Abstract During wakefulness, we are used to perceive the environment through our senses, act on it and take these inputs to update our experiences and build the perceptions. When the inputs are not longer accurate or structured, people would sometimes have hallucinatory experiences. Whether such experiences are associated with distinct patterns of thought, and how they relate to large-scale brain dynamics, remains unclear. To address these questions, we combined experience sampling protocol with EEG recording during multimodal Ganzfeld, where participants were exposed to unstructured, uniform visual and auditory stimulation. Participants repeatedly reported the complexity of their visual experiences together with ongoing thoughts related to perceptual belief, prediction–perception mismatch, active updating, and prior mentation. EEG microstates were extracted to characterize the temporal dynamics of large-scale brain networks. We found that visual complexity was related to all four dimensions, but partly distinct in simple and complex visual experiences. These phenomenological changes were accompanied by distinct, and often nonlinear, dynamics of large-scale brain networks involved in visual processing, salience detection, and internally directed cognition. It also indicates that this paradigm might be a valuable model for investigating the mechanisms underlying hallucinatory experiences in psychosis.

Alcohol misuse is a major global risk factor for morbidity and mortality among adolescents and young adults. During adolescence and young adulthood, alcohol can disrupt brain maturation, alter brain connectivity, and persistently weaken self-regulation. The limited effectiveness of current evidence-based treatments underscores the need for adjunctive interventions. Neuroscientific models suggest that an imbalance between the appetitive system and executive control processes contributes to alcohol misuse. Alcohol-specific inhibition training (Alc-IT) addresses this imbalance and has shown first indications of beneficial effects in inpatient settings. However, app-based delivery and its use in adolescents and young adults are novel and have not yet been systematically investigated for feasibility, preliminary effectiveness, and neurophysiological effects. This multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled feasibility trial aims to assess the implementation of app-based Alc-IT as an add-on to outpatient treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Up to 210 participants (14–27 years) will be randomized to Alc-IT or an active control condition. Both groups complete six training sessions over a two-week period and six booster sessions one month later. Feasibility outcomes include recruitment and completion rates. Changes in drinking behavior will be assessed at one-month and three-month follow-up using the Timeline Follow-Back method. In a sub-study with up to 60 participants, neurophysiological correlates of inhibitory control (N2 and P3 event-related potentials) will be measured. EEG will be recorded during a modified Go/NoGo task before and after training. This study will inform the feasibility, preliminary effectiveness, and potential neurophysiological mechanisms of app-based Alc-IT for young people with AUD. The findings will guide the design of a subsequent fully powered randomized controlled trial.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT07071779; SNCPT, ID: SNCTP000006292.

During lucid dreaming, dreamers are by definition aware that they are dreaming. Numerous studies have linked lucid dreaming to vivid visual perception, more positive emotions, and wake-like metacognition and executive functions. To determine brain network activity associated with conscious experience during lucid dreaming, we compared EEG activity during non-lucid REM vs. lucid REM using EEG microstate analysis. We found that microstates A and G dominated during lucid REM sleep compared to non-lucid REM sleep, while microstates B, C, and D were diminished. Then we explored candidate cognitive correlates of these changes by associating our microstate maps with previous findings based on topographical similarity. In agreement with previous studies, we found an inverse relationship between the presence of specific microstate classes and the cognitive functions, suggesting that the suppression of specific microstate classes may facilitate specific cognitive processes during sleep. Our results suggest that lucidity during REM sleep was associated with increased self-visualization, metacognition, and executive processing, along with reduced default mode network-related cognitive activity.

Importance:Clinical criteria for identifying individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR) have been established, but their predictive accuracy remains insufficient for guiding treatment decisions. Identifying reliable biomarkers associated with mechanisms of illness and treatment in individuals at CHR is therefore a central research goal. Here, we consider resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) microstates as such a potential biomarker. Objective:To determine whether EEG microstate features are associated with future conversion to psychosis and other future clinical outcomes in individuals at CHR. Design, Setting, and Participants:Baseline EEG microstate data were collected from October 2009 through August 2014 as part of the 8-site case-control North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study-2 (NAPLS-2) during eyes-open resting-state conditions with continuous auditory white noise. Data were recorded from healthy control (HC) individuals and participants at CHR, including those at CHR with conversion to psychosis (CHR-C) and those with nonconversion (CHR-NC), followed up for 24 months. Individuals with CHR-NC were further divided into those with remission (CHR-R) or those with ongoing symptomatology (CHR-S) subgroups. A total of 241 individuals at CHR (52.4%) completed the full 24-month follow-up. Data were analyzed between January and November 2025. Main Outcomes and Measures:Resting-state EEG microstate features (coverage, duration, and occurrence) across 7 distinct microstate classes, along with cognitive test battery scores. Results:Compared with HC participants (n = 183; 103 [56.3%] male; mean [SD] age, 20.2 [5.0] years), individuals at CHR (n = 460; 265 [57.6%] male; mean [SD] age, 19.2 [4.4] years) showed reduced microstate duration (Cohen d, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.49) and increased occurrence (Cohen d, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.21) across classes, reflecting reduced microstate temporal stability. Moreover, individuals with CHR-C (n = 56) exhibited greater instability than those with CHR-R (n = 70) and HC participants but not compared to those with CHR-S (n = 115). Within the CHR group, lower stability was associated with earlier conversion to psychosis and with increased positive symptoms. While individuals at CHR demonstrated cognitive deficits relative to HC participants, including attention scores, lower microstate stability was associated with better attention scores in both groups. Conclusions and Relevance:In this study, EEG microstate stability, irrespective of class, was reduced in individuals at CHR compared to HC participants and was especially diminished in future CHR converters. The association between lower stability and better attention suggests that instability may at least partly reflect a compensatory mechanism for attention deficits. EEG microstate instability shows promise as a prognostic biomarker of clinical outcome in CHR.

Emotion processing is a key domain in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Given the neuronal basis of emotion regulation and the neurophysiological deviations observed in AUD patients the present exploratory study investigates EEG Microstate (MS) correlates of emotional processing in patients with AUD and healthy controls (HC). Emotions, moods and emotion regulation competencies were assessed in 29 patients with AUD and 22 HC using self-report. Additionally, a 64-channel resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded for each individual and a microstate analysis yielding 7 classes (A-G) was performed. The effects of the factors group (patients with AUD vs. HC), emotion/emotion regulation (from self-report scales) and MS class (A-G) on the MS feature contribution were analyzed using linear models. Three-way interactions were observed for “awareness of feelings” (Bonferroni-corrected; F(6, 329) = 3.75, p = .001) and “shame” (F(6, 322) = 2.42, p = .026). Level of awareness of feelings correlated positively with MS C in HC, while an inverse correlation was found for MS D. No such association between awareness of feelings and MS C and D was observed in patients with AUD who rather displayed significantly higher overall MS C values than HC (tRatio(343) = -3.13, p = .002). The present study provides initial evidence that neuronal activity, as reflected in MSs, differs in relation to emotion processing between patients with AUD and healthy individuals. The results indicate that MS C and D might be neurophysiological markers for awareness of feelings in HC, while such an association is blunted in patients with AUD.

EEG microstates sequence analysis gained a lot of attention in recent years and different sequence analysis methods have been applied to study microstates sequence randomness, complexity, speed, periodicity, and long-range memory. Although several studies have reported on the reliability of temporal parameters, the stability of sequence-based metrics within subjects has not yet been systematically examined. In this study, we analysed EEG recordings from 60 healthy young adults and assessed short-term (90 min) and long-term (30 days) test–retest reliability and agreement of sequence measures: long-range memory (Hurst exponent), complexity (two Lempel–Ziv algorithms), and randomness (entropy and entropy rate). Across metrics, short-term reliability was consistently good to excellent (ICC = 0.831–0.902), and long-term reliability was moderate to good (ICC = 0.651–0.793). Entropy and entropy rate emerged as the most stable measures across both intervals, confirmed by minimal bias and strong agreement. These findings demonstrate that EEG microstate sequence dynamics represent a stable trait of neural activity, providing a solid methodological foundation for future studies that aim to embed these metrics into computational models and explore their translational value as neurophysiological biomarkers.

AIM:EEG microstate analysis enables the exploration of the brain's neuronal network activity associated with distinct mental states and cognitive functions in neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some studies indicated that AD and patients with mild cognitive impairments (MCI) show a reduced presence of microstate C, which is related to self-related memory functions and mind-wandering and involves brain areas of the default mode network (DMN). However, other studies reported an increased presence of microstate A, which is associated with auditory/language functions. Here, we aimed to systematically investigate alterations in the four canonical EEG microstates (A, B, C, and D) in MCI and AD patients compared to healthy older adults. METHODS:We performed a meta-analysis that compared microstate temporal parameters - mean duration, occurrence rate, and time coverage - among MCI and AD patients and healthy older adults. We included 12 experimental studies that examined resting-state, eyes-closed EEG microstate parameters in 1347 participants (448 MCI patients, 514 AD patients, and 385 healthy controls). RESULTS:We found thatAD patients showed increased duration and time coverage of microstate A and increased duration of microstate B, while the occurrence of microstates C and D was reduced. MCI patients also exhibited increased duration, occurrence, and time coverage of microstate A, while all three parameters of microstate D were reduced compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION:These results suggest that MCI and AD patients suffer from disruption in their cognitive control, memory, and self-referential processes. They may compensate for these deficits by verbalizing and visualizing their inner thoughts to maintain cognitive engagement.

Theta burst stimulation (TBS) modulates cortical excitability by applying bursts of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in theta rhythms. Individual responses to TBS vary however greatly due to various factors, such as anatomical differences or the phase of the ongoing oscillatory activity in which TBS pulses are applied. To combat this variability, we exploit the ability of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to shape the state of cortical excitability in a phase-dependent manner. While cortical excitability is increased at crests of the tACS-induced current, applying the TBS triplet pulses at these crests has the potential to produce larger neuronal responses and thus increase the likelihood of LTP. In our randomized sham-controlled study, we focused on enhancing prefrontal cortex excitability by phase-locking intermittent TBS (iTBS) to the crests of an induced 5Hz tACS current. Twenty-seven healthy participants received two iTBS sessions, once paired with sham-tACS and once with active tACS in a cross-over design. We evaluated effects of our stimulation protocol on cortical excitability by comparing TMS-induced activity and resting-state Microstates in the EEG before and after the stimulation as well as between the two sessions. We found significant effect of iTBS on channel-wise, global and oscillatory TMS-induced activity, as well as changes in Microstates. The concurrent, phase-locked tACS-iTBS protocol notably decreased the N100 amplitude of the Global Mean Field Power. We also found that baseline TMS-induced oscillatory activity was a key predictor of changes in TMS-related oscillatory activity. In the case of TMS-related gamma oscillations, a significant interaction between our stimulation protocols and baseline activity was observed, indicating that the relationship between baseline and post-iTBS oscillations was strengthened by the concurrent phase-locked tACS-iTBS stimulation protocol. These findings highlight the potential of phase-locked tACS to enhance the effects of iTBS on prefrontal cortical excitability.

EEG microstates are transient scalp topographies reflecting whole-brain electric potential that remain quasi-stable for 60-120 ms. Microstates exhibitalterations across all phases of schizophrenia; especially an increased microstate C and a decreased microstate D were linked to aberrant salience. We aimed to investigate the relationship of microstates with illness severity in the positive, negative, disorganized, excited and depressed symptoms domains, and with response to antipsychotics. Forty-five inpatients were clinically evaluated at admission and 40 patients were also assessed after 6 weeks, to determine response to treatment; patients and 31 healthy controls underwent a 5-min resting-state EEG with 128-electrodes, to assess microstates A-E. The severity of negative symptoms was negatively associated with microstate C time coverage (trend = - 0.5249; P = 0.0078) and duration (trend = -0.737; P = 0.0001). In responders vs non-responders to treatment, microstate C had increased time coverage (p = 0.0052; d = -0.979), duration (P = 0.0168; d = -0.836) and global explained variance (GEV; P = 0.0046; d = -0.995), microstate D occurrence was reduced (P = 0.0044; d = -1.010), microstate E time coverage (p = 0.0148; d = 0.853), occurrence (P = 0.0037; d = 1.030) and GEV were reduced (P = 0.0115; d = 0.885). All the above reported findings remained significant when controlling for multiple comparisons.In conclusion, findings corroborate the hypothesis that the microstate CD imbalance is a key pathophysiology mechanism of schizophrenia, herein not only related to negative symptoms, but also predicting the response to antipsychotics, together with microstate E dynamics.

BACKGROUND & HYPOTHESIS:Self-disorders (SDs), central features of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, primarily affect the pre-reflective sense of self, the fundamental experience of existing as a conscious subject. This disruption also impacts reflective self-consciousness. This study aims to further explore the neural correlates of self-disorders in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders by using a cognitive task designed to target approximate pre-reflective and reflective self-experience during fMRI. STUDY DESIGN:27 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (patients, PT) and 32 healthy controls (HC) completed the cognitive task during 7 T fMRI scanning. The task involved a trait-judgment paradigm, where participants read three-word sentences (pronoun, verb, trait adjective) referencing themselves (self) or a well-known other (other), then provided a yes/no response upon reflection. SDs were examined with the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE). STUDY RESULTS:For the pre-reflective component, the activity in the rostral posterior cingulate cortex was negatively correlated with the severity of SDs. For the reflective component, HC exhibited bilateral activations in the frontopolar cortex, the anterior part of the anterior cingulate cortex, and the pre-supplementary motor area, while PT showed activations in the left caudate nucleus, the anterior part of the anterior cingulate cortex, the right frontopolar cortex, and the left language area. CONCLUSIONS:At the pre-reflective level, abnormalities in the rostral posterior cingulate cortex are associated with SDs. For reflective self-experience, individuals with self-disorders appear to engage more in analytical thinking and deeper brain networks than HC, who rely more on interoceptive processes based on the frontopolar cortex.

PURPOSE:Microstate analysis involves examining the temporal dynamics of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and serves as a crucial method for exploring the neural basis of psychiatric disorders. This study investigates the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on specific microstate parameter maps-D and C in patients with depression, specifically targeting the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). METHODS:We conducted an open-label, between-subject, crossover trial involving 19 patients clinically diagnosed with depression. A 1 mA electrical current was administered, with anodal stimulation specifically targeting the DMPFC or the left DLPFC. Microstate maps were derived from resting-state EEG recordings obtained prior to and following the application of tDCS. The EEG data were categorized into five distinct microstate classes for subsequent analysis. FINDINGS:The findings revealed a significant increase in the duration of microstate class D following stimulation in both groups, while microstate class C exhibited no notable changes. Additionally, a significant association was identified between the transition from microstate D to C and alterations in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) scores after left DLPFC stimulation. CONCLUSION:Microstate map D appears to be associated with psychiatric disorders and executive functions, whereas map C may relate to the salience network and mind-wandering. Our findings suggest that microstate maps D and C are responsive to tDCS stimuli, indicating their potential as objective tools for anxiety assessment. Employing transition-focused parameters in EEG microstate analysis may enhance the tracking of rapidly fluctuating emotional states, rather than relying solely on duration metrics. Furthermore, the integration of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as tDCS, with EEG microstate analysis holds significant promise for elucidating the neural mechanisms involved in depression. TRIAL REGISTRATION:UMIN-CTR Clinical Trial: UMIN000015046.

EEG microstates are transient and short-lasting periods of stable scalp potential fields that are associated with disturbed temporal dynamics of large-scale brain networks, affected by early synaptic loss in Alzheimer disease (AD). We investigated changes in EEG microstates in presymptomatic (PMC) and symptomatic mutation carriers (SMC) compared to healthy non-carrier (NC) controls in families with autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). A total of 99 EEG recordings from 7 SMC, 17 PMC and 24 NC were selected from a Swedish ADAD cohort. Seven classes (A to G) of microstate topographical maps were fitted to their resting-state EEG. Next, microstate parameters of coverage (fraction of total recording time), duration (average time in milliseconds) and occurrence (frequency per second) of different topographical maps were assessed in repeated-measures analyses to compare differences between NC, PMC and SMC. Selective decreases in coverage of class B (SMC vs NC, p = 0.023) and class C (SMC vs PMC and NC, p = 0.017 and p = 0.004) were observed in symptomatic individuals. In contrast, mutation carriers had a decrease in coverage of class D (SMC and PMC vs NC, p = 0.015 and p = 0.001) and an increase in coverage of class E compared to controls (SMC and PMC vs NC, both p = 0.001). Thus, global brain network dynamics as described by EEG microstate classes were selectively affected in this cohort of monogenic AD, associated with either clinical symptoms (class B and C) or mutation status (class D and E). The latter suggests early mutation-related changes that are detectable already in the presymptomatic stages of disease.

BACKGROUND & HYPOTHESIS:Self-disorders (SDs) reflect abnormalities in the basic, or pre-reflective, self and are frequently present in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). Despite their significance, the neural correlates of these abnormalities remain underexplored. This study investigates event-related potential (ERP) correlates of SDs using a cognitive task, hypothesizing that patients with SDs would show alterations in pre-reflective and reflective self-processing. We also hypothesized that the severity of SDs, measured by the Examination of Anomalous Self Experience (EASE), would correlate with ERP changes related to the pre-reflective self and that these alterations would involve cortical midline structures (CMS). STUDY DESIGN:Thirty-five individuals with SSDs and sixty-two healthy controls completed a verbal trait-judgment task during EEG recording that required pre-reflective and reflective self-referencing. We compared ERP responses between groups and conditions and examined correlations between EASE scores and EEG maps. Post-hoc source localization identified brain regions corresponding to pre-reflective self-processing. STUDY RESULTS:Results revealed significant ERP differences for the pre-reflective self at 300 ms post-stimulus, while reflective self differences occurred earlier. EASE scores correlated with EEG maps associated with pre-reflective self-processing. Source estimation indicated increased activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), Broca's area, sensorimotor cortex, and temporal regions in patients with SSDs during pre-reflective self-processing. CONCLUSIONS:These findings provide neuroimaging evidence of alterations in both pre-reflective and reflective self-experience in individuals with SDs. The correlates of pre-reflective self-experience were linked to the severity of SDs and involved brain regions overlapping with cortical midline structures, particularly the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).

Consciousness always requires some representational content; that is, one can only be conscious about something. However, the presence of conscious experience (awareness) alone does not determine whether its content is in line with the external and physical world. Dreams, apart from certain forms of hallucinations, typically consist of non-veridical percepts, which are not recognized as false, but rather considered real. This type of experiences have been described as a state of dissociation between phenomenal and reflective awareness. Interestingly, during the transition to sleep, reflective awareness seems to break down before phenomenal awareness as conscious experience does not immediately fade with reduced wakefulness but is rather characterized by the occurrence of uncontrolled thinking and perceptual images, together with a reduced ability to recognize the internal origin of the experience. Relative deactivation of the frontoparietal and preserved activity in parieto-occipital networks has been suggested to account for dream-like experiences during the transition to sleep. We tested this hypothesis by investigating subjective reports of conscious experience and large-scale brain networks using EEG microstates in 45 healthy young subjects during the transition to sleep. We observed an inverse relationship between cognitive effects and physiological activation; dream-like experiences were associated with an increased presence of a microstate with sources in the superior and middle frontal gyrus and precuneus. Additionally, the presence of a microstate associated with higher-order visual areas was decreased. The observed inverse relationship might therefore indicate a disengagement of cognitive control systems that is mediated by specific, inhibitory EEG microstates.

"It takes time to decide a case on appeal." Time can be the helpful friend or the potent foe of a litigant. It depends. Will the litigant's favored legal position, or his opponent's, govern his legal rights and obligations as his case plods through the appellate process? When federal agencies are on one side of the "v," this question becomes important not only for individual litigants, but also for the content of federal law: Will an agency regulation stay in effect as the plaintiff's challenge to it slowly works its way through the federal courts?The Supreme Court has not articulated a clear standard for deciding whether to allow agency regulations to stay intact over the course of litigation. When a litigant asks the Court to temporarily halt agency action while he mounts his merits challenge to that action, the litigant is requesting a form of preliminary relief. The Supreme Court issues two primary forms of preliminary relief: stays and injunctions. The Court has not answered the question whether its test for a stay or its test for an injunction should govern its analysis of preliminary requests to halt administrative action. This Note offers an answer.Part I introduces the central relevant statute, 5 U.S.C. § 705. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) structures the exercise of executive power by administrative agencies. The APA contains provisions regarding judicial review of administrative action. Section 705 is one such provision. It governs the issuance of preliminary relief pending full review of agency action. After defining stays and injunctions and noting the differences between the two, Part I argues that § 705 offers reviewing federal courts a choice between issuing stays and injunctions when temporarily halting administrative action.Part II lays out the existing standards for the Court's granting of stays and injunctions in order to determine which standard should govern the Supreme Court's issuance of § 705 relief. The Court has not been consistent about how clear the applicant's legal rights must be to warrant a preliminary injunction. Part II defends the traditional position that applicants must clear an especially high bar to obtain injunctive relief from the Supreme Court.Part III argues that the traditional heightened standard for injunctive relief, as defended in Part II, should govern § 705 relief regardless of whether the Court issues that relief in the form of a stay or an injunction. The considerations counseling in favor of adhering to such a heightened standard apply with full force to § 705 stays and § 705 injunctions alike. The Court's precedents do not counsel otherwise. In fact, there is longstanding precedent in support of Supreme Court deference to lower courts when those courts decline to stay agency action or enjoin an agency.Part IV concludes the Note.

The analysis of EEG microstates for investigating rapid whole-brain network dynamics during rest and tasks has become a standard practice in the EEG research community, leading to a substantial increase in publications across various affective, cognitive, social and clinical neuroscience domains. Recognizing the growing significance of this analytical method, the authors aim to provide the microstate research community with a comprehensive discussion on methodological standards, unresolved questions, and the functional relevance of EEG microstates. In August 2022, a conference was hosted in Bern, Switzerland, which brought together many researchers from 19 countries. During the conference, researchers gave scientific presentations and engaged in roundtable discussions aiming at establishing steps toward standardizing EEG microstate analysis methods. Encouraged by the conference’s success, a special issue was launched in Brain Topography to compile the current state-of-the-art in EEG microstate research, encompassing methodological advancements, experimental findings, and clinical applications. The call for submissions for the special issue garnered 48 contributions from researchers worldwide, spanning reviews, meta-analyses, tutorials, and experimental studies. Following a rigorous peer-review process, 33 papers were accepted whose findings we will comprehensively discuss in this Editorial.

The neural underpinnings of selfhood encompass pre-reflective and reflective self-experience. The former refers to a basic, immediate experience of being a self, while the latter involves cognition and introspection. Although neural correlates of reflective self-experience have been studied, the pre-reflective remains underinvestigated. This research aims to bridge this gap by comparatively investigating ERP correlates of reading first- vs. third-person pronouns - approximating pre-reflective self-experience - and selfvs. other-related adjectives - approximating reflective self-experience - in 30 healthy participants. We found differential neural engagement between pre-reflective and reflective self-experience at 254-310 ms post -stimulus onset. Source estimation suggested that our sensor-level results could be plausibly explained by the involvement of cortical midline structures and default mode network in the general sense of self but selective recruitment of anterior cingulate and top-down dorsal attention network in the pre-reflective self. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the experiential self, especially pre-reflective, providing a foundation for investigating selfdisorders.

The sense of agency (SoA) is central to human experience. The comparator model, contrasting sensory prediction and action feedback, is influential but limited in explaining SoA. We investigated mechanisms beyond the comparator model, focusing on the processing of unpredictable stimuli, perimotor components of SoA, and their relation to schizotypy.ERPs were recorded from 18 healthy participants engaged in button-pressing tasks while perceiving tones with varying causal relationships with their actions. We investigated the processing of non-causally related tones, contrasted this to causally related tones, and examined perimotor correlates of subjective expectancy and experience of agency.We confirmed N100 attenuation for self-generated stimuli but found similar effects for expectancy-dependent processing of random tones. SoA also correlated with perimotor ERP components, modulated by schizotypy.Thus, neural processes preceding actions contribute to the formation of SoA and are associated with schizotypy. Unpredictable events also undergo sensory attenuation, implying additional mechanisms contributing to SoA.