Tropical theileriosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria annulata, is an economically significant constraint to cattle production, with disease control increasingly compromised by emerging resistance to the primary chemotherapeutic agent, buparvaquone. This study aimed to screen candidate compounds for in vitro anti-theilerial activity and host cell safety. Four compounds — hesperidin methyl chalcone (HMC), p-coumaric acid, dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DDTAB), and diclofop-methyl — were evaluated for anti-theilerial activity using a resazurin-based viability assay on a T. annulata-infected bovine lymphocyte cell line. Host cell safety was assessed via cytotoxicity assays on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and haemolytic assays on bovine erythrocytes. DDTAB, a cationic surfactant, showed the strongest concentration-dependent inhibition among the four (IC₅₀ = 1125.4 μM), while the remaining compounds were substantially weaker (IC₅₀ 3048.2 – 5771.7 μM). All compounds, including DDTAB, showed low host cell toxicity (<19

Bovine tropical theileriosis, caused by Theileria annulata, is a significant economic burden in endemic regions. The limitations of current control measures necessitate the development of new therapeutic agents. This study evaluated the anti-Theileria potential and host cell safety of rutin, andrographolide, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), and fusidic acid. Antiparasitic efficacy was assessed using a resazurin-based growth inhibition assay on T. annulata-infected bovine lymphocytes. Cytotoxicity and haemolytic activity were evaluated using healthy bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and red blood cells (RBCs), respectively. All compounds exhibited concentration-dependent anti-theilerial activities. Andrographolide was the most potent (IC₅₀ = 542.89 µM), followed by fusidic acid (IC₅₀ = 573.64 µM) and DTAB (IC₅₀ = 633.98 µM), while rutin showed weak activity (IC₅₀ = 2748.04 µM). In the cytotoxicity assay, andrographolide was the least toxic to PBMCs (15.06

IRS is an emerging and expanding technology that will develop an intelligent radio environment for next-generation wireless standards. The technology can achieve ITU-R’s IMT-2030 recommendation for future wireless communications in terms of inclusiveness, ubiquitous connectivity, sustainability, etc. In this paper, we explore our vision of designing an IRS-based wireless communication system to provide uninterrupted connectivity by avoiding NLOS fading between transceiver terminals. The physical layer performance of the developed system has been measured under the influence of the path loss effect in the channel. In addition, phase shift and quantization errors were also encountered during the performance measurement of the considered architectural setup. Regarding the performance measure, three metrics have been taken: the OP, the ABER and the average capacity. A novel, more accurate PDF is derived to characterize the communicating channel environment under the path loss scenario. Subsequently, fruitful analytical computations have been explored for the considered performance metrics using the Meijer’G function. This investigation confirms that the hardness of the communicating channel under path loss can be minimized by incorporating a multiple reflecting surface adaptation and quantization orders. Higher order of reflecting elements and quantization level ensure that the communicating channel hardness between data center and user premises is reduced, and also the quality of service of the system is improved. In addition, numerical-based simulation results have been made to clarify the analytical results of performance metrics.

A new unsymmetric tridentate (SNN donor) Schiff base ligand was synthesized from the 1:1 M condensation of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde with 5-amino-1,3,4-thiodiazol-2-thiol, under microwave irradiation in the presence of a green catalyst PPA-SiO2. The bivalent 3d transition metal (M = Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+) complexes were obtained by the reaction of M(II) chloride with tridentate Schiff base ligand (L) in a 1:2 M ratio under microwave irradiation in aqueous ethanol medium. The Schiff base and its complexes have been characterised by FTIR, 1H NMR, UN/Vis, elemental analyses, conductometry and magnetic measurements. The IR results showed that the Schiff base ligand acts as a neutral unsymmetrical tridentate with SNN donor sequence in E isomeric form towards the metal ion through azomethine-N, thiadiazole-N and thiophene-S. The electronic spectral results and magnetic measurement data revealed six coordinated octahedral geometries having the formula [M(L)2]Cl2 for the synthesised metal complexes. The melting point supported all the compounds' thermal stability and non-hygroscopic nature. The molar conductance data revealed the 1:1 electrolytic nature of the metal complexes. The in vitro biological activities of the free ligand and its metal complexes against a few bacteria and fungi were screened by the disc diffusion technique. The relative order of potency of antimicrobial activity against pathogens is Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II) > Ligand.

The influence of the changing land use land cover (LULC) pattern on the vegetation, water, and temperature parameters is ascertained in the study of the Vedavathi River basin. For the years 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2022 Landsat and MODIS satellite products (MOD11C3, MOD13Q1) along with the ground-based rainfall from IMD measurement were used to implement the methods of indices such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI) along with the land surface temperature (LST), and standardized precipitation index (SPI) and analyze the situation in the basin. Since 2005 more than 2000 km2 of fallow land has been transformed into cropland. 22.35% of grassland was converted to plantation in two decades while 13% of scrub forest has been reduced to wasteland. The increase in the cropland and the changing forest area has brought an increase in the mean NDVI value while at the same time an increase in the temperature value. The years 2003 and 2004 witnessed an extreme dry conditions in most of the stations while 2010 and 2020 experienced flood-like conditions. Overall majority of the drought conditions were witnessed in the 1990s and 2000s while flood conditions were prominent in the later part of the study. The study aims to provide an understanding between all these factors and what is the intensity of influence on each other.

Here we focus on preparing recoverable Dy doped CoFe2O4 photocatalysts for the removal of the malachite green pollutant (MGP) in natural Sunlight. XRD results demonstrate development of the spinel symmetry with no impurities phases. The FESEM analysis revealed spherical grains with definite grain boundaries and agglomerated behavior. We found that our synthesized photocatalysts behaves as an excellent magnetic nanomaterial by observing the saturation magnetization of 77.79 emu g(-1). Out of all photocatalysts, CoDy0.03Fe1.97O4 nanophotocatalyst exhibit the high zone of inhibition (ZOI) for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It makes the prepared nanomaterials highly suitable for the biological purposes. The effectiveness of photocatalytic degradation activity of prepared specimens is significantly impacted by the addition of dysprosium ions. During a 150 min of reaction period, CoDy0.03Fe1.97O4 has a higher degradation percentage around 95.36% as compared to CoFe2O4 (86.09%). The prepared doped and undoped CoFe2O4 nanomaterials displayed the least decline in the degradation percentage of MGP after four reuse cycles and this might be attributable to the weight loss during the recovery. Therefore, the nanomaterials suggested a reliable and durable photocatalyst for degradation process. Hence the prepared magnetically recoverable and multifunctional photocatalysts are reliable for the water remediation and biological usages.

The proposed wearable textile antenna has been designed for GPS (1.575GHz) applications. Wearable textile antenna plays a vital role in Military applications. This GPS antenna has been specially designed for tracking the current location of the soldiers. The wearable antenna has been designed with textile material and a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feedline. The proposed antenna has been designed with simple structures, low profile, robustness, lightweight, and easy wear so that the soldiers can easily wear the uniform. The proposed antenna can be attached to the uniform so it becomes wearable. The current density of the proposed textile antenna has been evaluated. The proposed textile antenna has obtained a reflection coefficient of -16.17dB, gain of 3.47dBi, radiation efficiency of 97% at 1.575GHz frequency. It has been found that good agreement with the simulated results. The proposed wearable antenna has been designed on the CST microwave studio.

This work presents a reliable communication system tailored for post-disaster scenarios, where the existing terrestrial communication infrastructure is entirely disrupted by natural calamities. To encounter the situation, a Temporary Base Station (TBS) is deployed in the heart of the disaster-stricken area. However, due to the limited coverage area of the TBS, reaching far users becomes unattainable. To address this, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are proposed as flying relays with indirect connectivity, utilizing Half-Duplex/Full-Duplex (HD/FD) Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) schemes, abbreviated as HDU/FDU-NOMA. The UAVs, strategically positioned around the TBS on a circular path, can move radially outward or inward based on far user throughput demands and also serve as near-users. Moreover, a Weibull fading distribution (WD) is taken into account for both links, encompassing transmissions from far-users to UAVs and from UAVs to TBS. To assess communication reliability, exact and closed-form expressions for outage probability and throughput performance are derived. These expressions aid in identifying optimal UAV locations to achieve throughput fairness for both far-users and near-users, as well as maximizing throughput for far-users. Additionally, the proposed scheme's outage and throughput performance is demonstrated to surpass that of corresponding Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) schemes in the uplink. Simulation results conform to the analytical results.

Intelligent Reflective Surface (IRS) is an emerging and expanding technology that will develop an intelligent radio environment for next-generation wireless standards. In this paper, we explore our vision to design an IRS-assist wireless communication system for uninterrupted connectivity between transceiver terminals, along with measuring the impact of path loss on the average capacity (bits/sec/Hz) of the system indicates the novelty of the works. Four different schemes such as optimal rate adaption (ORA), side information at the transmitter and the receiver (OPRA), channel inversion with fixed rate (CIFR), and truncated channel inversion with fixed rate (TIFR) have been considered to examine the effect of path loss on the average capacity of the system. This investigation ensure higher order of reflecting elements and quantization level can mitigate the effect of path loss in the system. In addition, numerical simulation results from MATLAB have been provided to validate the analytical results.

This work presents a reliable communication system tailored for post-disaster scenarios, where the existing terrestrial communication infrastructure is entirely disrupted by natural calamities. To encounter the situation, a Temporary Base Station (TBS) is deployed in the heart of the disaster-stricken area. However, due to the limited coverage area of the TBS, reaching far users becomes unattainable. To address this, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are proposed as flying relays with indirect connectivity, utilizing Half-Duplex/Full-Duplex (HD/FD) Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) schemes, abbreviated as HDU/FDU-NOMA. The UAVs, strategically positioned around the TBS on a circular path, can move radially outward or inward based on far user throughput demands and also serve as near-users. Moreover, a Weibull fading distribution (WD) is taken into account for both links, encompassing transmissions from far-users to UAVs and from UAVs to TBS. To assess communication reliability, exact and closed-form expressions for outage probability and throughput performance are derived. These expressions aid in identifying optimal UAV locations to achieve throughput fairness for both far-users and near-users, as well as maximizing throughput for far-users. Additionally, the proposed scheme’s outage and throughput performance is demonstrated to surpass that of corresponding Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) schemes in the uplink. Simulation results conform to the analytical results.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) is an emerging and growing technology for upcoming B5G and 6G wireless standards to design a perfect smart radio environment. In this article, we try to enhance the physical layer performance of the IRS- assist wireless communication system by taking some helpful performance metrics such as the outage probability (OP), average bit error rate (ABER), and average capacity of the system. Here, we assume our system is mainly affected by phase shift noise and quantization noise due to a discrete number of phase shifts of the IRS elements. The Alamouti STBC transmitter diversity technique is used to design the IRS-assist MISO wireless communication system to mitigate the effect of these kinds of noise, leading to the works’ novelty. We have derived a new and most accurate mathematical framework of PDF and MGF of the corresponding proposed IRS-assist wireless communication system with an end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Behind this statistical distribution, we expressed unique and more precise closed-form expressions of each performance metric under IRS assist SISO and MISO wireless link for the entire SNR region and it is significantly observed that the proposed MISO system provides better outcomes than the general SISO system. Furthermore, we calculate the diversity order of both configurations and it shows that the diversity order of the links is associated with the number of reflecting elements, phase noise error, and average magnitudes of the system. We also validated our analytical outcomes using Monte Carlo simulation results from MATLAB.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) was reported for the first time in India in 2019 and since then, it has become endemic. Since a homologous (LSD-virus based) vaccine was not available in the country, goatpox virus (GPV)-based heterologous vaccine was authorized for mass immunization to induce protection against LSD in cattle. This study describes the evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated LSD vaccine developed by using an Indian field strain, isolated in 2019 from cattle. The virus was attenuated by continuous passage (P = 50) in Vero cells. The vaccine (50(th) LSDV passage in Vero cells, named as Lumpi-ProVac( Ind )) did not induce any local or systemic reaction upon its experimental inoculation in calves (n = 10). At day 30 post-vaccination (pv), the vaccinated animals were shown to develop antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses and exhibited complete protection upon virulent LSDV challenge. A minimum Neethling response (0.018% animals; 5 out of 26,940 animals) of the vaccine was observed in the field trials conducted in 26,940 animals. There was no significant reduction in the milk yield in lactating animals (n = 10108), besides there was no abortion or any other reproductive disorder in the pregnant animals (n = 2889). Sero-conversion was observed in 85.18% animals in the field by day 30 pv.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to make substantial progress toward the goal of making healthcare more personalized, predictive, preventative, and interactive. We believe AI will continue its present path and ultimately become a mature and effective tool for the healthcare sector. Besides this AI-based systems raise concerns regarding data security and privacy. Because health records are important and vulnerable, hackers often target them during data breaches. The absence of standard guidelines for the moral use of AI and ML in healthcare has only served to worsen the situation. There is debate about how far artificial intelligence (AI) may be utilized ethically in healthcare settings since there are no universal guidelines for its use. Therefore, maintaining the confidentiality of medical records is crucial. This study enlightens the possible drawbacks of AI in the implementation of healthcare sector and their solutions to overcome these situations.

This article describes the study of two Nickel (Ni(II)) complexes based on Schiff base at pH 7.0 and pH 9.0 respectively and characterized using various characterization techniques. The reaction of C7H9N3S2 with NiCl2·6H2O at pH 7.0 resulted in the C1 complex. However, when the same reaction was performed at pH 9.0, C2 complex was obtained. The magnetic behavior (µ) of both complexes was found to be 2.92 (C1) and 2.96B.M. (C2) respectively, which showed that both complexes were paramagnetic and in octahedral shape. In a similar fashion, the electrical conductance of (181.0 Ohm-1cm2 mole-1 for (C1) and (179 Ohm−1 cm2 mole-1 for (C1) suggested that the compound was found in the 1:2 (Metal: Ligand) electrolytically nature in their coordination mode. In the electronic spectrum study, it is clearly shown that both the Ni(II) complexes (9500–10415, 14200–14940, and 23500–24000 cm−1) were octahedral. The broad band at 3350–3600 cm−1 in the IR data of C1 indicates the νOH mode of vibration of the bounded water molecules. Whereas, the 610 cm−1 band is unchanged in the C1 but found red-shifted (600 cm−1) in C2 complex. This indicates that the sulfur of the thiophene unit is not involved in the bonding coordination to metal in C1 but has coordinated with the metal C2 complex.

This work presents a novel system model consisting of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a half/full-duplex relay (HDR/FDR) operating as a near-user in the downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. In a disaster situation, there is no direct connectivity of the active base station (BS) to the far user due to the out-of-coverage range. Therefore, UAV communication is established to aid the transmission from the same BS to the far user via the UAV. To quantify the effect, outage probability and throughput expressions in the exact and asymptotic forms were developed over the Weibull distribution (WD) fading channel. Additionally, the separation distance of the UAV from the base station is considered to quantify the effect. In particular, this paper helps to determine the optimal location of the UAV deployment from the BS at a fixed height from the ground to either maximize the far-user throughput or attain far-user throughput over different conditions of the WD fading channel. In addition, the performance results of the UAV-HDR/FDR-NOMA system are compared with those of a conventional downlink orthogonal multiple access (OMA) system. The comparison reveals that the UAV-HDR/FDR-NOMA systems outperform corresponding OMA systems in terms of outage probability and throughput over different values of the Weibull shaping index. The analytical results are then validated through numerical simulations on MATLAB.

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by both muscle dystrophy and myotonia along with involvement of other systems such as the central nervous system (CNS), eye, heart, and endocrine system. There are two major forms of myotonic dystrophy – type 1 (DM1) and the milder form type 2 (DM2). Weakness in distal muscles is generally more prominent in DM1, whereas proximal muscle involvement is the main disability in DM2.[1] DM1 is caused by a (CTG) n micro‐satellite repeat expansion in the untranslated 3′ region of the dystrophin myotonin protein kinase (DMPK) gene in chromosome 19q13.3, whereas DM2 is because of a (CCTG) n expansion in intron 1 of the nucleic acid‐binding protein (CNBP) gene in chromosome 3q21.3. Here, we present a genetically proven case of DM1, with early proximal muscle involvement along with Parkinsonian features.

Herein,we report the synthesis of Zn0.7Mg0.3NdxFe2-xO4(where,x=0.0,0.01,0.02)ferrite nanoparticles by employing the sol-gel auto-combustion technique.The X-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern suggests the formation of a pure cubic structure,without any impurity phase,with an Fd3m space group at room temperature.With increasing doping amount,the crystallite size is reported as 35-41 nm,while the lattice parameters rise from 0.8381 to 0.8395 nm.Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)images show the formation of spherical grains with agglomerated morphology in all the samples,with grain sizes ranging from 49 to 103 nm.Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX)and elemental mapping investigation confirm the chemical purity of all the samples.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)analysis shows the presence of two prominent peaks around 440 and 560 cm-1 that correspond to the octahedral and tetrahedral positions.In addition,the existence of five Raman active vibrational modes in all produced specimens again confirms the structural purity of all the samples.The M-H curve shows that saturation magnetization(Ms)first increases from 14.98 to 28.22 emu/g and then decreases to 18.98 emu/g with increasing doping amount.This is due to the A-B type super-exchange interaction for the synthesized samples.The variation in coercivity(Hc)and magnetic anisotropy(K1)suggest the thermal stability of all the samples and can be utilized in transformers and solenoids.

In this article, an X-band metasurface is designed and this metasurface array is used as an instrument to increase gain & reduce radar cross section of circularly polarized X-band MIMO antenna through super-state and under-state positioning of array respectively. Absorbance of the metasurface to the intended frequency band (i.e., 6.75GHz-14.0GHz) is more than 90.0%. Metasurface is designed on FR-4 substrate height (Hs) 3.1mm with unit cell dimension of 7.95×7.95×3.1mm3 (0.265λo×0.265λo×0.103λo) at 10GHz. The proposed antenna is also designed on FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 29×23×1.6mm3 (0.966λo×0.766λo×0.0.053λo) at 10GHz. The super-state and under-state positioning of metasurface array over MIMO antenna is increased the gain (peak gain 12.6dBi at 11GHz) and reduced the mono-static RCS (18dBm2) across the band respectively. The characteristic of the antenna is likewise verified by its s-parameters, radiating efficiency, gain and diversity parameters for the intended band. The simulated & measured results are having better harmony which exhibits suitability of the proposed designs for IoT over satellite, military application, and also useful to identify blood clouting in CT-scan application.

Purpose: The retinal involvement of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a novel idea about a possible correlation between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in different spectra of ALS patients. Finding the association of RNFL with disease duration and severity will help identify a novel noninvasive biomarker. Methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional study and was conducted with a suitable proforma. We included the ALS cases based on the revised El Escorial criteria. Healthy controls were age and gender matched. We used the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) to assess the operational status of the patients. We measured RNFL thickness in the four quadrants with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and analyzed it. Results: We included 30 cases (60 eyes) and 10 healthy controls (20 eyes) having a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 49.5 (11.1) years with a median of 50 years, and a majority of them (65%) were middle aged (between 41 and 60 years). We found statistically significant differences in RNFL thicknesses between ALS patients and healthy controls. On segmental analysis, the right eye superior and nasal quadrants and the left eye superior, inferior, and nasal quadrants were significantly affected, along with a gross asymmetry found between the left and right eyes among ALS patients. There was a significant decrease in average RNFL thickness in definite ALS patients than probable ALS patients, with significantly reduced average RNFL thickness in moderate to severe ALS patients. On correlation analysis, disease duration showed a good negative correlation with bilateral average RNFL thickness, and the ALSFRS-R score demonstrated a good positive correlation with bilateral average RNFL thickness, which was statistically significant. Thus, a reduced bilateral RNFL thickness is associated with a decreased ALSFRS-R score. Conclusion: The retinal changes can serve as a marker for diagnosing and monitoring patients with ALS.