Size-assortative, nonrandom mate selection and periodic molting for growth, development, and reproduction have been observed in animals, including brachyuran crabs. This study investigated the mate selection of Scylla olivacea from four wild habitats in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh, and the molting dynamics of Scylla species in coastal mangroves of Pattani Bay, Thailand. A total of 34 pairs of S. olivacea were collected from four habitats in the Meghna Estuary, where 29 pairs (85%) of males were larger than 5 pairs (15%) of females. A higher abundance of mating pairs was observed in the rainy season (higher temperature and lower salinity) than in the winter season (lower temperature and higher salinity). Significant differences between sexes were found in carapace width (CW), internal carapace width (ICW), carapace length (CL), and body weight (BW). Male size and BW were significantly correlated with female sex. Morphometric traits differed significantly across habitats and seasons. The most frequent CW size class was 8.5-9.0 cm for males (34.3%) and 7.5-8.0 cm for females (26.5%). During molting, S. olivacea and S. paramamosain presented increases by 1.28 +/- 0.48 and 1.35 +/- 0.18 cm (CW), 0.93 +/- 0.33 and 0.83 +/- 0.15 cm (CL), and 0.54 +/- 0.19 and 0.45 +/- 0.17 cm (BH), respectively. No significant differences in molting increment were detected between species or sexes. Premolt size was positively correlated with increment but negatively correlated with percentage increment. These findings offer valuable biological insights for the ecological management and aquaculture practices of Scylla mud crabs.

Mud crabs are intertidal crustaceans widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific region and are physiologically thermoregulated. Crab burrowing is a common behavioral adaptation that enables them to maintain stable body temperature. This study examined the temporal variations of temperature inside mud crab (Scylla olivacea) burrows, soil (5cm depth), and air, along with the morphometric characteristics of burrows in mudflat and mangrove habitats in Pattani Bay, southern Thailand. Our results indicate that thermal variations within and around the burrows were significantly influenced by habitat type, time of day, burrow shape, and temperature source (air, soil, or burrow). Seven burrow shapes were identified (J, Y, I, U, V, S, and multi-branched Y), with J-, Y-, and I-shaped burrows being the most common. Among burrow shapes, Y-shaped burrows were longer than J- and I-shaped burrows. Between habitats, several other morphometric characteristics, including opening diameter, total length, depth, shaft length, and horizontal length, differed significantly between mudflat and mangrove habitats; specifically, multivariate analyses revealed mudflat burrows were structurally longer and deeper, whereas mangrove burrows had significantly wider openings. Furthermore, positive correlations among burrow morphometric parameters indicated coordinated variation in burrow architecture. Overall, these findings show that multiple environmental and architectural factors govern temporal thermal dynamics and suggest that habitat-related variation in burrow morphology may provide useful ecological indicators of S. olivacea habitat conditions.

Background: To effectively manage tuberculosis (TB), it is essential to address the high incidence of the disease, as multidrug-resistant pulmonary TB (MDR-PTB) remains a significant concern to halt pre-extensive drug-resistant (pre-XDR) recrudescence. The objective of the current study was to examine and compare MDR-PTB patterns among adult PTB patients (>12 years) in Bangladesh’s urban and rural areas who had newly diagnosed and previously treated PTB. Methods: A total of 430 newly diagnosed and previously treated adult patients with PTB were randomly recruited during two study periods: the 1st period, from May 2010 to December 2010 (eight months), and the 2nd period, from January 2014 to January 2015 (thirteen months). Only the drug-resistant (DR) patients were included in the final analysis. Mycobacteriological tests, i.e., smear microscopy, culture, drug susceptibility testing (proportion method of Canetti), line-probe assay, and GeneXpert MTB/RIF were performed. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the strength of associations between treatment outcomes and predictor variables. Results: Of the newly diagnosed patients, 156 cases were negative and drug-sensitive (DS) at diagnosis, and 274 patients exhibited various DR patterns. During the 1st period, MDR-PTB was 26% among newly diagnosed patients, while the proportion was 31% among previously treated patients in the 2nd period. The majority of MDR-PTB belonged to the age group of ≤45 years. Male patients consistently revealed a higher proportion of MDR-PTB compared to females in both the newly diagnosed and previously treated groups. Conclusion: The proportion of MDR-PTB was higher among the previously treated patients than among newly diagnosed patients. Regardless of demographic characteristics, a significant proportion of patients showed DR, particularly in previously treated groups, indicating a substantial burden of MDR-PTB.

Mycobacterium caprae is a causative agent of tuberculosis that affects both humans and animals. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of two M. caprae strains. These genome sequences may improve understanding of M. caprae epidemiology and support diagnostic development.

The Tank Goby Glossogobius giuris, is a prominent freshwater species belonging to the family Gobiidae. This study primarily investigated the growth pattern, condition and form factor of G. giuris sampled from the wetland ecosystem of Bhutiyar Beel in southern Bangladesh. A total of 300 individuals were sampled from commercial fishers on a seasonal basis (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) during 2023, with recording of length and weight of each specimen. Total length (TL) ranged from 5.9 to 16.4 cm while body weight (BW) varied from 1.80 to 43.70 g. Overall, the species exhibited a negative allometric growth pattern, with a strong correlation in the length-length relationship (LLR) documented (r2 = 0.967). The assessed value (0.0068) of form factor (a3.0) indicated an eel-like body shape. Further, the average value of Fulton’s condition factor (KF) was estimated to be well below 1, indicating suboptimal health status. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of effective conservation policies for this fish species in the Bhutiyar Beel and connected ecosystems.

Epidemiologic research on zoonotic tuberculosis historically used Mycobacterium bovis as a surrogate measure; however, increased reports of human tuberculosis caused by other animal-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members like Mycobacterium orygis necessitates their inclusion. We performed a retrospective cohort study including persons infected with any animal-lineage M tuberculosis complex species in Alberta, Canada, from January 1995 to July 2021, identifying 42 patients (20 M bovis, 21 M orygis, 1 M caprae). Demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics were compared against persons with culture-confirmed M tuberculosis infection. The proportion of culture-positive infections caused by M orygis increased continuously from 2016 to 2020. Significantly more females at a higher median age were impacted by M orygis, with all patients originating from South Asia. Mycobacterium bovis caused significantly more extrapulmonary disease and disproportionately impacted young females, particularly those pregnant or postpartum. All infections were acquired abroad. These findings can aid in developing targeted public health interventions.

Salinity is a critical abiotic factor in aquatic environments imposing severe stress on farmed freshwater species, and negatively impacting growth, metabolism, immunity, and overall wellbeing. The Indian major carp, rohu (Labeo rohita) has been facing various production-related issues associated with salinity intrusion in the upper coastal regions of Bangladesh. The current study examined the effects of four different salinity levels (0‰ as control, 2‰, 4‰, and 6‰) on selected cellular (ultra-structure of gill), physiological, biochemical, and gene expression traits of rohu. Experimental salinity levels significantly affected different biological parameters of rohu (P < 0.05) including moderate to severe levels of gill tissue damage, 16–25

Mycobacterium canettii is a rare pathogen causing tuberculosis in humans and presents a risk to public health. Here, we report the genome sequences of two M. canettii strains. The genomes will assist in creating sequence-based tools for M. canettii and serve as references for identification, surveillance, and epidemiological investigations.

In shrimp aquaculture, disease mitigation may be accomplished by reducing the virulence of the pathogen or by boosting the shrimp's immunity. Biofloc technology is an innovative system that improves the health and resistance of shrimp to microbial infections while providing a viable option for maintaining the quality of culture water through efficient nutrient recycling. This review aimed at demonstrating the efficacy of the biofloc system in boosting the immune responses and protective processes of shrimp against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, which is known to cause Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND). Numerous studies have revealed that the biofloc system promotes the immunological capability of shrimp by raising multiple immune -related genes e.g. prophenoloxidase, serine proteinase gene, ras-related nuclear gene and penaeidinexpression and cellular and humoral responses such as hyperaemia, prophenoloxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, phagocytic activity; the protection and survival of shrimp when faced with a challenge from the V. parahaemolyticus strain have been enhanced. Furthermore, the use of the biofloc system improves water quality parameters and potentially bolstering their immune and overall health to effectively resist diseases; hence, promotes the growth of shrimp. The present review suggests that biofloc can serve as an effective therapy for both preventing and supporting the management of probable AHPND infection in shrimp culture. This approach exhibits potential for the progress of sustainable shrimp farming, higher productivity, and improved shrimp health.

"Multi Criteria Decision Making", also known as MCDM", is a means of finding out solutions to numerous complex problems. It is generally used for solving issues that has numerous choices to make and one optimum decision to make among the alternatives. In this research paper, AHP-TOPSIS, ANP(Analytic network process) has been used as "MCDM" procedures for finding out the most suitable candidates for the interview panel in an organization. Weights obtained in AHP was used in TOPSIS for maintaining the optimality of the AHP-TOPSIS procedure. Moreover, ANP was used as there was dependency among the criteria. Finally, DEMATEL was used to evaluate the results obtained in MCDM procedures and finding out the optimum approach for selecting the candidate within an organization.

This paper presents a comparative performance study of single-stage desalination processes with major configurations of membrane distillation (MD) modules. MD modules covered in this study are (a) direct contact MD (DCMD), (b) vacuum MD (VMD), (c) sweeping gas MD (SGMD), and (d) air gap MD (AGMD). MD-based desalination processes are simulated with rigorous theoretical MD models supported by molecular thermodynamic property models for the accurate calculation of performance metrics. The performance metrics considered in MD systems are permeate flux and energy efficiency, i.e., gained output ratio (GOR). A general criterion is established to determine the critical length of these four MDs (at fixed width) for the feasible operation of desalination in a wide range of feed salinities. The length of DCMD and VMD is restricted by the feed salinity and permeate flux, respectively, while relatively large AGMD and SGMD are allowed. The sensitivity of GOR flux with respect to permeate conditions is investigated for different MD configurations. AGMD outperforms other configurations in terms of energy efficiency, while VMD reveals the highest permeate production. With larger MD modules, utilization of thermal energy supplied by the hot feed for evaporation is in the order of VMD > AGMD > SGMD > DCMD. Simulation results highlight that energy efficiency of the overall desalination process relies on the efficient recovery of spent for evaporation, suggesting potential improvement in energy efficiency for VMD-based desalination.

ABSTRACT A recently described member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is Mycobacterium orygis , which can cause disease primarily in animals but also in humans. Although M. orygis has been reported from different geographic regions around the world, due to a lack of proper identification techniques, the contribution of this emerging pathogen to the global burden of zoonotic tuberculosis is not fully understood. In the present work, we report single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis using whole genome sequencing (WGS) that can accurately identify M. orygis and differentiate it from other members of the MTBC species. WGS-based SNP analysis was performed for 61 isolates from different provinces in Canada that were identified as M. orygis . A total of 56 M . orygis sequences from the public databases were also included in the analysis. Several unique SNPs in the gyrB , PPE55 , Rv2042c , leuS , mmpL6 , and mmpS6 genes were used to determine their effectiveness as genetic markers for the identification of M. orygis . To the best of our knowledge, five of these SNPs, viz., gyrB 277 (A→G), gyrB 1478 (T→C), leuS 1064 (A→T), mmpL6 486 (T→C), and mmpS6 334 (C→G), are reported for the first time in this study. Our results also revealed several SNPs specific to other species within MTBC. The phylogenetic analysis shows that the studied genomes were genetically diverse and clustered with M. orygis sequences of human and animal origin reported from different geographic locations. Therefore, the present study provides a new insight into the high-confidence identification of M. orygis from MTBC species based on WGS data, which can be useful for reference and diagnostic laboratories.

The increasing demand for mud crabs (Scylla spp.) has created immense pressure on the wild populations globally.To reduce threats to wild stocks, it has become an urgent issue of increasing mud crab larvae production in captivity.But some chitinolytic bacteria (Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) poses major threats in the production line of mud crab larvae.Hence, the present study tried to determine prevalence and load of total and pathogenic bacteria in the different components of the mud crab hatchery.Selective agar media, a series of biochemical tests, and bacteria isolation kits were used for the isolation and identification of bacteria.The genus Vibrio, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas were identified in different components of the larval production line in the hatchery.V. mimicus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi and V. alginolyticus were the major species identified from the Vibrio genus.The average concentrations of Vibrio spp. in brood, brood's tank water, eggs, larvae, larval tank water, and larval feed were log 10 3.86±0.61cfu g -1 , log 10 3.63±0.57cfu mL -1 , log 10 2.73±0.13cfu g -1 , log 10 2.86±0.21cfu g -1 , log 10 2.93±0.25 cfu mL -1 and log 10 3.23±0.37cfu mL -1 respectively.The highest concentration of Aeromonas spp.(log 10 3.62±0.24cfu g -1 ) and Pseudomonas spp.(log 10 2.95±0.22cfu g -1 ) was detected in the brood sample of batch 1 and batch 4, respectively.The variations in Aeromonas and Pseudomonas counts among different batches of different components were statistically non-significant (p>0.05).While, most of the components along the larval production line had significantly (p<0.05)varied Vibrio counts for different batches.Larval feeds were found mostly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, especially with pathogenic Vibrio in the production line of the hatchery; hence, special biosecurity measures are needed in this particular component to substantially reduce horizontal transmission of such pathogens in the larvae; particularly axenic live food culture is to be practiced.The knowledge gained from this study will be useful to the hatchery operators taking appropriate measures to strengthen the biosecurity line for controlling bacterial contamination of the various biological and physical components, and thus for reducing larval mortality within an acceptable range in captivity.

This study examined changes in soil bacterial community composition and diversity in response to fertilization with litter from chickens fed a diet without antibiotics and with bambermycin, penicillin, bacitracin, salinomycin, or mix of salinomycin and bacitracin. Litter (27.5 T/ha) was applied to 24 agricultural plots in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia. Nonfertilized plots were used as a negative control. Soil samples collected from the studied plots were used to quantify Escherichia coli by plate counts, and Clostridium perfringens by qPCR. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed for microbiota analysis. Following litter application in December, the population size of E. coli was 5.4 log CFU/g; however, regardless of treatments, the results revealed 5.2 and 1.4 log CFU/g of E. coli in soil sampled in January and March, respectively. Fertilization with litter from antibiotic-treated birds increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes in soil, but decreased Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia groups. The alpha diversity parameters were higher (P < 0.05) in nonfertilized soil compared to the fertilized ones, suggesting that litter application was a major factor in shaping the soil bacterial communities. These results may help develop efficient litter management strategies like composting, autoclaving, or anaerobic digestion of poultry litter before application to land for preservation of soil health and crop productivity.

Monosex tilapia has great acceptability particularly among the lower income people due to its lower price. However, due to increased feed price the price of tilapia has been increased in recent years. Compensatory growth (CG) of fish that is achieved after a period of feed deprivation can potentially reduce the feed cost. The present study aimed to get CG in tilapia farming so as to reduce the production cost of this popular fish. Tilapia fry of 0.54 g body weight were nursed in hapa for one month and then stocked in earthen ponds where two different restricted feeding regimes were imposed for next two months followed by one month feeding at satiation level. Sampling was done fortnightly to record average weight gain in control and treatment groups. Average individual weight in restricted feeding group (T1) reached to 170.11±4.6 g in a three months experimental period and it did not significantly (p>0.05) differ with the weight gained in control group (182.79±5.32 g) where fish were fed on regular basis. The specific growth rate (SGR) also showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between T1 (SGR 2.66±0.011 % day-1) and control group (SGR 2.69±0.012 % day-1). Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) in T1 (1.26) was found significantly (p<0.05) lower to that of control group (1.47), hence the per unit production cost was also found significantly lower in T1 (BDT 75 Kg-1) compared to that of control (BDT 88.23 Kg-1). On the other hand no significant difference was evident in biochemical parameters between the control and restricted feeding groups. Thus, this study suggests skip feeding as an appropriate tool to achieving CG in monosex tilapia and to trim down the production cost as well.

This study explores Bangladesh’s present energy condition, renewable energy (RE) possibilities and designs an optimal 100% RE-based off-grid power system for St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh. The optimal size of a hybrid renewable microgrid based on photovoltaic (PV) cells, a battery energy storage system (BESS), fuel cells (FC), and an electrolysis plant (EP) is proposed. Advanced direct load control (ADLC) and rooftop PV meet the energy demand at the lowest cost, and profits are maximized by selling chemical products produced by seawater electrolysis. Four cases are explored with the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization technique using MATLAB® software to demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested power system. The system cost in case 1 is lower than in the other cases, but there is no chance of profiting. Cases 2, 3, and 4 have greater installation costs, which may be repaid in 8.17, 7.72, and 8.01 years, respectively, by the profits. Though the revenue in case 3 is 6.23% higher than in case 2 and and 3.85% higher than in case 4, case 4 is considered the most reliable power system, as it can meet the energy demand at the lowest cost while increasing profits and not putting a burden on customers.

The shar punti, Puntius sarana is a small indigenous and native species of Bangladesh. In the present times because of large scale degradation of habitats and for many of the natural and anthropogenic activities the species has been reduced drastically and considered as an endangered species. On the other hand, Puntius gonionotus has been introduced in Bangladesh from Thailand and considered as an important aquaculture species. The samples of P. sarana and P. gonionotus were collected from Kumar River in Faridpur district and from local markets in Khulna city. Paired sample t-test and multiple comparisons were made for some important characteristic proportions and other biological aspects such as hepatosomatic index, dressing percentage and condition factor were calculated for both the species. Some identifying characteristic proportion were found as; head length: eye diameter = 1:3.48 (P. sarana) and 1:3.435 (P. gonionotus), standard length: head length = 1:3.94 (P. sarana) and 1:3.96 (P. gonionotus), caudal peduncle length 13.25% in case of Puntius sarana and 14.17% in case of P. gonionotus of standard length, hepatosomatic index: 0.6735 (P. sarana) and 1.114 (P. gonionotus), dressing percentage: 18.96 (P. sarana) and 21.29 (P. gonionotus) and condition factor: 1.378328 ± .23041 (P. sarana) and 1.394224 ± .13322 (P. gonionotus) were found. Significant differences were found in various morphometric proportions and meristic characteristics and in hepatosomatic index, dressing percentage and condition factor between the two species

The study was based on a survey report to know the present status of fish fry production and trade at Chachra in Jessore district by 20 hatchery owners, 45 nursery operators and 50 fry traders. The study was made on the total production of fry, number of people involved in the business, technical knowledge of the nursery operators, marketing channel, area of distribution of fry, means of transportation and facilities available. It was reported that 79,420 kg hatchlings were produced from 38 hatcheries and 948,394 kg fingerlings were produced from 180 nurseries at Jessore sadar in the year 2008. The fingerlings produced from this region were distributed to different parts of the country. Everyday more than 200 fry traders came to Chachra and carried the fry by means of van, pick-up van, bus, truck, train etc. Commission agents played an important role in this trade. It was observed that due to poor technical knowledge and improper transportation, fry mortality was high. Besides, insufficient credit support and unexpected disease infection were found to be the major problems in this business.

Unpaired image-to-image translation uses unpaired training data to predict domain-to-domain mapping. Unpaired Image-to-Image is a versatile Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) model for image-to-image translation. Using the GAN architecture, you may train a generator model, which is often used to create graphics. To train the discriminator model, the generator is trained to fool the discriminator model into believing that the images are real. Generative adversarial networks (GAN) are a general-purpose solution for image-to-image translation challenges. These networks are concurrently learning a loss function that can be used to train the mapping they have learnt. This invention allows the use of the same fundamental strategy to solve problems that would otherwise need completely separate loss equations. We show that this approach may be used to synthesize photos from label maps, rebuild objects from edge maps, and colorize images.

The authors share their company's perspective and experience regarding pure component thermodynamic and transport properties and data management. This approach, beginning in 1947 with the publication of D. R. Stull's Vapor Pressures of Organic Compounds and later in 1955 with the first of the three volumes of R. R. Dreisbach's Physical Properties of Organic Compounds in the ACS Advances in Chemistry series, has been a foundation for design of safe and reliable chemical manufacturing processes. The latter also had synergy with similar activities of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association and the American Petroleum Institute. We will provide an overview of the need for these properties and their usage, the list of pure component and related thermodynamic and transport properties as well as other physical properties that are needed in chemical processes, and related calculations. We will highlight the importance of quality codes, typical correlations for physical properties, and various constraints and features expected for the realistic behavior of properties within an enterprise databank.