the reliability of a future small satellite system. Bayesian estimation is applied to a qualitative NASA database of 219 small satellite (0.001–180 kg) failures from 2000 to 2016 to generate eight failure categories. A communication system (47%) or the attitude control (16%) failure are most likely to occur. A failure in the communication system has a low chance of survivability (16%). A failure within the attitude control system is expected to end with partial mission success (54%). The research suggests that an ilities tool can contribute to dynamically aiding verification. Such a tool will complement small satellite verification methods currently described by testing standards.

The increasing rate of catastrophic events owing to climate change, pandemics, and significant changes in the international balance of power leading to armed conflicts have revealed disaster management weaknesses which need to be addressed as soon as possible so as to ensure the continued stability, safety and indeed existence of mankind.In this context, the concept of resilience framework has emerged; however, current such artefacts appear to be rather fragile, ambiguous, and difficult to use in practice in the face of said vulnerability and complexity.The question is: how can decision-makers ensure that a proposed resilience framework displays the necessary qualities and contains the required elements and guidance for the necessary local and cross-domain actions to increase resilience for their specific sector, organisation, or community?This paper attempts to define a multi-pronged approach to assess such artefacts in an integrated and holistic way so that the resilience frameworks are 'complete', understood, and actioned and thus effectively support disaster risk management.

The research outlines the design for an 'ilities tool' to assist small satellite verification. Prior literature commonly requests for ilities to be built-in to small satellite systems to prevent failure. Test standards are reviewed to define critical ilities. Definitions are then used to develop calculations that system designers can automate with a software tool. Previous failure data are used to predict the reliability of a future small satellite system. Bayesian estimation is applied to a qualitative NASA database of 219 small satellite (0.001-180 kg) failures from 2000 to 2016 to generate eight failure categories. A communication system (47%) or the attitude control (16%) failure are most likely to occur. A failure in the communication system has a low chance of survivability (16%). A failure within the attitude control system is expected to end with partial mission success (54%). The research suggests that an ilities tool can contribute to dynamically aiding verification. Such a tool will complement small satellite verification methods currently described by testing standards.

Apart from the 25-year anniversary in 2019 of the first publication of the GERAM Enterprise Architecture Framework, the timeliness of this paper lies in the new interest in the use of systems theory in Enterprise Architecture (EA), and consequently, ‘light-weight’ architecture frameworks (AFs). Thus, this paper is about the use of systems thinking and systems theory in EA and about how it is possible to reconcile and understand, based on a single overarching framework, the interplay of two major enterprise change endeavours: enterprise engineering (i.e. deliberate change) and evolutionary, organic change. The paper also demonstrates how such change processes can be illustrated by employing systems thinking to construct dynamic business models; the evolution of these concepts is exemplified using past applications in networked enterprise building, and more recent proposals in environmental-, disaster- and healthcare management. Finally, the paper attempts to plot the way GERAM, as a framework to think about the creation and evolution of complex socio-technical systems of systems, will continue to contribute to society in the context of future challenges and emerging opportunities.

There is an increasing worldwide impetus towards a 'nil emissions' industry and energy production.While new technologies and materials have made the concept of renewable energy viable, there are still significant challenges in regards to the transition process in view of balancing the economic, security and environmental aspects.At the same time, the advent of the Internet of (Every)thing/s paradigm and the increasingly dynamic balance of power manifesting itself in various parts of the world have brought about the stringent need to evolve military defence doctrines, starting at the headquarters (command and control) level.As energy and national security clearly display a strong connection, it would be highly advisable to maintain this bond along the life of these two aspects, e.g. by evolving them observing similar principles and in a synchronised manner.This paper describes challenges faced by the two aspects and proposes a way forward that preserves and enhances the symbiosis necessary for a planned energy transition and effective national defence.Thus, while each region and nation will face specific geo-political issues, this paper initiates the process of elaborating a guiding framework (which can then be customised) meant to maintain the above-mentioned critical bond during the various possible transition stages, in a holistic and life cycle-based manner.

Large and complex systems have a long-expected life and evolve slower than small systems. As such, they may live through several technological, social, economic and ecological changes in their environment. A fundamental challenge discussed in this paper is how to (re)design and change large-scale systems so that they remain maintainable and evolvable e.g. for the expected duration of their lives. This must also be achieved in view of their legacy and carried out in an affordable, risk-mitigated and timely manner. After defining some important features of large-scale systems and reviewing the state of the art in managing systems evolution, the paper characterizes the problems, solution scope and opportunities in the area and defines basic principles, theory, associated life cycle architecture and methodology approach for long-term systems supportability.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is gradually finding its way in virtually every industry; however, beyond adding more sensors and measuring and controlling previously inaccessible domains, it is also about transforming ‘legacy’ approaches to control systems, such as those used in Building Management Systems (BMS), by leveraging on the advantages brought by Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). The purpose of this paper is to address several issues gradually emerging in the process of applying the CPS and IoT paradigms to revolutionise BMS. The results of this on-going research aim to help avoid potential pitfalls and provide a sound platform for taking advantage of the benefits brought by this technology in a feasible, effective and controlled manner. More specifically, the paper will address i) the changing meaning of interoperability in the context of the explosion in the number of IoT devices, ii) the need for guidance in adopting sustainable CPS and IoT platforms supporting BMS, based on appropriate non-functional and viable systems principles, iii) emerging issues in the BMS ‘cloudification’ endeavour and iv) the lack of data sources’ correlation resulting in sub-optimal data quality and detail in using Big Data technologies to enable effective analytics for prompt BMS decision-making.

The lack of accurate, reliable and consistent patient information is a major issue in healthcare, despite a relatively high Health Information System (HIS) adoption level worldwide. The main reason for this appears to be patient records lacking accurate particulars, including links to associated care programs, disease classification and treatment plans. The causes for this are multiple, including incompatibility of healthcare standards between version releases, inconsistent HIS implementation, lack of effective data input / validation, and the rapid evolution of and absence of a single 'universal' technological solution. Sustainable, stable and long-term architectural solutions are required. This research builds on previous work identifying major challenges and root causes of the problem and proposing essential non-functional requirements for HIS architectures. The paper elaborates on non-functional requirements and proposes an evaluation framework (based on a new international standard) that can be used to assess aspiring HIS architectures for long term stability and self-evolution and thus to support strategic decision making from within the evolving HIS.

The paper aims to provide high-level guidance for architects of cyber-physical enterprises. We propose that interactions within such systems should be largely self-determined, based on system self-awareness and dynamic re-configuration, with the architecture evolving based on a set of foundational principles, rather than being pre-defined by an external designer. We investigate the suitability of typical development life cycles and identify architectural challenges in the context of dynamic cyber-physical systems that utilize the power of the Internet of Things. Desired systemic attributes are defined, which are necessary for making suitable core architectural choices. The application of the findings is exemplified through a case study, a synthesis of issues, and implications for further research.

The need for business agility in order to cope with the increasing rate of changes brought by disruptive technologies and paradigms is more stringent than ever; unfortunately however, it also encounters many hurdles. To start with, typical strategic transformation planning featuring successive specify-design-implement phases is no longer suitable, as the resulting sequentially staged processes can no longer catch up with the changes in internal structure and external environment. The blurring of top organisational role boundaries in regards to the allocation of management and architecture skillsets is another issue significantly affecting agility. Finally, the lack of structure and integration of business transformation and architecting methodologies offered by various disciplines and vendors affects the ability to use them for specific endeavours. This paper elaborates on and illustrates the above-mentioned problems through a case study and proposes a way to solve them in a holistic, lifecycle-aware manner using a ‘lightweight’ architectural framework approach.

Despite incompatible theoretical perspectives on emotion in psychology, researchers in HCI continue to identify frustration as a basic negative ae ctive reaction or enotion, a single predictor of goal satisfaction and a persistent problem with use of technology. Applying the Grounded Theory approach, we argue that the reported causes of frustration were not necessarily resulting in frustrating experiences, making frustration an unreliable predictor and at best a small part of a bigger problem: an individual negative experience, which we argue is a better predictor. The Grounded Theory approach allowed us to better generalize newly emerged concepts and categories, connecting them causally, consequentially or conditionally to human use of technology. This paved the way to find a knowledge gap in HCI theory, treating basic psychological needs from an eudaimonic perspective, and which could be addressed by developing potentially universally applicable new design principles. The emerged concepts include: a) the human-complex system interaction construct; b) the distinction of reactive and proactive design approaches; c) the perspective of designing for human well-being; and d) four distinct phases of disrupted interaction. In addition, we propose specific steps for the evaluation of HCI design to help minimize negative user experience.

Technical advances in Information and Communication Technology have enabled the collection and storage of large amounts of data, rising hopes of digitalising and thus potentially improving decision making and related support systems. Unfortunately however, the pre-existing gap between required decision making knowledge and the useful information provided by current technologies appears to increase rather than contract. Thus, the multitude of patterns presently provided by current data analytics techniques do not deliver an adequate set of scenarios to enable effective decision making by humans. This paper advocates a digital decision analytics solution featuring the use of Situated Logic to create ‘narratives’ describing the meaning of data analytics results and the use of Channel Theory in order to support adequate situational awareness. This approach is explained in the context of a System-of-Systems paradigm highly relevant to today’s typically complex clusters of distributed collaborative decision making centres and their associated decision support systems.

The article describes the missing link between the information type and quality required by the process of decision making and the knowledge provided using the recent developments of 'big data' technologies, with emphasis on management and control in systems of systems and collaborative networks. Using known theories of decision making, the article exposes a gap in present technology arising from the disparity between the large amount of patterns that can be identified in available data using data analytics, and the lack of technology that is able to provide a narrative that is necessary for timely and effective decision making. The conclusion is that a second level of situated logic is necessary for the efficient use of data analytics, so as to effectively support the dynamic configuration and reconfiguration of systems of systems for resilience, efficiency and other desired systemic properties.

Cloud computing is emerging as a promising enabler of some aspects of the ‘agile’ and ‘lean’ features that businesses need to display in today’s hyper-competitive and disruptive global economic ecosystem. However, it is increasingly obvious that there are essential prerequisites and caveats to cloudification that businesses need to be aware of in order to avoid pitfalls. This paper aims to present a novel, Enterprise Architecture-based approach towards analysing the cloudification endeavour, adopting a holistic paradigm that takes into account the mutual influences of the entities and artefacts involved, in the context of their life cycles. As shown in the paper, this approach enables a richer insight into the ‘readiness’ of a business considering embarking on a cloudification endeavour and therefore empowers management to evaluate consequences of- and take cognisant decisions on the cloudification extent, type, provider etc. based on prompt information of appropriate quality and detail. The paper also presents a brief practical example of this approach and illustrates, using the Enterprise Architecture viewpoint, the necessity of well-defined business architecture, policies and principles dictating solution selection and design and transition program as sine qua non preconditions towards successful cloudification.