The effects of the various evolutionary factors-mutation, cross breeding,. selection and inbreeding-can be reduced to common terms by considering the rates of change which they tend to bring about in the relative frequencies of alleles.' In the absence of such factors, there is constancy of gene frequencies from the symmetry of the Mendelian mechanism. The frequency (q) of a given gene changes at the rate Aq = uq per generation under recurrent mutation of the gene to alleles at the rate u. Mutation in the opposite direction at the average rate v per generation changes the gene frequency at the rate, Aq = v(l q). If a certain gene has the frequency q in a local population but q1 in the species as a whole, exchange of the proportion m of the local population with an equal number of random individuals from the whole species leads to change of gene frequencies in the former at the rate Aq = -m(q q,). Cross breeding is, however, most likely to be with neighboring populations which differ but little in value of q. In this case the coefficient m is only a small fraction of the actual amount of exchange. There may be other complications such as selective immigration or emigration, but the above simple form will suffice here to illustrate cross breeding or migration pressure. The simplest kind of selection is that in which the heterozygote is exactly half way between the two homozygotes in the extent per individual to which it contributes to the next generation. The selective value of zygotes (relative to a certain standard) will be designated w and the mean value for a population, w.

H E melanin pigments of mammals fall into two major categories, the T darker pigments or eumelanins and the orange yellow pigments or phaeomelanins. These presumably differ qualitatively although the exact chemistry 01 the melanins is not yet known. The hairs of wild cavies and of the so-called agouti variety of the guinea pig are predominantly eumelanic but have a phaeomelanic subterminal band. Replacement of Eby ee in the genotype of the agouti guinea pig (EABCFP) causes the whole hair to be yellow (at birth) without changing the intensity in the subterminal region. Replacement of Aby aa (with E present) causes the whole hair to be eumelanic without change of intensity of the regions which are eumelanic in agoutis. The combinations with eeaa are yellows (or whites), not distinguishable in the guinea pig a t birth from those with eeA-. In adult animals, a small amount of eumelanin (sootiness) often develops near the tips of the hairs in yellows and this is inhibited in the characteristic subterminal band in the presence of A . There is a second allele of E (namely ep), the presence of which (epep, e*e) results in a tortoiseshell pattern of eumelanic and phaeomelanic areas similar in intensity to colors of corresponding varieties with E and ee respectively, except that some hairs may have mixtures of both kinds of pigment in reduced amounts. Two major kinds of eumelanin, must be distinguished namely sepia and brown, depending in the guinea pig on Band bb respectively (in association with genes which permit eumelanin to develop a t all). A second pair of alleles distinguishes relatively intense (P-) and pale ( p p ) varieties of both sepia and brown. The intensities of all combinations of these genes are affected by a series of five alleles C, ck, cd, c', ca. In albinos (caca) no pigment is present a t birth, though some may develop later under the influence of low temperature. Intensities are highest in most cases with C, and intermediate, but in diverse orders, in the remaining combinations of the C-series. The intensities of phaeomelanin are not affected appreciably by B , b or P , p but are affected by F , f (which have no apparent effect on eumelanin in the presence of P). The C-series effects the yellow as well as the dark pigments. The highest intensities are found with C. There is no yellow in caca, crca and C'C' (in this case even on exposure to low temperatures). The order of effect of the C series differs from any found in the eumelanic series. I n the combination ffpp, replacement of ee by E reduces the intensity of phaeomelanin or wholly

Page 108, last line of text, for P/P″ read P′/P″. Page 120, last line, for δ v read δ y . Page 123, line 10, for 4Nn read 4Nu. Page 125, line 1, for q read q. Page 126, line 12, for q read q. Page 135, line 5 from bottom, for y4Nsq read e4Nsq. Page 141, lines 8

Previous articleNext article No AccessNotes and CommentsSurfaces of Selective Value RevisitedSewall WrightSewall Wright Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 131, Number 1Jan., 1988 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/284777 Views: 34Total views on this site Citations: 213Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1988 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Vishnu Ramasubramanian, William D. Beavis Strategies to Assure Optimal Trade-Offs Among Competing Objectives for the Genetic Improvement of Soybean, Frontiers in Genetics 12 (Sep 2021).https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.675500Cang Hui, David M. Richardson, Pietro Landi, Henintsoa O. Minoarivelo, Helen E. 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All of Wright's published papers on evolution up to 1950, and a few published later, are gathered in this volume. William Provine's introductions to each paper include pertinent references to related portions of Provine's Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology and Wright's four-volume masterwork, Evolution and the Genetics of Populations. By comparing the papers in this volume with the corresponding topics in the larger work, it is possible to determine the respects in which Wright extended, changed, or remained constant in his ideas over a period of sixty years. Wright's shifting-balance theory of evolution, first conceived in 1925, has proved enormously useful in modern biology. Wright's international prestige has never been higher than it is currently, and the time is ripe for a rereading of his seminal papers. These papers are not only historically important for understanding the period of the evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s, but continue to be stimulating and useful to working biologists today.

The first morphological abnormality considered here was of a very superficial sort: deviations from the smooth coat of wild cavies and most guinea pigs. The deviations of "rough-furred" individuals range from a single irregularity or a single pair of rosettes to the "full rough" pattern. Roughness may be restricted to the hind toes, forehead, or hair around the eyes or belly, or (very rarely) to a small area on one side of the back. There is no indication of gene control in the last, and no analysis of the only strain (in Professor Castle's laboratory) that I have seen, of roughness restricted to the belly. A dominant gene, R, in combination with a semidominant modifier, M, account for the fancier roughs (R-MM toes only, R-mm full rough). A gene, st, that is completely dominant in the absence of R, semidominant in its presence, was descended from 3 animals from outside the colony. It accounts for a large forehead rosette, usually with a small white spot in front of its center. A statistically semidominant gene, Re, with extremely irregular, often asymmetric penetrance tends to cause rosettes about the eyes. This arose by mutation late in the history of the Whitman colony. It is strengthened by presence of R MM. Considerable variation occurs in the numbers of dorsal rosettes of R Mm and R mm. These have not been analyzed satisfactorily because the genetic differences are confounded by nongenetic ones. It is not practicable to summarize briefly all of the complex interaction effects of these factors, but it may be noted that the most surprising one had to do with genes St and R. The forehead rosette due to rr St closely resembles that of R mm (except for the absence of the pleiotropic white spot). The combination, R mm St St, shows none of the expected enhancement but instead shows nearly complete cancellation of the rosette. Moreover, the anterior dorsal rosettes of R mm st st are much reduced and seemingly shoved backward and laterally to give a large smooth shield back of the ears. St St also reduces the usual dorsal pair of rosettes of R Mm. With St st, all of these antagonistic effects are weaker and less regular. Another morphological deviation to be considered was the fairly common restoration of an atavistic little toe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A ...Read More

Journal Article DOBZHANSKY'S GENETICS OF NATURAL POPULATIONS Get access Sewall Wright Sewall Wright Department of Genetics University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 36, Issue 5, 1 September 1982, Pages 1102–1106, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05479.x Published: 01 September 1982 Article history Received: 27 May 1982 Published: 01 September 1982

EvolutionVolume 36, Issue 3 p. 427-443 ArticleFree Access CHARACTER CHANGE, SPECIATION, AND THE HIGHER TAXA Sewall Wright, Sewall Wright Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706Search for more papers by this author Sewall Wright, Sewall Wright Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1982 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05065.xCitations: 153 Corresponding Editor: D. J. Futuyma AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume36, Issue3May 1982Pages 427-443 This article also appears in:Genetics of adaptation & fitness landscapes ReferencesRelatedInformation

Journal Article GENIC AND ORGANISMIC SELECTION Get access Sewall Wright Sewall Wright Laboratory of Genetics University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 34, Issue 5, 1 September 1980, Pages 825–843, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04022.x Published: 01 September 1980 Article history Received: 02 June 1980 Revision received: 10 June 1980 Published: 01 September 1980

The debt owed by quantitative geneticists to today's guest speaker is immeasurable. We quantitative geneticists are much concerned with the covariances among relatives, so I thought this introduction should include information on near relatives as well as individual performance data. For pedigree evaluation purposes, I thought it necessary to tell you a bit about Dr. Wright's father. Philip Green Wright was born in 1861, and took a Master's Degree at Harvard in Economics. Most of his academic career was spent at Lombard College in Gales-burg, IL. There he taught Economics, Mathematics, Astronomy and English, and was Director of the Gymnasium. He was a minor poet and would probably have to be judged unsuccessful in this endeavor, except that one of his student's, Carl Sandburg, enjoyed a bit of success. Another important relationship is that of full-sibs. Dr. Wright's two brothers were successful and able men. Quincy was a Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago.