This paper puts forward the implementation of Cubic lattice structured multiagent based PSO algorithm (CLSMAPSO) to obtain the optimal power flows by optimally placing TCSC devices. The Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is modeled using susceptance model with modifications in the Y bus of the Newton Raphson Algorithm. The constraints related to violation limits, minimization of line overload factor, and line loss are dealt using penalty factor approach. The new multi agent based cubic lattice structured PSO algorithm was considered for optimizing power flows while satisfying all the constraints mentioned above. This algorithm was tested on IEEE14, IEEE 30 and IEEE 57 bus systems to identify the suitable location, its reactance value and firing angle. The results obtained were quite encouraging and will be useful in electrical restructuring.

Red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus) is restricted in its distribution to Southern Eastern Ghats of India and listed by IUCN as endangered species. P. santalinus is the only species of Pterocarpus that has been listed in Appendix II of CITES. Major threats for this endangered tree are illegal and unsustainable harvesting, forest fire, grazing, loss of habitat, inbreeding, pests, diseases, low fruit set and poor regeneration. The threats and methods for conservation of this precious tree are reviewed and discussed.

Microspheres containing valsartan were prepared by the ionotropic gelation method, using sodium alginate with other mucoadhesive polymers namely HPMC K 100M and Eudragit RL 100, Olibanum gum and Guar gum. The prepared batches were evaluated for different evaluation parameters. The in vitro drug release of optimized formulation M13 showed the sustained release of Valsartan up to 98.89 ± 5.25% within 12 h whereas marketed product displayed the drug release of 90.99 ± 4.96%. The release mechanism from microspheres followed the zero order and higuchi model (R2 = 0.988, 0.979) respectively. The optimized formulation (M13) shown % entrapment efficiency, % yield, swelling index and mucoadhesiveness of 98.18, 97.64, 97.42 and 96.18% respectively. From FTIR studies no incompatibility was found between drug and excipients. SEM confirmed that particles were of spherical in shape. Optimized formulation (M 13) was stable at 40°C ± 2°C/75% RH ± 5% RH for 6 months. From in vivo bioavailability studies, valsartan optimized formulation M13 exhibited sustained release in a controlled manner when compared with marketed product. Mean time to reach peak drug concentration (Tmax) was 4.00 ± 0.05 h and 3.00 ± 0.04 h for the optimized and marketed product respectively, while mean maximum drug concentration (Cmax) was 10.85 ± 0.03 ng/mL and 8.54 ± 0.01 ng/mL respectively. AUC0–∞ of optimized formulation was found to be 147.42 ± 1.16 ng.h/mL, when compared with marketed product of 119.15 ± 1.13 ng.h/mL, AUC values of optimized formulation were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than of marketed product. Valsartan muco-adhesive microspheres would be a promising drug delivery system, could play a potentially significant role in pharmaceutical drug delivery in the treatment of hypertension.

The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate the Olmesartan sodium alginate microspheres. Fourteen formulations batches of microspheres (S1-S14) were prepared by using ionotropic gelation method. Sodium alginate, calcium chloride, ethyl cellulose, HPMC K15M was selected in the formulations. The effect of polymer and cross-linking agent on particle size (68.18 ± 0.06), % yield (98.34%), entrapment efficiency (97.36%), and drug release were studied. From the evaluation parameters S11 was found to be optimized and the highest drug release 96.98 ± 5.28 with in 12 h in controlled manner when compared with other parameters. From release order kinetics the drug release from microspheres was followed zero order with anomalous Non fickian diffusion. The prepared microspheres compatibility studies and morphological studies were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), found to be compatible with the polymers. Thus, Olmesartan microspheres could be the best choice in the effective management of hypertensive with better patient compliance for prolonged period of time

In this present research study, an attempt was made to develop valsartan microspheres and consider the influence of various concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride on particle size, entrapment efficiency, and drug release of the same. These microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique for oral delivery in the treatment of Hypertension. The formulated microspheres were evaluated regarding entrapment efficiency, percentage yield, drug release and characterization was studied using FTIR and SEM analysis. Among the total 14 formulations, S12 formulation was optimized at 2% of sodium alginate, 10% of calcium chloride with pectin. The in vitro dissolution showed sustained release of Valsartan up to 97.89 +/- 5.25 by diffusion mechanism over 12h, which followed the zero order and Higuchi model (R-2 = 0.990, 0.979) respectively, the drug release from microspheres was anomalous Non fickian diffusion. From these results it was concluded that, optimized formulation is stable and retained their original properties with minor differences. Valsartan alginate microspheres is an effective drug delivery system that offers more predictable and extensive drug release and helps in the treatment of Hypertension.

The present research was aimed to prepare Olmesartan medoxomil floating microspheres for controlled release using polymers such as sodium alginate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M, K15M), Olibanum gum and Xanthan gum by ionotropic gelation method. The prepared microspheres were evaluated for the percent drug content, entrapment efficiency, percentage buoyancy and in vitro dissolution studies. Among all the formulations F14 was selected as optimized formulation based on the micromeretic and physico-chemical parameters including drug release studies. Percentage buoyancy of optimized formulation was found to be 96.45%. In vitro release study of formulation F14 showed 98.11% drug release after 12 h in a controlled manner, which is desired for disease like Hypertension. The reference standard shows the drug release of 94.12% within 12 h. Drug and excipient compatibility studies were carried out by FT-IR and no interactions were observed. The SEM of microspheres show a hollow spherical structure with a rough surface morphology. Some of microspheres showed dented surface structure but they showed good floating ability on medium indicated intact surface. The shell of microspheres also showed some porous structure which might be due to release of carbon dioxide. F14 followed zero order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer Peppas kinetics indicating diffusion controlled with non-fickian (anomalous) transport, projecting that its active ingredient are delivered by coupled diffusion and erosion. From these results, it can be concluded that the polymer proportion controlled the drug release from the olmesartan floating microspheres.

The objective of this research was to formulate fast dissolving tablets of Labetalol HCl that disintegrate in the oral cavity upon contact with saliva and there by improve therapeutic efficacy. Fast dissolving tablets of Labetalol HCl were prepared by direct compression method by using sublimation method. Seven formulations were prepared and evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, drug content, in vitro disintegration time, in vitro dispersion time, wetting time, water absorption ratio and in vitro dissolution studies. FTIR and DSC studies revealed that there was no chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients. Formulation S5 were found to be the best on the basis of wetting time, in vitro disintegration time and in vitro drug release. The formulation S5 containing Crospovidone as superdisintegrant and ammonium bicarbonate as subliming agent were found to be the optimized combinations. Stability studies were carried out for S5 at 400C±20C/75%±5% RH for 60 days. The results of stability studies indicated no significant changes with respect to physicochemical properties, in vitro disintegration time, wetting time and in vitro drug release.

Comments, questions and answers about inequality. ( JEL D3)

As part of pharmacological–phytochemical integrated studies of medicinal plants from Indian flora, costunolide (1) was isolated as a major compound from Saussurea lappa, plant traditionally used in different Asian traditional medicine systems. To improve the efficacy of this natural product lead, a series of analogues have been synthesized by the coupling of various aryl iodides using the standard Heck reaction conditions and evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines. The results indicated that several of the analogues were effective against the tested cell lines compared to the parent compound costunolide. Among the tested compounds, 2c and 2j demonstrated good activity against Hela cell line while compounds 2d showed potent activity against DU-145 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively.

This study examines the reuse of textile effluent treatment plant (ETP) sludge in substituting cement in construction industry. The chemical sludge from CETP of Karur, Tamil Nadu has been taken for study purpose. This is a comprehensive study mainly testing the physical properties such as consistency, initial and final setting time of cement with various percentages of sludge, and compressive strength of the mortar cubes with sludge replacing the cement; testing the chemical properties such as pH, Electrical conductivity, Total Hardness and Heavy metal concentration present in the cured water for various days for various percentages of sludge replacing cement in cement-mortar cubes. The chemical sludge from textile wastewater treatment plants has a potential to be reused up to 20% replacement of cement to ensure the required compressive strength of mortar.

Certificate revocation is a crucial integral element to secure network communications. During this paper, we tend to specialize in the problem of certificate revocation to isolate attackers from any collaborating in network activities. For fast and correct certificate revocation, we tend to propose the Cluster-based Certificate Revocation with Vindication Capability (CCRVC) theme. To overcome this drawback, the Cluster-based Certificate Revocation is projected with Vindication Capability (CCRVC) theme. Every cluster consists of a Cluster Head along side some Cluster Members (CMs) settled among the transmission vary of their cluster Head. Before nodes are a part of the network, they need to accumulate valid certificates from the Certification Authority (CA) that's to blame for distribution and management of certificates to any or all nodes. In this paper, a Cross Layer increased Secure Routing theme (CLSRS) is introduced for achieving fault tolerance level and authentication rate. Cross layer is deployed to boost the network lifespan and network performance. The number of nodes capable of occlusive malicious nodes ablated over time. It eventually cause case malicious nodes will now not be revoked in timely manner. To boost the accuracy, the threshold-based mechanism is projected to judge and vindicate warned nodes as legitimate nodes or not, before ill them. Accumulate valid certificates from the Certification Authority (CA) that's to blame for distribution and management of certificates to any or all nodes. In this paper, a Cross Layer increased Secure Routing theme (CLSRS) is introduced for achieving fault tolerance level and authentication rate. Cross layer is deployed to boost the network lifespan and network performance. The number of nodes capable of occlusive malicious nodes ablated over time. It eventually cause case malicious nodes will now not be revoked in timely manner. To boost the accuracy, the threshold-based mechanism is projected to judge and vindicate warned nodes as legitimate nodes or not, before ill them. Index Terms — Cross Layer, certificate revocation, Diskless Checkpoint, security.

Residential broadband gateways comprise equipment, router, and Wi-Fi access point, though one by one overwhelming only 5-10 Watts of power and important contributors to overall network energy consumption because of huge preparation numbers. Wi-Fi traces collected throughout a building with thirty access points and twenty 5,000 shopper connections, and worth via simulation the tradeoffs between energy savings, session disruptions, and fairness. Our system on artifact Wi-Fi access points, take a glance at it throughout a two-storey building emulating vi residences, and demonstrate radio energy reduction of over sixty influence little or no impact on user experience. Considering the spotlight the effectiveness of the approach we have got a bent to demonstrate six WLAN network services on prime of Odin moreover as load-balancing, quality management, and sender Detection, automatic channel-selection, energy management, and guest policy group action. Index Terms —Energy consumption, aggregation, centralized control, Green networking, WLAN, sleep modes.

This paper describes the effect of 0dB and 20dB vehicle noise on stuttered speech. 100 samples are collected from the subjects (stutterer), among which 80 samples are used for training and 20 samples for testing. The samples are trained using Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) feature extraction and statistical parameters such as mean, max, min, standard deviation (SD), power spectrum density (PSD), then the testing samples are analyzed by adding vehicle noise of 0dB and 20dB. Using sparse matrix enhancement technique the vehicle noise is degraded. The results obtained after enhancement are 45-95% depending on the samples used for analysis.

Power system throughout the world is undergoing tremendous changes and developments due to rapid Restructuring, Deregulation and Open-access policies. Greater liberalization, larger market and increasing dependency on the electricity lead to the system operators to work on limited spinning reserve and to operate on vicinities to maximize the economy compromising on the reliability and security of the system for greater profits, which lead to establishment of a monitoring authority and accurate electronic system to prevent any untoward incidents like Blackouts. In any power system, unexpected outages of lines or transformers occur due to faults or other disturbances. These events may cause significant overloading of transmission lines or transformers, which in turn may lead to a viability crisis of the power system. The main role of power system control is to maintain a secure system state, i.e., to prevent the power system, moving from secure state into emergency state over the widest range of operating conditions. Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (SCOPF) is major tool used to improve the security of the system. In this work, Genetic algorithm has been used to solve the OPF and SCOPF problems. As initial effort conventional GA (binary coded) based OPF and SCOPF is going to be attempted. The difficulties of binary coded GA in handling continuous search space lead to the evolution of real coded GA‟s. Solutions obtained using both the algorithms are compared. Case studies are made on the IEEE30 bus test system to demonstrate the ability of real coded GA in solving the OPF and SCOPF problems.

Unsteady flow of a conducting Jeffrey fluid in a horizontal composite porous medium channel is investigated. A uniform transverse magnetic field of strength