Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer that originates from underlying inflammation, often associated with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Despite the availability of treatments, there are high rates of tumour relapse due to the development of drug resistance in infected cells. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) plays a crucial role in overcoming this issue by sequencing both viral and host genomes to identify mutations and genetic heterogeneity. The knowledge gained from sequencing is then utilised to develop countermeasures against these mutants through different combination therapies. Advances in NGS have led to sequencing with higher accuracy and throughput, thereby enabling personalized and effective treatments. The purpose of this article is to highlight how NGS has contributed to precision medicine in HCC and the possible integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to bolster the advancement.

In the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have entered the treatment landscape of non-small-cell lung cancer, signalling a paradigm shift within the field characterized by significant survival benefits for patients with advanced and metastatic disease, and especially those with non-targetable genetic oncogenic driver mutations. However, the shift towards immune-based treatments has created new challenges in oncology. Atypical immunotherapy response patterns, including pseudo-progression and hyperprogressive disease, as well as immune-related adverse events have generated the need for new methods to predict patient response to treatment. Hence, new versions of the traditional Response Evaluation Criteria for Solid Tumors (RECIST) have emerged to help characterise with better accuracy radiological findings concerning patient response classification to immunotherapy. This review discusses response evaluation criteria relevant to unique radiological findings observed in patients treated with immunotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer.

Purpose of Review The treatment of stage III N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains debated. There is an absence of a universally agreed definition of resectability for this heterogeneous group and a lack of trial data. Recent Findings We reviewed and compared current international guidelines and evidence surrounding management of stage III N2 NSCLC. The Irish and Australian guidelines advise subcategorising N2 disease into N2a (may be resectable) and N2b (never resectable). On the contrary, American and British guidelines avoid subcategorising N2 disease, emphasising importance of local MDT decisions. It is suggested that evidence for resection of stage III tumours is relatively weak, but that stage IIIA should generally be considered for resection, and stage IIIB is not recommended for resection. For resectable disease, surgery may be combined with neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy, or adjuvant chemotherapy followed by immunotherapy and radiotherapy in selected patients. Summary There is some evidence that technically resectable disease can be treated solely with radiotherapy with similar outcomes to resection. In the event of unresectable disease, chemoradiotherapy has been the traditional management option. However, recent studies with chemoradiotherapy alongside immunotherapy appear promising. There are many factors that influence the treatment pathway offered to patients with stage III N2 NSCLC, including patient factors, team expertise, and local resources. Therefore, the role of MDTs in defining resectability and formulating an individualised treatment plan is crucial.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynaecologic malignancy, attributed to its insidious growth, non-specific symptoms and late presentation. Unfortunately, current screening modalities are inadequate at detecting OC and many lack the appropriate specificity and sensitivity that is desired from a screening test. Nearly 70% of cases are diagnosed at stage III or IV with poor 5-year overall survival. Therefore, the development of a sensitive and specific biomarker for early diagnosis and screening for OC is of utmost importance. Currently, diagnosis is guided by CA125, the patient's menopausal status and imaging features on ultrasound scan. However, emerging evidence suggests that a combination of CA125 and HE4 (another serum biomarker) and patient characteristics in a multivariate index assay may provide a higher specificity and sensitivity than either CA125 and HE4 alone in the early detection of OC. Other attempts at combining various serum biomarkers into one multivariate index assay such as OVA1, ROMA and Overa have all shown promise. However, significant barriers exist before these biomarkers can be implemented in clinical practice. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review of potential biomarkers for screening and early diagnosis of OC which may have the potential to transform its diagnostic landscape.

The concept of a therapeutic cancer vaccine to activate anti-tumour immunity pre-dates innovations in checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. However, vaccination strategies have yet to show the hoped-for successes in patients, and unanswered questions regarding the underlying immunological mechanisms behind cancer vaccines have hampered translation to clinical practice. Recent advances in our understanding of the potential of tumour mutational burden and neo-antigen-reactive T cells for response to immunotherapy have re-ignited enthusiasm for cancer vaccination strategies, coupled with the development of novel mRNA-based vaccines following successes in prevention of COVID-19. Here we summarise current developments in cancer vaccines and discuss how advances in our comprehension of the cellular interplay in immunotherapy-responsive tumours may inform better design of therapeutic cancer vaccines, with a focus on the role of dendritic cells as the orchestrators of anti-tumour immunity. The increasing number of clinical trials and research being funnelled into cancer vaccines has demonstrated the 'proof-of-principle', supporting the hypothesis that therapeutic vaccines have potential as an immuno-oncology agent. For efficacious and safe cancer vaccines to be developed, better understanding of the underpinning immunological mechanisms is paramount.

Cytokines are soluble proteins that mediate intercellular signaling regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Cytokine modulation represents a promising cancer immunotherapy approach for immune-mediated tumor regression. However, redundancy in cytokine signaling and cytokines' pleiotropy, narrow therapeutic window, systemic toxicity, short half-life and limited efficacy represent outstanding challenges for cytokine-based cancer immunotherapies. Recently, there has been interest in the paradoxical role of IL-10 in cancer, its controversial prognostic utility and novel strategies to enhance its therapeutic profile. Here, the authors review the literature surrounding the role of IL-10 within the tumor microenvironment, its prognostic correlates to cancer patient outcomes and its pro- and antitumor effects, and they assess the legitimacy of potential therapeutic strategies harnessing IL-10 by outlining the notable preclinical and clinical evidence to date.