Rising oil costs, growing environmental concerns, and the pressing need for sustainable fossil fuel substitutes have all caused the globe to move firmly toward hydrogen as a possible future energy carrier. Microbial fermentation is a revolutionary method for producing hydrogen that not only uses readily accessible waste materials and neglected bioresources, such as forestry and agricultural wastes, but also blends in well with waste management and a circular bioeconomy. In this review, the metabolic characteristics of microorganisms that produce hydrogen are examined, along with the variables that affect production rates and yields, such as substrate specialization, enzymatic efficiency, and ambient circumstances. Important routes including photo fermentation, dark fermentation, and bio photolysis are discussed, along with their benefits, drawbacks, and potential for integration to increase overall efficiency. Critical bioprocess parameters, novel reactor topologies, and biomass pre-treatment methods are examined, with a focus on how they might improve hydrogen production and lessen process bottlenecks. Additionally, the potential of cutting-edge technologies like synthetic biology-driven microbial engineering and microbial electrolysis cells to transform hydrogen generation is assessed.Despite tremendous progress, problems including poor yields, scalability problems, high capital costs, and substrate competition still exist, calling for a multidisciplinary strategy that blends engineering tactics with biological breakthroughs.The necessity of coordinated efforts to improve microbial hydrogen production systems is ultimately highlighted by this analysis. This will help renewable hydrogen become a practical, scalable, and sustainable energy substitute for fossil fuels, promoting a cleaner and more resilient energy future.

Concerns about climate change and growing oil costs have accelerated the quest for sustainable alternative fuels. Hydrogen has potential as a clean energy source, but it must be produced efficiently in order to compete with fossil fuels and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Microbial fermentation, which utilizes waste materials and bioresources such as forestry and agricultural wastes, provides a potential solution. However, the low market value of hydrogen necessitates manufacturing methods that optimize yields while reducing energy use and expenses. This review investigates critical parameters that influence hydrogen generation, such as mixed microflora, substrate conversion, and hydrogen-producing bacteria. We highlight advances in reactor design, waste pre-treatment, and bioprocess optimization, as well as metabolic and genetic engineering approaches to overcoming obstacles in green algae-based hydrogen generation. Furthermore, recent advances in bioengineering methods to improve the efficiency and resilience of hydrogen-producing routes are discussed. Finally, we discuss future prospects, such as the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to improve bioprocess conditions and build integrated systems for efficient hydrogen generation, which will pave the way for sustainable energy solutions.

Environment-friendly procedures are becoming more essential as the agricultural sector attempts to balance sustainability and productivity. The prolonged application of chemical fertilizers can cause adverse effects on plants, humans, and other ecological systems. Under these circumstances, research on other ways of conception has become progressively important by focusing on the application of biofertilizers. A potentially practical approach is to replace chemical fertilizers with microalgal sources and nanoparticles. Microalgae are an encouraging choice for sustainable agriculture because of its high nutrient content and effectively act as growth-promoting agents in plant development. Recently, extensive research have carried out by performing different treatment techniques such as seed treatment, foliar, and soil application using different biomass and extracts of microalgae for plant growth, productivity, and yield. Similarly, adding nanoparticles via foliar and soil application to plants and soil promotes plant growth and increases plant productivity. Thus, an ideology of combining these microalgal extracts and nanoparticles for effective plant growth have developed recently. This review outlines the negative impacts of chemical fertilizers on the environment and shows possible substitute approach. Recent research and development on biologically synthesized nanoparticles from various microalgal extracts and its positive effects on plants have highlighted. Additionally, it provides an effective combination of microalgal extracts and nanoparticles as bio-nanofertilizers for sustainable agricultural practices. Moreover, it addresses the circular economy of treating wastewater by microalgae cultivation in wastewater and using that microalgal biomass or extracts for plant growth as dual applications of biofertilizers and bioremediation.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties that have caused them to receive significant attention in various scientific and technological fields. The Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesis can be achieved by various methods involved precipitation, and green synthesis methods, each influencing the size, morphology, and crystalline structure of the nanoparticles. In UV–visible spectrophotometer the peak at 356 nm confirms the ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction exhibited the average crystalline size of the ZnO NPs was 22 nm, and the absorption peak at 599.63 cm−1 showed the Zn-O bending in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. ZnO NPs exhibit significant qualities that includes the large surface area, outstanding photocatalytic activity, as well as antimicrobial effects. These attributes have led to their widespread application in fields such as photocatalysis, sensors, drug delivery, and biomedical devices. In the present study, the ZnO NPs synthesized from Microbacterium endophyticum, was utilized for the decolorization of azo dyes utilized in textile industries including, CR (Congo red dye) and RB (Reactive black dye). The results showed the decolourization percentage of Congo red and Reactive black were observed as 75 % and 80 % respectively.

PURPOSE:This work investigates the environmentally friendly manufacture of iron oxide Nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) by employing leaf extract from Morinda citrifolia (noni) as a stabilizing and reducing agent. A range of characterization methods were used to examine the chemical, structural, and morphological characteristics of the produced Nanoparticles. METHODS:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Several bioactive components that contribute to the antibacterial properties of Morinda citrifolia leaf extract were discovered by GC-MS analysis. Evaluations were conducted on the antibacterial, antioxidant, and protein-denaturing properties of the synthesized Fe2O3 NPs. Antioxidant tests, such as phosphomolybdenum and DPPH, demonstrated strong free radical scavenging activity that varied with concentration. With the use of zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) experiments, antibacterial efficiency was shown against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. RESULTS:Fe2O3 NPs were shown to have strong binding affinities with TasA exopolysaccharide (5OF1), outer membrane lipoprotein (1EQ7), and penicillin-binding protein (4WEJ) in a molecular docking analysis that examined their interactions with bacterial proteins. According to the docking data, Fe2O3 NPs may have an antibacterial mechanism that involves interfering with bacterial adhesion, biofilm development, and cell wall production. Their promise for biological and environmental uses was supported by toxicity assessments that showed little harm, including phytotoxicity (seed germination assay) and cytotoxicity (Allium parvum root tip mitotic division research). Overall, this work demonstrates the promise of Fe2O3 NPs as sustainable nanomaterials for medicinal and environmental applications by highlighting their antibacterial, antioxidant, and low-toxicity qualities.

Green synthesis approaches are unique eco-friendly techniques that use a less hazardous methodology to synthesize metal oxide NPs. The present investigation used the Acalypha indica plant leaf extract as a reducing agent to generate Magnesium oxide nanoparticles using a sustainable green synthetic method. The leaves of Acalypha indica was freshly taken and extracted with distilled water and added to the magnesium chloride that was used as a precursor. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various methods. By using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, the peak at 284nm confirms the presence of MgO NPs was confirmed. The functional group was identified using the FT-IR. The grain size of the nanoparticles was observed as 10nm using X-Ray Diffraction analysis. The morphology of the MgO NPs was determined using the SEM analysis and EDAX analysis and Zeta potential were analysed to determine the charge of the NPs. In antibacterial activity, the MgO NPs showed greater efficiency against the pathogen E. coli. The antioxidant activities stated that, the scavenging activity was increased by the increased NPs concentration. The toxicity analysis revealed the positive response in the Vigna radiata seedling growth.

The present investigation emphasizes the synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) through Brevibacterium casei isolated from the dye-contaminated soil. Microbial synthesis approaches are more efficient than plant sources or cell cultures because of their efficiency, scalability, the rapid life cycle of the organisms and to develop of an eco-friendly dye degradation method. The characterization of the synthesized ZnO NPs was done using UV Visible spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR Spectroscopy, FE-SEM, EDAX, DLS, ZETA Potential, HR-TEM, SAED, and AFM Analysis. Microbially synthesized NPs act as efficient photocatalysts for the elimination of azo dyes, Methyl orange (MO) and Rhodamine B (RhB), in an aqueous solution under visible light. The impact of operational factors such as the quantity of ZnO NPs, pH, and concentration of both dyes (MO and RhB) on dye degradation were investigated. Both dyes (MO and RhB) are broken down photocatalytically by applying the pseudo-first-order kinetic mechanism. Using ZnO NPs at the optimum load of 100 mg/L, solution pH 8 (MO), and pH 9 (RhB), and the degradation of 10 mg/L MO and RhB was evaluated as 92 % and 90.5 % after 8 h of exposure, respectively. Given its affordable cost and high photocatalytic efficacy, nanosized ZnO might be used on a broad scale to cleanse wastewater contaminated with azo dyes such as Methyl Orange and Rhodamine B.

For developing nations that are economically underdeveloped but have an abundance of biomass, using an affordable and effective heavy metal contamination treatment method based on biomass-activated carbon (AC) and other pollutants is obviously desired. Therefore, this review updates current studies that have used biowaste to adsorb pollutants such as heavy metals, dyes, and other adsorbates that are frequently encountered. Different biomass wastes were used to create AC using a two-step procedure that involved oxygen-free carbonization and activation. Compared with the more traditional physical/chemical activation approach, the microwave method has become more and more frequent in recent studies including the activation stage because it can ensure a more constant energy transfer in the biosorbents, resulting in enhanced surface area. Despite this, chemical activation is still frequently chosen due to its simplicity, affordability, and speed of setup. A detailed explanation of several other mechanisms for the adsorption of pollutants on biomass wastes-AC was also provided, including (i) surface binding capacity between metals and organic molecules (ii) electrostatic forces among oppositely charged ions, (iii) ion exchange between nucleophilic O2 functional groups as well as divalent metal cations (M2+), (iv) physical metal adsorption & deposition. Additionally, important determinants of adsorption performance were thoroughly considered. Overall, this review gives an in-depth look at the manufacturing process of lignocellulosic AC and its use in water treatment, showing that biomass-based AC could have significant economic, environmental, and health benefits.

In this study, biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles with new approach to enhanced the Antimicrobial properties against gram-negative and gram-positive and the antioxidant activity were performed by use of a new type of plant extract, Syzygium cumini seed, in an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, simple procedure way by adding CuSO4 to aqueous Syzygium cumini seed extract followed by stirring. The resulted solution was heated at 40-45 degrees C and CuONPs were synthesized. Disc diffusion method was applied to evaluation the Antimicrobial properties of the extract and nanoparticles towards resistance into Klebsiella (gram- negative) and Staphylococcus (gram-positive). DPPH assay was performed to evaluation the antioxidant activity. X-ray diffraction pattern result showed characteristic peaks of CuO that demonstrated a successful formation of pure crystalline CuONPs. In the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, there are two bands in the 609 cm(-1) and 451 cm(-1) which is corresponded to CuO. Also, a negative potential value around - 10 mV obtained by Zeta potential analysis. Energy- dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed strong peaks for Cu and O, support supposition of CuONPs. Scanning Electron Microscope images indicated polydispersed spherical rounded particles with the size of average 42-90 nm. Antibacterial tests showed effective diameter about 6 and 2 mm for CuONPs against Klebsiella and Staphylococcus in agar disc diffusion method, respectively. DPPH assay found CuONPs to possess effective antioxidant properties when compared to ascorbic acid at all the concentrations tested. Biosynthesized CuONPs exhibited an excellent antibacterial and antioxidant activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and DPPH free radical, respectively. Hence, the CuONPs are expected to be used in future for effective biomedical applications.

The study investigates the potential of environmentally friendly magnesium-doped nanoparticles derived from Hydrocotyle umbellata leaves, showcasing advantages over commercial counterparts in enhanced seed priming activity and reduced toxicity. The ferric ion reduction is confirmed through Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) analysis of Fe3O4NPs, revealing distinctive absorption peaks at 400–500 nm in UV–Vis spectra and bandgaps of 1.75 eV for 1

This work focuses on a rapid and sensitive spectroscopic approach for detecting melamine in food products based on rare-earth Terbium-doped Graphene Quantum Dots (Tb-GQDs) synthesized using microwave and simple chemical conjugation methods. Citric acid and diethylene triamine (DETA) are the precursors of synthesizing GQDs. Terbium, a rare earth element with exceptional fluorescence properties, is doped onto the surface of the GQD to obtain dual photoemission with a broad spectral window and to provide excellent photo-stable characteristics. The as-synthesized Tb-GQDs were characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The synthesized Tb-GQD were spherical with a size of around 6 nm, showing approximately a quantum yield of 52 %, concerning the Standard-Quinine sulfate quantum yield of 54 %. Further, Tb-doped GQDs act as a fluorescent probe, were used to detect and quantify the concentration of melamine (0--5 mu M) used as an adulterant in milk and milk products and obtained a maximum detection limit of 0.31 mu M. This work concludes that the reported dual emitting Tb-GQDs provide a sensitive and effective platform for detecting melamine in real-time samples, especially in milk, and show promising potential in food industries.

For developing nations that are economically underdeveloped but have an abundance of biomass, using an affordable and effective heavy metal contamination treatment method based on biomass-activated carbon (AC) and other pollutants is obviously desired. Therefore, this review updates current studies that have used biowaste to adsorb pollutants such heavy metals, dyes, and other adsorbates that are frequently encountered. Different biomass wastes were used to create AC using a two-step procedure that involved oxygen-free carbonization and activation. Comparing with the more traditional physical/chemical activation approach, the microwave method has become more and more frequent in recent studies including the activation stage because it can ensure a more constant energy transfer in the biosorbents, resulting in enhanced surface area. Despite this, chemical activation is still frequently chosen due to its simplicity, affordability, and speed of setup. A detailed explanation of several other mechanisms for the adsorption of pollutants on biomass wastes-AC was also provided, including (i) surface binding capacity between metals and organic molecules (ii) electrostatic forces among oppositely charged ions, (iii) ion-exchange between nucleophilic O2 functional groups as well as divalent metal cations (M2+), (iv) physical metal adsorption & deposition. Additionally, important determinants of adsorption performance were thoroughly considered. Overall, this review gives an in-depth look of the manufacturing process of lignocellulosic AC and its use in water pollution, showing that biomass-based AC could have significant economic, environmental, and health benefits.

Advanced industrialization requires an enormous amount of water, dyes, and chemicals, and it continuously releases toxic effluents into the environment and water bodies. In textile, paper, leather, and other industries, dyes are the compounds being used to provide color to the substances. Among all of the dyes utilized in the dyeing sector, azo dyes contribute about 60 % of all dyestuffs used globally. Synthetic dyes harm the aesthetic qualities of water resources by elevating COD (Chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (Biological oxygen demand), toxic substances, turbidity, hindering photosynthesis, stifling plant development, contaminating the food chain, inducing recalcitrance, and accumulation, and effectively stimulating toxicity, carcinogenicity, as well as mutagenicity. To minimize negative impacts on the surroundings, people, and natural water bodies, wastewater comprising dye pollutants must be removed effectively through eco-friendly technology. As a result, treatment of these textile effluents is required before they are eliminated into the surroundings. Physical, chemical, physio-chemical, and biological methods are among those used for treating textile wastewater. Biological methods, such as treatment with bacteria, bacterial enzymes, fungi, and plants, were used due to their environment-friendly and cost-effective method. The classification of dyes and their degradation mechanism by bacteria are addressed in this paper.

In the recent past, non-thermal food processing methods have been promoted due to the limitations associated with conventional thermal processing methods such as poor nutrient quality, rheological properties, and sensory characteristics of food products. The microbial and enzyme inactivation in food products subjected to non-thermal processes occurs without the application of heat that in turn results in products of superior quality. Non-thermal food processing for health-promoting beverages is gaining popularity because of the various advantages like processing at ambient temperature resulting in minimal or no changes in the texture, sensory attributes, composition of nutrients, bioactive compounds (antioxidants, anthocyanin, β-carotene and flavonoids), and organic acids. Due to the continuous rise in the research in this field, it is very important to synthesize relevant literature to supplement existing information to benefit all researchers and industrialists in the food processing sectors. This review aims to critically discuss various non-thermal processing technologies like ultrasound, pulsed light, high hydrostatic pressure, supercritical carbon dioxide, cold plasma, membrane technology, and pulsed magnetic field for processing health-promoting beverages. The working principle, effect of non-thermal processing technologies on the nutritional quality, sensory attributes, and elimination of microbial load of health-promoting beverages are also discussed. Most of the studies are performed on a laboratory scale which exhibits the need for the development of industrial-scale trials. Non-thermal processes are potential alternatives to thermal processing methods due to the retention of superior product quality and lower energy requirements. It is concluded that the adaptability of the combination of non-thermal processes along with aseptic packaging and cold temperature storage will result in superior product quality.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained recognition for diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy in fatal diseases. This review focuses on the benefits of green synthesis of bioinspired NPs using various plant extract (containing various biomolecules such as sugars, proteins, and other phytochemical compounds) and their therapeutic application in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Multiple factors including inflammation, mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte mutations, endothelial cell apoptosis, and administration of non-cardiac drugs, can trigger the cause of cardiac disorders. Furthermore, the interruption of reactive oxygen species (ROS) synchronization from mitochondria causes oxidative stress in the cardiac system, leading to chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. NPs can decrease the interaction with biomolecules and prevent the incitement of ROS. Understanding this mechanism can pave the way for using green synthesized elemental NPs to reduce the risk of CVD. This review delivers information on the different methods, classifications, mechanisms and benefits of using NPs, as well as the formation and progression of CVDs and their effects on the body.

The experimental study examined the potential impact of biosynthesized triiron tetraoxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 NPs) on seed germination and germination indices of finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ) to advance sustainable and biocompatible nano-agriculture. The successful production of Fe 3 O 4 NPs, which was capped with numerous phytochemicals found in the Colocasia esculenta extract, was determined by the results of several characterization processes like FTIR, UV, XRD, and FE-SEM. The presence of the peak in UV with 325 nm with band gap energy 2.60 eV indicates the synthesized NPs. The vibration mode of the Fe–O bond at 530.95 cm −1 and 459.30 cm −1 was analyzed in FTIR. Utilizing XRD, NPs with a mean crystalline size of 3.6 nm were discovered, and crucial EDS examination proved the iron element’s presence. The FE-SEM images displayed a nanorod appearance with an average diameter of 43.7 nm whereas DLS shows 739 nm due to the aggregation of nanoparticles. It was observed that the nanoparticle has a significant antioxidant capability which was expressed using several assays. Additionally, this experiment was conducted to examine the impact of biogenic Fe 3 O 4 NPs on the germination of Eleusine coracana seeds as well as to examine other aspects of plant growth, including root and shoot lengths, seed vigor index germination rates, peak value (PV), and mean daily germination. A total of four different Fe 3 O 4 NP concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL) were investigated. The Eleusine coracana seeds’ ability to germinate and thrive is affected by the Fe 3 O 4 NPs’ penetration. Efficient treatment with Fe 3 O 4 NPs resulted in a notable improvement in germination index values for Eleusine coracana seeds compared to untreated seeds. In addition to that, the nanoparticles were also treated with Allium cepa and its roots were examined for the mitotic cycle, and lipid peroxidation and Evans blue test were performed.

Carbohydrates are a class of macromolecules that has significant potential across several domains, including the organisation of genetic material, provision of structural support, and facilitation of defence mechanisms against invasion. Their molecular diversity enables a vast array of essential functions, such as energy storage, immunological signalling, and the modification of food texture and consistency. Due to their rheological characteristics, solubility, sweetness, hygroscopicity, ability to prevent crystallization, flavour encapsulation, and coating capabilities, carbohydrates are useful in food products. Carbohydrates hold potential for the future of therapeutic development due to their important role in sustained drug release, drug targeting, immune antigens, and adjuvants. Bio-based packaging provides an emerging phase of materials that offer biodegradability and biocompatibility, serving as a substitute for traditional non-biodegradable polymers used as coatings on paper. Blending polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with carbohydrate biopolymers, such as starch, cellulose, polylactic acid, etc., reduces the undesirable qualities of PHA, such as crystallinity and brittleness, and enhances the PHA's properties in addition to minimizing manufacturing costs. Carbohydrate-based biopolymeric nanoparticles are a viable and cost-effective way to boost agricultural yields, which is crucial for the increasing global population. The use of biopolymeric nanoparticles derived from carbohydrates is a potential and economically viable approach to enhance the quality and quantity of agricultural harvests, which is of utmost importance given the developing global population. The carbohydrate biopolymers may play in plant protection against pathogenic fungi by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth, may act as effective elicitors inducing the plant immune system to cope with pathogens. Furthermore, they can be utilised as carriers in controlled-release formulations of agrochemicals or other active ingredients, offering an alternative approach to conventional fungicides. It is expected that this review provides an extensive summary of the application of carbohydrates in the realms of food, pharmaceuticals, and environment.

Copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesized by the green approach method which is sustainable and eco-friendly perhaps other physical and chemical methods. The attention towards noble metal (Ag, Au, etc.) is reducing and that is now covered by copper oxide nanoparticles owing to its potency and being economically cheaper. For the first time, the copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized utilizing an aqueous petal extract of Wedelia trilobata as a reducing agent. The UV–vis spectrum is observed at 412 nm. The XRD peaks correspond to the face-centered cubic structure. FT-IR bands detected for nanoparticles obtained from petal extracts exhibits the functional groups, 436.09 cm -1 and 456.50 cm -1 validates the Cu – O stretching vibrations. The morphology of nanoparticles is spherical which is confirmed by SEM. Elemental analysis is also performed to know the purity of the nanoparticles obtained. Antibacterial activity of nanoparticles is measured by minimal inhibitory concentration assay for which three different bacterial strains are used Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Staphylococcus aureus. The antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles and aqueous petal extract is assessed by DPPH assay. BSA protein is used to check the denaturation activity of the nanoparticle, petal extract. The crystalline size of the nanoparticles is 4.2 nm which is measured by DLS and zeta potential is observed to be stable.

Despite many efforts over the last few decades, cardiac-based drug delivery systems are experiencing major problems, such as the effective delivery of the precise amount of a drug. In the current study, an effort has been made to prepare a nano-herbformulation (NHF) to overcome the major problem of conventional intervention. Copper oxide-based NHF was prepared using plant extract of Alternanthera sessilis and characterized using physicochemical techniques such as Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). TEM analysis revealed that spherical NHF obtained of size 20–50 nm. In addition, XRD and FTIR confirmed the presence of phytochemicals with biological properties over the surface of copper oxide-based NHF. It was demonstrated that dose-dependent antiapoptotic activity was shown against DOX-induced cardiomyocytes, where ROS levels were significantly reduced to 0.29% from 37.99%. The results of the flow cytometry analysis using PI and Annexin staining further confirmed the antiapoptotic activity of NHF against DOX-induced cardiomyocytes by ROS scavenging. Thus, NHF might be used for cardiovascular disease treatment.