IntroductionThe university stage is crucial for professional and personal development, making students' motivation, discipline, persistence, and commitment essential for achieving their goals. This study aimed to translate and validate the Academic Grit Scale for Peruvian university students.MethodsAn instrumental and cross-sectional research design was developed, involving the voluntary participation of 588 university students (both female and male) aged 18 to 35 years (M = 21.7, SD = 3.8).ResultsThe results show that expert judgment was favorable for all items (Aiken's V > .70); the internal structure of the scale was assessed via confirmatory factor analysis, and the relationship with other variables was tested using correlation analysis. The Omega coefficient was used to calculate reliability. The results show that expert judgment was favorable for all items (Aiken's V > .70) and the unidimensional structure of the scale was found to be satisfactory ([2(27) = 123.0, p < .001, CFI = .993, RMSEA = .078, SRMR = .025]. In addition, the scale shows evidence of invariance according to sex and convergent validity in relation to the scales of academic engagement (r = .59, p < .001), and academic self-efficacy (r = .54, p < .001), with high reliability (ω = .95.)ConclusionIn conclusion, the nine-item Academic Grit Scale is a reliable, valid, and concise instrument that effectively assesses academic determination in Peruvian university students.

Introduction: The university stage constitutes a critical period for students’ academic, professional, and personal development; however, it also represents a demanding context in which personal, academic, and institutional factors converge and may jeopardize student persistence. Objective: The study aimed to analyze the relationships among academic burnout, online distractors, study satisfaction, and academic self-efficacy in university students from Metropolitan Lima. Method: An explanatory and cross-sectional design was used. A total of 529 university students (63.3% women), aged between 18 and 38 (M = 20.1, SD = 3.3), voluntarily participated. Academic burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Student Survey (MBI-SS) along with the Online Homework Distractors Scale (OHSD), the Scale of Specific Perceived Self-Efficacy of Academic Situations (EAPESA), and the Study Satisfaction Scale. Results: The results indicated that the proposed model demonstrated a good fit (χ2(1) = 1.40, p = .236, CFI = .998, RMSEA = .028, SRMR = .007), revealing that study satisfaction was influenced by emotional exhaustion (β= −.16, p < .001), academic efficacy (β= .28, p < .001), and online distractors (β= −.22, p < .001), as well as academic self-efficacy (β =.22, p < .001). Discussion: No sufficient evidence was found to support the presence of indirect effects.

IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been one of the major psychological consequences observed during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is essential to have valid and reliable instruments for its assessment.ObjectiveTo evaluate the internal structure and reliability of a brief SPRINT-E-based measure for screening post-traumatic stress symptoms in Latin American populations during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis was an instrumental study using the Short Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Rating Interview (SPRINT-E) scale, administered to more than 6,000 participants across 12 Latin American countries. Descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to evaluate the factorial structure and internal consistency of the instrument.ResultsItem 4 showed the highest mean score (M = 0.85) and the greatest dispersion (SD = 0.78). The CFA supported the original unidimensional 12-item model, which demonstrated satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices. The PTSD-COVID-19 scale showed a Cronbach’s α of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.91–0.92), indicating excellent internal consistency.ConclusionThe PTSD-COVID-19 scale showed acceptable evidence of internal structure and excellent internal consistency as a brief instrument for screening post-traumatic stress symptoms in Latin American adults during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar si la dependencia emocional y autoestima predicen el bienestar psicológico en estudiantes universitarios peruanos Método. Se desarrolló un estudio de diseño predictivo y de corte transversal. Se contó con la participación voluntaria de 465 estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Tarapoto, de los cuales 252 (54,2%) eran varones, cuyas edades oscilaron entre 17 y 37 años (M = 21,26 y DS = 2,90). Para la medición de las variables, se utilizó; la escala de dependencia emocional de Lemos y Londono validada por Ventura y Caycho (2016); escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR) y la (2018) y escala de Bienestar psicológico (BIEPS-A). Resultados. Los resultados muestran que la dependencia emocional y autoestima predicen significativamente el bienestar psicológico (c2(50) = 180.1, p < .001, CFI = .934, RMSEA = .079, SRMR = .072). Discusión y conclusiones. La dependencia emocional y autoestima predicen el bienestar psicológico.

Since the cold war, the population have not felt so much fear about the outbreak of the Third World War, sensation revived with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. The aim is to validate a test in Latin America that measures fear perception and concern about a world war. It is an instrumental study using Google Forms. It obtained 1684 participants in eight countries in Latin America. The creation of the first instrument was based on previous questionnaires that measured fear in the face of unexpected events, and other specific questions were added in the context of the war. Subsequently, the entire validation process was carried out. It was calculated the values of skewness, kurtosis, and communalities. Exploratory factor analysis showed that two factors were generated, confirmed by the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test (KMO = 0,962) and Barlett’s test (19558.5; df = 78; p = 0.000). Confirmatory factor analysis yielded seven items in two factors (χ2 = 139,85, df = 13, p = 0.001; RMR = 0.050; GFI = 0.980; CFI = 0,990; TLI = 0.980; and RMSEA = 0.080). The global Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92 (for factor 1 = 0.98, and factor 2 = 0.88). The final instrument with seven questions allows to measure adequately general fear (factor 1), and physical and mental repercussions due to the possibility of the outbreak of a world war (factor 2).

El bienestar financiero ayuda a reducir el estrés y mejorar la calidad de vida. Ante la escasez de instrumentos validados en Perú, se tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Financial Distress/Financial Well-Being Scale en trabajadores de la sierra peruana. Bajo un estudio de diseño instrumental, participaron voluntariamente 1.059 trabajadores de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 65 años. Los participantes fueron reclutados de tres ciudades del sur peruano: Cuzco, Arequipa y Puno. Como resultados, todos los ítems fueron evaluados favorablemente por los jueces expertos. La estructura interna se validó mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio, con el que se confirmó el modelo original: CFI = .992, RMSEA = .063, SRMR = .027, teniendo cargas factoriales entre .34 y .79, y una fiabilidad muy buena (ω = .82). También la escala demostró ser invariante según género y tipo de trabajo, con correlaciones significativas con otros instrumentos que miden el estrés financiero, el bienestar general y la satisfacción con la vida, lo que da cuenta de su validez convergente. En conclusión, la Escala de Bienestar Financiero traducida y adaptada al contexto peruano (EBF-Per) es una medida breve, válida y confiable para trabajadores peruanos, por lo que puede ser útil en investigaciones orientadas a evaluar el nivel de bienestar financiero.

The objective of this study is to analyze the evidence of validity, factorial invariance, and reliability of the Emotional Fatigue Scale in Peruvian university professors. Instrumental and cross-sectional design research was carried out, with the participation of 604 Peruvian university professors from the three regions of the country (Coast, Highlands, and Jungle) and with ages ranging from 21 to 65 years (M = 44.27 and SD = 9.15), who were selected with the intentional non-probabilistic sampling method. The descriptive analyses of the items were adequate and the polychoric correlation matrix with which the confirmatory factor analysis was performed was adequate. The results show a one-dimensional structure of 9 items, because item 10 had to be eliminated [chi(2)(27) = 98.7, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.993, RMSEA = 0.067 y SRMR = 0.029]. The resulting factor loads are between 0.57 and 0.93 and the internal consistency is adequate (omega = 0.95). It was also found that the scale presents evidence of invariance according to sex, age, and working hours and of convergent validity with the scales of psychological distress (r = 0.64, p < 0.001) and life satisfaction (r = -0.46, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the ECE-PU is a brief measure that has adequate psychometric properties and is useful to assess emotional exhaustion in Peruvian university professors.

Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar si la autoestima y la comunicación familiar predicen el bienestar psicológico en mujeres de la ciudad de Juliaca, Perú. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, de diseño predictivo y corte transversal. Se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional, con la participación voluntaria de 499 mujeres de 18 a 56 años (M = 35.03, DE = 9.13). Se aplicaron tres instrumentos validados: la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, la Escala de Comunicación Familiar (FCS) y la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A). Resultados: El análisis mediante modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) indicó un ajuste aceptable del modelo: χ²(12) = 29.5, p < .001, CFI = .980, RMSEA = .053, SRMR = .030. La autoestima predijo significativamente el bienestar psicológico (β = .78, p < .001), mientras que la comunicación familiar no mostró una relación significativa (β = .05, p = .538). El modelo explicó el 65% de la varianza en el bienestar psicológico. Conclusión: Estos resultados subrayan el papel central de la autoestima en la promoción del bienestar psicológico en mujeres peruanas, lo que sugiere la necesidad de implementar estrategias de intervención dirigidas a fortalecer la autovaloración y la resiliencia emocional en poblaciones vulnerables.

IntroductionThe phenomenon of extortion is generating serious repercussions on the mental health of the economically active population. In the absence of measurement instruments to quantify the magnitude of this problem, it becomes urgent to design a documentary measurement tool.ObjectiveTo design and validate a scale measuring concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion.MethodThe study is classified as instrumental. Using purposive non-probability sampling, participation was obtained from 2.049 citizens of both sexes across the three regions of Peru. The instrument was designed in 10 stages, following expert recommendations on the subject. The first version consisted of 11 items with five-point Likert-type response options. Analyses were conducted to demonstrate content validity, construct validity, convergent validity, measurement invariance, and reliability.ResultsAll items proved to be clear, relevant, and representative (V > 0.70). Exploratory factor analysis suggested an underlying structure composed of eight items (KMO = 0.91, Bartlett’s test = p ≤ 0.001), with factor loadings above the 0.40 cutoff (0.75 to 0.83). Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis corroborated this unidimensional structure (SRMR = 0.037, RMSEA = 0.074, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.994). In addition, the BECS was shown to be invariant across sex and exhibited significant correlations with other comparable scales, thus providing evidence of convergent validity. Finally, the instrument demonstrated excellent reliability (>0.90).ConclusionThe BECS shows psychometric evidence supporting its validity and reliability. Therefore, it becomes the first measure available to assess concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion.

Purpose: This study seeks to examine the relationship between online task distractions, academic procrastination, and students’ motivation toward research engagement and scientific output at the university level. Materials and methods: An explanatory study was carried out with a sample of 489 university students from two higher education institutions in Lambayeque, Peru. The data were gathered through the administration of three instruments: the Research Motivation Scale (MoINV-U), the Online Homework Distraction Scale (OHDS), and the Academic Procrastination Scale (EPA). Results: The findings indicate that online task distractions have a positive effect on the postponement of academic activities (H1) and on students’ academic self-regulation (H3). Similarly, the analysis revealed that academic self-regulation exerts a positive effect on motivation toward research and scientific production (H4), while the postponement of activities showed no significant effects (H2). Conclusion: Structural equation modeling (SEM) confirmed the validity of the proposed relationships, revealing significant effects among the variables, except for the relationship between task postponement and motivation for research and scientific production.

IntroductionThis study aimed to translate and analyze the psychometric properties of the Academic Major Satisfaction Scale in the context of assessing academic dropout intention among Peruvian university students. Shifting the focus of the AMSS scale will provide significant practical value to institutions, as measuring dropout intention will yield directly applicable insights to address student dropout and enhance retention.MethodsAn instrumental, cross-sectional research was carried out with 443 Peruvian university students, 56.2% of whom were women aged between 18 and 25 years (Mage = 20.7; SDage = 2.08).ResultsThe factor analysis confirmed the satisfactory one-dimensional structure of four items, omitting items 5 and 6 (CFI = 1.000; RMSEA = 0.029, CI90% 0.000, 0.103; SRMR = 0.007). Factor loadings fluctuate between 0.64 and 0.91, and reliability was found to be adequate (α = 0.80; ω = 0.883). In addition, evidence of factorial invariance according to sex and academic cycle is reported. Regarding the evidence of validity by association with other variables, acceptable associations were found with self-efficacy, satisfaction with studies, and engagement, which are consistent with the current literature.ConclusionThe new measure introduced in this study, known as the Academic Dropout Intention Scale (ADIS), is a brief scale that presents adequate psychometric properties and is useful for assessing academic dropout intention among Peruvian university students.

Introducción: La calidad de educación superior está estrechamente vinculada con la capacidad de los estudiantes de hacer ciencia en todos los niveles y participar en proyectos de investigación. Objetivo: El estudio presentó como objetivo determinar la capacidad de predicción de las competencias y actitudes sobre la motivación investigativa en estudiantes universitarios. Metodología: Esta investigación abordó un diseño predictivo, transversal y no experimental, participaron 484 estudiantes entre 18 y 57 años (M =22.40; DE = 6.07), el 62.6% fueron mujeres, 86% fueron de pregrado y 88.8% de universidades privadas. Resultados: Se realizó el análisis de la estructura factorial de los instrumentos como procedimiento inicial y los resultados revelaron que el modelo explicativo tuvo índices de ajustes aceptables χ2 (7) = 17.5, ρ = <.001, RMSEA = .056, SRMR = .031, CFI = .979; además, se evidencia que existe relación significativa entre las variables y dimensiones (ρ < .050). Se confirmaron las hipótesis sobre el efecto en la motivación investigativa de las competencias, b = .13, p = .010, y de las actitudes, b = .69, p < .001. Discusión: A partir de estos datos las universidades deben fortalecer los programas de participación en investigación de los estudiantes universitarios enfocadas en la obtención de competencias. Conclusiones: Se concluye que las competencias y actitudes predicen la motivación por la investigación y explican 56% de su variabilidad.

Objetivo: analizar las propiedades psicométricas (validez y confiabilidad) de la versión de 13 ítems del Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-13) para personal de salud que estuvo en servicio presencial durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: estudio instrumental desarrollado en una muestra no probabilística de n= 4179 participantes peruanos, mayormente mujeres 3142 (75,2%), con edades entre 20 y 59 años. Se aplicó el SRQ de 13 ítems implementada en la «Guía técnica del cuidado de la salud mental del personal de salud». Para la validez de la estructura interna se empleó el análisis gráfico exploratorio (AGE) y el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC); para la confiabilidad el omega de McDonald. Todos los análisis se realizaron en el software R Studio. Resultados: encontramos una estructura de cuatro factores relacionados con adecuados índices de ajuste (TLI = 0,989, CFI = 0,985, RMSEA = 0,026 IC 90% [0,022 – 0,029] y SRMR = 0,052); así también, reportaron una confiabilidad óptima mediante el coeficiente omega de McDonald en sus dimensiones síntomas somáticos (ω= 0,82), síntomas de ansiedad (ω= 0,77), fatiga (ω= 0,83) y tristeza patológica (ω= 0,84). Conclusiones: la evidencia apoya el modelo de cuatro factores para el SRQ-13 permitiendo evaluaciones válidas y confiables para evaluar síntomas somáticos, ansiedad, fatiga y tristeza patológica en el personal de salud peruano, por lo que se recomienda su uso.

ObjectiveTo determine whether self-esteem and family satisfaction predict life satisfaction in university students from the Peruvian highlands.MethodsA cross-sectional, predictive design study with the participation of 848 Peruvian university students of both sexes (31.7% male and 68.3% female) whose ages ranged from 17 to 41 years old (M = 20.31 and SD = 3.66). The instruments used were Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale (RSE; 2000), Olson’s family satisfaction scale (FSS; 2006) and Diener’s life satisfaction scale (SWLS; 1985).ResultsShow that the proposed model had a fit of χ2 (269) = 1709.6, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.957, RMSEA = 0.080, SRMR = 0.061, evidencing that positive self-esteem (β = 0.21, p < 0.001) and family satisfaction (β = 0.57, p < 0.001) significantly predict life satisfaction. Unlike negative self-esteem, which does not predict life satisfaction (β = −0.09, p = 0.003).ConclusionSelf-esteem, family satisfaction, life satisfaction, university students, Peru.

Although evidence of mistreatment toward university students in the academic field has been reported for several years, its study in the context of the development of undergraduate research is still emerging. For this reason, it is necessary to have valid and reliable measurement instruments that allow assessing the magnitude of this problem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Thesis Advisor Abuse Scale (EMAT, for its acronym in Spanish) in Peruvian university students. A total of 753 university students (women = 57.4%) from the 3 regions of Peru participated. The internal structure was analyzed under an analytical-factorial approach, and the discrimination and difficulty characteristics of the items were evaluated from the perspective of item response theory (IRT). The findings showed evidence supporting the original three-dimensional structure. Furthermore, all the items on the EMAT have good discriminatory power. Additionally, the EMAT proved to be strictly invariant according to sex, and the reliability coefficients reached high magnitudes. It is concluded that the EMAT is an instrument that has adequate psychometric properties to be used as a measure of mistreatment by advisors in the thesis preparation processes in Peruvian university students.

INTRODUCTION:Financial health is related to the overall health of an individual and their family. The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific production on financial health in the Scopus database for the 2011-2022 period. METHOD:Scoping review of manuscripts published in journals indexed in the Scopus database between the years 2011 and 2022. The following search terms were used: "Financial obligations", "financial inclusion", "family economy", "financial education", "financial literacy", "financial wellness" and "financial stress", which were entered in the Scopus search engine together with the Boolean operators (AND, OR).  Results: A total of 6 940 publications were identified, of which 81.95% were original articles. The United States was the country with the highest scientific production (35.5%). We identified a trend of increasing number of papers during the study period, especially from 2016 onward, with an 860% increase in 2022 (n=1429) with respect to 2011 (n=165). The journals with the highest number of publications were Sustainability (Switzerland) and the Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning (USA). Finally, the key search terms with the greatest yield were "financial inclusion" through the use of technology, "financial stress", "financial education" and "financial health." CONCLUSIONS:Research on financial health has increased significantly. The new knowledge on the subject is mostly driven by authors and institutions from the United States, and finally, there is evidence of an increasing trend of pulbications related to financial inclusion and financial education.

Background: climate change is a reality, and more and more people are becoming aware of this global problem, which has generated anxiety in some populations. To validate a short survey to assess eco-anxiety in adults in South America. Methods: It is an instrumental study, and the validation was based on a previous survey, which had six questions and was generated by 217 respondents in the USA in 2021. These questions were subjected to a validation process with expert judgment, pilot and application, and then statistics were obtained. It was validated with 1907 people in six countries in South America, where the mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis were adequate. Results: The initial confirmatory factorial model obtained unsatisfactory goodness-of-fit indices, so the indices were modified through a re-specification, where two items were eliminated, after which adequate values were obtained (χ2 = 22.34, df = 2, p = 0.00; RMR = 0.020; GFI = 0.990; CFI = 0.990; TLI = 0.990; and RMSEA = 0.070). Finally, the overall Cronbach’s α was calculated to be 0.88 (95% CI = 0.86–0.89). Conclusions: The test was validated in a large South American population and found that only four questions can efficiently measure anxiety about the effects of climate change. The instrument can be used with other tests to screen different age groups, ethnicities and realities.

The study’s objective was to design and validate a motivation scale for scientific publication in Peruvian university professors (MoSCPU-UP). Instrumental research where a scale of 13 items distributed in 2 factors (Intentional State and Commitment-will) was designed and validated. The sample comprised 546 university professors (62.1% male) aged 22 to 67 (M = 45.05 and DS = 9.32). The sample was separated into two subgroups for the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. For analyzing the validity of evidence based on the content, the Aiken V coefficient was used; for construct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used. Reliability was studied through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The results show that the items received a favorable evaluation (Aiken’s V > 0.70). Goodness of fit indices were adequate (IFC = 0.93, TLI = 0.92, and RMSEA = 0.08). Likewise, the correlation between factors 1 and 2 was significant (p < 0.05). Evidence of validity based on the relationship with other variables with measures of professional self-efficacy is significant and acceptable reliability (α = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.89–0.92). In conclusion, the MoSCPU-UP scale is an instrument that reports evidence of validity and reliability.

Citizen insecurity has become a problem that threatens people's mental health, due to its negative impact on the well-being and quality of life of the population. In Peru, one of the most frequent forms of crime is robbery, which occurs when the victim withdraws money from an ATM or bank. Therefore, it is necessary to have instruments to measure the magnitude of the impact of these events on mental health. To design and validate a scale of concern about being a robbery victim when withdrawing money from an ATM or bank in Peruvian citizens. 759 Peruvian citizens between 18 and 68 years of age (women = 56.65%, mean age = 27.64, SD = 8.25) participated. In addition to the EPre-RD scale, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2) was applied. Evidence of content-based validity was obtained from the criteria of expert judges; the internal structure was analyzed under a factor-analytic approach; and validity based on association with other variables was explored by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient. Finally, reliability was analyzed through the alpha coefficient. The EPre-RD items received a favorable evaluation in respect of representativeness, relevance, and clarity. In addition, evidence of a unidimensional structure was found, both from the exploratory factor analysis and the confirmatory factor analysis, and so was a positive association with anxiety. Finally, reliability obtained an adequate value. The EPre-RD is an instrument with adequate psychometric properties to be used as a measure of the emotional impact of worry about being a victim of a robbery when withdrawing money from an ATM or bank in Peruvian citizens.

It has been suggested that individuals with sleep disorders tend to experience concurrent mental health disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Therefore, this study aimed to address this gap by utilizing Bayesian network analysis to explore the potential causal relationships between sleep quality, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in a sample of 451 Peruvian adults. The network structures for sleep quality, depression, and anxiety were estimated using the Jenkins Sleep Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-2, and General Anxiety Disorder-2, respectively. The causal relationships between symptoms were estimated using Bayesian networks from a directed acyclic graph (DAG) model. Nighttime Awakenings and Anhedonia play significant and distinct roles in the symptom network dynamics. Nighttime Awakenings showed directional probabilities of four symptoms: Nervousness, Difficulty Falling, Stay Asleep, and Depressed Mood. Anhedonia also showed directional probabilities toward three symptoms: Tiredness on Awakening, Uncontrollable Worry, and Depressed Mood. Meanwhile, although Nervousness does not have outgoing arrows to other symptoms, it shows conditional dependence with Uncontrollable Worry, Depressed Mood, and Nighttime Awakenings. The findings suggest adopting a comprehensive approach to the treatment of sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression, considering the interconnections among various symptoms and addressing not only the core symptoms but also those that function as mediators or bridges within the symptom network.